Unit 2. Cell.

Organization of the human body

I. Pre-reading:
1. What is the smallest union of the human body?
2. What does a group of tissues form?

ORGAN
SYSTEM

CELL
ORGAN TISSUE

Vocabulary

Bacterium [bækˈtɪə.ri.əm] - microscopic one-celled organisms, pl. bacteria

Organelle [ôr′gə-nĕl′] - specialized cell structure
Synthesize [ˈsɪn.θə.saɪz] - to form by combining parts or elements, n. synthesis (pl. syntheses)

Text A. Cell
https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology

Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental
Yeast- fungus
molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a
Single-celled – complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire
unicellular
specialized functions as they mature. These cells cooperate with other specialized
Membrane –
sheath, sheet, cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as
layer, coverage humans and other animals. Although cells are much larger than atoms, they are still
very small. The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria

Barrier- called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as

boundary, limit, 0.2 μm in diameter. Cells of humans typically have a mass 400,000 times larger than
wall
the mass of a single mycoplasma bacterium, but even human cells are only about 20
Survival – μm across. Each human organism is composed of more than 30 billion of cells. A cell
viability, life
span, endurance is enclosed by a plasma membrane, which forms a selective barrier that allows

Enclose – hold
nutrients to enter and waste products to leave. The interior of the cell is organized into many specialized
compartments, or organelles, each surrounded by a separate membrane.

One major organelle, the nucleus, contains the genetic information necessary for

Similarity –
cell growth and reproduction. Each cell contains only one nucleus, whereas other
likeness,
types of organelles are present in multiple copies in the cellular contents,
correspondence
or cytoplasm. Organelles include mitochondria, which are responsible for the
Convert – energy transactions necessary for cell survival; lysosomes, which digest unwanted
modify, turn, materials within the cell; and the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus,
adopt which play important roles in the internal organization of the cell by synthesizing
selected molecules and then processing, sorting, and directing them to their proper
Genetic-
locations. In addition, plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for
hereditary,
photosynthesis, whereby the energy of sunlight is used to convert molecules
inherited,
of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into carbohydrates. Between all these
transmitted
organelles is the space in the cytoplasm called the cytosol. The cytosol contains an
Duplication – organized framework of fibrous molecules that constitute the cytoskeleton, which
replication, gives a cell its shape, enables organelles to move within the cell, and provides a
reproduction mechanism by which the cell itself can move. The cytosol also contains more than

Worn-out – 10,000 different kinds of molecules that are involved in cellular biosynthesis, the

overused, drained process of making large biological molecules from small ones. Specialized

of energy organelles are a characteristic of cells of organisms known as eukaryotes. In

contrast, cells of organisms known as prokaryotes do not contain organelles and are
Whereby-in
generally smaller than eukaryotic cells. However, all cells share strong similarities
which, or with
in biochemical function.
which
Cell division. Direct cell division or meiosis is a process where a single cell divides
Enable- allow, twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic
permit, facilitate information. These cells are sex cells. Indirect cell division or mitosis, a process
of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two
Duplication-
genetically identical daughter cells. The term mitosis is used to describe the
reproduction,
duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the structures that carry the genetic
replication
information. Mitosis is absolutely essential to life because it provides new cells
for growth and for replacement of worn-out cells.
Comprehension check:
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the cell?
2. What is a unicellular organism? Give example.
3. What is a multicellular organism? Give example.
4. How many cells are in the human body?
5. What is the organelle? Give examples of organelles.
6. What is the function of the nucleus?
7. What is the cytosol? What functions does it perform?
8. What is cell division? How many types of cell division are there?

III. True or false:

1. Atom is much larger in size than the cell. T/F
2. Nucleus is responsible for cell growth. T/F
3. There are cells that contain more than one nucleus. T/F
4. Mitochondria act as generators of energy in the human body. T/F
5. Cytoskeleton provides a mechanism by which the cell can move. T/F
6. Meiosis is responsible for duplication and distribution of chromosomes. T/F
7. Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells. T/F

IV. Find in the text the definition for the following medical terms:
1. Mycoplasma- _________________________________________________________________________
2. Golgy apparatus- ______________________________________________________________________
3. Photosynthesis- ________________________________________________________________________
4. Biosynthesis- _________________________________________________________________________
5. Eukaryote- ___________________________________________________________________________
6. Prokaryote- ___________________________________________________________________________
7. Chromosome- _________________________________________________________________________
8. Lysosome- ___________________________________________________________________________
9. Daughter cells - _______________________________________________________________________

V. Paraphrase the underlined words:

1. Cells (1) acquire specialized functions as they (2) mature .
2. Lysosomes digest (3) unwanted materials within the cell.
3. Cell is (4) enclosed by a plasma (5) membrane .
4. Organelles are present in (6) multiple copies in the cellular (7) contents _______________.  
5. All cells share (8) strong similarities in biochemical (9) function .

