Ffizikis Sesavali

Ppirveli leqcia
 fizika

• Ffizika Seiswavlis garemomcvel

samyaros
• kerZoT is Seiswavlis materiis
moZraobis, urTierTqmedebisa da
urTierTgardaqmnis kanonebs
 Mmateria arsebobs Cvens
garSemo
• Mmyari sxeulebis
• siTxeebis
• Aairebis
• sinaTlis
• Pplazmis saxiT
 Mmateriis moZraobis
magaliTebi
• Mmeqanikuri moZraoba
• siTburi moZraoba
• sinaTlis gavrceleba
• Ddamuxtuli nawilakebis moZraoba
eleqromagnitur velSi
• Eeleqtronebis moZraoba atomebis
SigniT
 moZraoba xdeba sivrceSi da
droSi
• imisaTvis rom avRweroT es
moZraoba Cven gvWirdeba materiis
• Mmateriis urTierTqmedebis
• D sivrcisa da drois
damaxasiaTebeli fizikuri
sidideebis Semotana
 Ffizikuri sidideebia
• Mmasa M romelic axasiaTebs
materias
• sigrZe L
• Ddro t
• temperatura T
• Eenergia, impulsi, Zala da a.S.
Yyvela fizikur sidides
gaaCnia ganzomileba da
erTeuli
1971 wels zoma-wonis me-14 saerTaSoriso
konferenciaze dadginda Svidi sabaziso sidide,
romlebic erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemis
(SemoklebiT SI) safuZvels Seadgens.
cxrilSi naCvenebia sami ZiriTadi sididis –
sigrZis, masisa da drois erTeulebi, romlebsac
 ZiriTadi fizikuri
sidideebia
• sigrZe L romlis erTeulia metri
• Ddro t romlis erTeulia wami
• Mmasa m romlis erTeulia
kilogrami
 ZiriTad fizikur sidideebs
gaaCniaT Tavisi etalonebi

• sigrZis etalonad AaRebulia metri

romelic ganisazRvreba rogorc
manZili romelsac sinaTle gadis
1/299 792 458 wamis ganmavlobaSi
Tavdapirvelad metri ganisazRvreboda rogorc dedamiwis
meridianis meoTxedis meaTimemilionedi nawili
Mmetris platina-iridiumis etaloni
• mas Semdeg, rac etaloni, magaliTad, sigrZis etaloni
ganvsazRvreT, unda SevimuSavoT
• procedura, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba etalonis
saSualebiT nebismieri sigrZis gamoxatva,
• wyalbadis atomis diametri iqneba es, skeitbordis
RerZis sigrZe Tu manZili romelime
• varskvlavamde. sigrZis gazomvis erT-erT aseT
proceduras uzrunvelyofs saxazavi, romelic
• sizustiT sigrZis etalons uaxlovdeba. Tumca Cveni
gazomvebis didi nawili advili
• Sesasrulebeli ar iqneba. SeuZlebelia, magaliTad,
atomis radiusisa da or varskvlavs Soris
• manZilis saxazaviT gazomva.
• fizikuri sidideebis didi raodenobis gamo maTi
organizeba sakmaod rTulia. sabednierod,
• yvela maTgani ar aris damoukidebeli. magaliTad,
siCqare manZilisa da drois fardobaa.
• amitom, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT, virCevT mxolod
mcire raodenobis fizikur sidideebs,
• magaliTad, manZilsa da dros, da ganvsazRvravT
etalonebs am sidideebisTvis.
• Semdeg am sabaziso sidideebisa da maTi etalonebis (e.w.
sabaziso etalonebis) safuZvelze
• ganvsazRvravT sxva fizikur sidideebsac.
• sabaziso etalonebi unda iyos xelmisawvdomi
da ucvleli. Tu manZilis etalons gansaz-
• RvravT, rogorc manZils adamianis cxvirsa da
saCvenebeli TiTis wvers Soris, es etaloni
• namdvilad xelmisawvdomi, Tumca sxvadasxva
adamianisTvis sxvadasxvanairi iqneba. mecniereba
• maqsimalur sizustes moiTxovs, magram
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda davuTmoT
ucvlelobasac.
• amis Semdeg unda Seiqmnas sabaziso etalonis
aslebi, romlebic yvela msurvelisaTvis
• xelmisawvdomi iqneba.
 samyaroSi Cven vxvdebiT
Zalian did da Zalian mcire
manZilebs
• Uuaxloes varskvlavamde manZili 4.04 ⋅ 10 m
16

• 1 sinaTlis weli 9.460 ⋅10 m

15

• Ddedamiwidan mzemde manZili

1.496 ⋅ 10 11
m
• Mmzis radiusi 6.960 ⋅ 10 m8

• Ddedamiwidan mTvaremde manZili 3.844 ⋅ 108

m
• yviTeli feris sinaTlis talRis sigrZe 5.89 ⋅ 10−7 m
−10
• 1 angrstemi 10 m
• wyalbadis atomis radiusi 5.292 ⋅ 10−11 m
• Pprotonis radiusi 1.2 ⋅ 10−15 m
 Ddrois etaloni
• Ddrois etalonad unda xelsayrelia
avirCioT raime perioduli procesis
xangrZlivoba;
• aseTi bunebrivi perioduli procesia
magaliTad dRe-Ramis monacvleoba
• istoriuli gansazRvra:
• dRe-Rame-24 sT,1 saaTi-60 wuTi,
• 1 wuTi-60 wm;
• dRe-RameSi 86400 wami. D
 Ddrois etalonis Tanamedrove
gansazRvreba
• Mmagram vinaidan dRe-Ramis xangrZlovoba
ar aris mudmivi da ganicdis
cvalebadobas, amitomac drois
Tamnamedrove ufro zust etalonad
arCeulia rxeviTi procesebi romelic
mimdinareobs atomebis SigniT
• drois erTeulia wami romelic
ganisazRvreba rogorc dro romlis
ganmavlobaSic xdeba 9 192 631 770 sruli
rxeva ceziumis atomSi
 dro
• dros ori aspeqti aqvs. samoqalaqo da, zogjer,
mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, drois codna
• imisTvis gvWirdeba, rom movlenebi garkveuli
TanmimdevrobiT davalagoT. seriozuli samecniero
muSaobisas gvainteresebs, ramden xans grZeldeba
konkretuli movlena. maSasadame,
• drois nebismieri etaloni or SekiTxvas unda
pasuxobdes: `rodis moxda?~ da `ra drois man-
• Zilze?~
 Aatomuri saaTi
• Aatomuri saaTi
warmoadgens
yvelaze ufro
zust saaTs, misi
cdomilebaa 1 wm
weliwadSi 3⋅10
6
 samyaroSi Cven vxvdebiT did
da mcire droebs
• samyaros asaki 1 0 1 8 wm
• Ddedamiwis asaki 17 wm
10
• Aadamianis sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba 9 wm
10
1 dRe-Rame wm
8.64 ⋅10 4
• Ggulis cemebs Soris drois Sualedi
1 wami
• bgeriTi talRis periodi −3 wm
• radiotalRis periodi
10 wm
−6
10
• sinaTle gadis erT metrs −9 wm
10
• Mmolekuluri rxevebis periodi −12wm
• Aatomuri rxevebis periodi 10 wm
−15
10
• sinaTle gadis atomis diametris tol
manZils −18 wm
10
 M masis etaloni
• saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebiT, masis
etalons warmoadgens
platina
iridiumisagan
damzadebuli
cilindri, romlis
masa miRebulia 1
kilogramis tolad
Mmasis sazomi erTeulebi
 simkvrive

• simkvrive gviCvenebs Tu ra nivTierebis

ra masa moTavsdeba erTeulovan
moculobaSi
M
• M ρ=
V
•
M masaa
V moculoba ρ simkvrive
• simkvrivis erTeulia kg/m3M
 zogierTi nivTierebis
simkvrive
• BbirTvuli materia 1017 kg/m3
• Mmzis birTvi 105 kg/m3
• wyali 103 kg/m3
• Hhaeri 1 kg/m3
• Llabolatoriuli vakuumi 10-15 kg/m3
• varskvlavTSorisi sivrce 10-21 kg/m3
 Aatomebi da molekulebi
• nivTiereba Sedgeba atomebisagan da
molekulebisagan
• Mmasis atomuri erTeuli m.a.e.
• gansazRvrulia rogorc naxSirbadis
atomis masis 1/12 nawili
• 1 m.a.e.=1.6606 10-27 kg
• wyalbadis atomis masa
mH=1.0027 m.a.e. 1.6606 10-27 kg/ m.a.e. =
= 1.6735 10-27 kg
 nivTierebis raodenoba
• rodesac nivTierebas gaaCnia masa
gramebSi romelic misi Semadgeneli
atomebis an molekulebis masis tolia
gamosaxulis masis atomur erTeulebSi,
maSin amboben rom nivTierebis raodenoba
erTi molis tolia
• 1 moli nivTiereba Seicavs atomebisa an
molekulebis erTnair ricxvs romelsac
avogadros ricxvi ewodeba
• NA =6.022 1023 moli-1
 Aatomis Semadgenloba
• Aatomi Sedgeba atombirTvisagan da mis
garSemo moZravi eleqtronebisagan
• Tavis mxriv atombirTvi Sedgeba
protonebisagan da neirtonebisagan
• atombirTvis zoma 10-14 m rigisaa
• Pprotonis masa=1.007276 m.a.e.
• Nneitronis masa 1.008665 m.a.e.]
• Eeleqtronis masa 0.000548 m.a.e.
Mmyari sxeulebi
molekulebi
Mmyari sxeulebi
siTxeebi
airebi
პლაზმა