VI. Written production: Sum-up the studied material in an essay entitled:

Amazing World Inside a Human Cell
(100-150 words)
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Video material: Stem Cells Therapy

https://www.ypo.education/regenerative-medicine/stem-cell-therapy-t442/video/
Pre-viewing:
I. Answer the questions:
1.What do you know about stem cells?
2. Why stem cells are considered to be pluripotent?

Vocabulary

Heal [ hiːl ] - to restore to health or soundness;

Degenerative [ dɪˈdʒen.ər.ə.tɪv ] - getting steadily worse
Autoimmune [ ˌɔː.təʊ.ɪˈmjuːn ]
-relating to an immune response by the body against one of its own cells
Injury [ ˈɪndʒəri ] - particular form of hurt, damage, or loss
Numb [ nʌm ] - dedean, deprived of sensation
Refrain [ rɪˈfreɪn ] - to abstain (from action); forbear
Syringe [ sɪˈrɪndʒ ] - medical instrument used to inject fluids into the body
Spin [ spɪn ] rotate rapidly; whirl
Rejection [ rɪˈdʒek.ʃən ]
-to react to the introduction of (a transplanted organ or tissue) with a destructive immune 
response; fail to
Condition [ kənˈdɪʃn ] ailment, complaint, weakness, infirmity, malady, disease
Post-viewing:
II. Answer the following questions:
1.What is the goal of the Stem Cells therapy ?
2. What medical conditions are treated using the Stem Cells therapy?
3. Can the Stem cells therapy be considered an alternative to major invasive surgical procedures?

III. Choose the variant found in the video :

1. Stem cells therapy utilizes the body’s natural_________________(self-enhancement, protective, healing)
mechanism to treat medical conditions.
2. There are two major types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and_____________ (endothelial, adult,
pancreatic) stem cells.
3. Embryonic stem cells are stem cells derived from human ____________(embryos, grey matter, islets of
Langerhans).
4. Adult stem cells are most commonly obtained from the ________________(lymph, bone marrow,
embryos).
5. Stem cells therapy is used to treat ________ _____________(communicative diseases, chronic diseases,
degenerative conditions) of the shoulder, knees, hips, and spine.

IV. Paraphrase the underlined words:

1. Self-regeneration (1) __________ and differentiating ability (2) __________ of embryonic stem cells is
effectively (3) __________ used in medicine.
2. Stem cells are distributed (4) __________ throughout the body where they reside in specific pockets (5)
__________ of each tissue.
3. Adult stem cells can also replicate (6) __________ into more than one cell type, but their replication is
restricted (7) __________ to a limited number of cell types.
4. Patients need to refrain (8) __________ from taking non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory medications (9)
__________ as this can affect the healing (10) __________ process.

V. Derivatives:
Stem Cells procedure 1. (beginning, begins, begin)__________ with the doctor 2. (extraction, extracting,
extract) __________ stem cells from the patience’s bone marrow. Bone marrow is 3. (usually, usual,
usualy) __________ aspirated from the hip region. The doctor cleans and numbs the hip area. A needle 4.
(is insert, is inserted, is inserting) __ __________ into an area of the pelvic bone 5. (known, know,
knowingly) __________ as the iliac crest. Bone marrow is 6. (then, than, that) __________ aspirated using a
special syringe and the sample obtained 7. (is send, is sended, is sent) __________ to the laboratory. In the
laboratory, the 8. (aspirate, aspirated) __________ is spun in a machine and a 9. (concentration,
concentrated) __________ stem cell sample is separated. The doctor then cleans and numbs the affected
area to be treated and injects the stem cells 10. (into, upon, before) __________ the diseased region.
VI. Complete the table:

Stem cells therapy

Advantages Disadvantages

Written production:
VII. Write a report on the topic:
Ethical issues in Stem cells therapy
(100-150 words)
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Pre-reading:
Guess what …
• is the most complicated mechanism ever constructed
• is composed of 75 % water
• consists of 75 trillion cells
• is home for our soul

I. Answer the following questions:

1.What human organs do you know? 2. What systems do they form?
2.How many organ systems are there in the human body?

Vocabulary

Epithelium [ ˌep.ɪˈθiː.li.əm ]- membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells

Line [ laɪn ] - to mark, incise, or cover with a line
 Text B. Organization of the human body
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-body
Ensure-
Human body is the physical substance of the human organism, composed of living cells
guarantee
and extracellular materials and organized into tissues, organs, and systems. The cell is
safeguard,
the basic living unit of the human body. The human body consists of more than 75
secure, protect
trillion cells, each capable of growth, metabolism, response to stimuli and reproduction.
Although there are some 200 different types of cells in the body, these can be grouped
Passageway-
into four basic classes. These four basic cell types, together with their extracellular
path, duct
materials, form the fundamental tissues of the human body: (1) epithelial tissues, which
Isolation cover the body’s surface and line the internal organs, body cavities, and passageways;
-separation, (2) muscle tissues, which are capable of contraction and form the body’s musculature;
segregation, (3) nerve tissues, which conduct electrical impulses and make up the nervous system;
detachment and (4) connective tissues, which bind together various body structures. (Bone and
blood are considered connective tissues).
Functional The next level of organization in the body is the organ. An organ is a group of tissues
-working, that constitutes a distinct structural and functional unit. Thus, the heart is an organ
operative, composed of all four tissues, whose function is to pump blood throughout the body. Of
practical course, the heart does not function in isolation; it is part of a system composed of blood
and blood vessels as well. The highest level of body organization, then, is that of the
organ system.
The body includes nine major organ systems, each composed of various organs and
House tissues that work together as a functional unit. (1) The integumentary system,
-accommodate, composed of the skin and associated structures, protects the body from invasion by
lodge, harbour harmful microorganisms and chemicals; it also prevents water loss from the body. (2)
The musculoskeletal system composed of the skeletal muscles and bones, moves the
body and protectively houses its internal organs. (3) The respiratory system, composed
of the breathing passages, lungs, and muscles of respiration, obtains from the air the
Breathing- oxygen necessary for cellular metabolism; it also returns to the air the carbon dioxide
respiration, that forms as a waste product of such metabolism. (4) The circulatory system,
ventilation composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, circulates a transport fluid throughout
the body, providing the cells with a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients and carrying
Steady – away waste products. (5) The digestive system, composed of the mouth, esophagus,
continuous,
stomach, and intestines, breaks down food into nutrients, which are then absorbed from
regular, constant, the blood or lymph. (6) The excretory system composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary
stable
bladder, and urethra, removes toxic nitrogen compounds and other wastes from the
blood. (7) The nervous system, composed of the sensory organs, brain, spinal cord, and
nerves, transmits, integrates, and analyses sensory information and carries impulses to
affect the appropriate muscular or glandular responses. (8) The endocrine system,
Break down –
composed of the hormone-secreting glands and tissues, provides a chemical
decompose,
analyze
communications network for coordinating various body processes. (9) The reproductive system, composed
of the male or female sex organs, enables reproduction and thereby ensures the continuation of the species.

Comprehension check:
II. Answer the questions:
1. What is the role of cells in the organization of the human body?
2. What is the function of the integumentary system?
3. What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
4. What is the function of the circulatory system?
5. What is the function of the digestive system?
6. What is the function of the excretory system?
7. What is the function of the nervous system?
8. What is the function of the endocrine system?
9. What is the function of the reproductive system?

III. What word the following groups of synonyms are related to?

B_________Y

a. organic structure b. torso c. form d. organization

physical structure trunk figure group
middle build society
chest shape association
frame band
institution

IV. Complete the table:

System Musculoskeleta Circulatory Digestive Nervous system Endocrine
l system system system
system

Organs 1.Muscle 1.Heart 1. 1.Brain 1.

2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 2. Vessel 3. 3. 3.
3.

V. Answer the following question:
1. Q: What has two heads, four eyes, six legs and a tail? 

2. Q: What has two hands and a face, but no arms and legs? 

3. Q: What has a neck, but no head? 

4. Q: Why did not the skeleton go to the dance? 

5. Q: What has a head and a tail, but no body? 

Written production:
VI. Develop one of the quotations below:

1. The human body is the best picture of the human soul

2. A Healthy Mind in a Healthy Body
(100-150 words)
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