1-Respiratory (upper):

here we are looking for all of things below.

*for : throat swab--> looking for Strep A (on blood agar) after 24H, if there is no growth--> re
incubated for 48H.

-if we found 'yellow colony' on blood agar on throat sample--> it may staph : then we inculat the
colony at purity plate.

(INCUBATION PERIOD 48H ONLY FOR THROAT&URINE).

*STAPH--> ONLY MRSA.

*MRS+PSEUDOMONAS--> if sensitive for METHICILLIN (TAKE IT).

*upper sample (sputume,eye,....)--> microscopic examination.

-why ? for sputume to look if it saliva or real sputume.

-sputume--> culture on :

1-blood agar 2-chocolat agar 3-SAB.

*coagulase + alpha --> Normal Flora at respi.

*1-blood agar=STREP 2-chocolat agar=H.influenza 3-MacConkey agar=L.F/N.L.F.

2- Optochin Sensitivity Test:

*Streptococcus pneumoniae strains are sensitive to the chemical optochin (ethylhydrocupreine

hydrochloride).

*MORAXELLA --> (Coccobacillus)EYE INFECTION.

*catalase=2HO2/peroxid hydrogen--> to find out staph species.

*oxidase=The oxidase test is used to determine if an organism possesses the cytochrome oxidase
enzyme. The test is used as an aid for the differentiation of Neisseria, Moraxella, Campylobacter and
Pasteurella species (oxidase positive). It is also used to differentiate pseudomonads from related
species.

*on MacConkey agar -->if there is a colony (N.L.F)=will do oxidase test.

*PSEUDOMONAS=have different anibiotic from all GNR.

3-WOUND:

*candida--> 48H

*VRE = Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci / Vancomycin is an antibiotic used to treat infections

caused by enterococci. When enterococci become resistant to vancomycin (meaning the antibiotics
are no longer effective), they are called vancomycin-resistant enterococci or VRE.

* blood agar--> black colony --> it may Entero.

* if there is ( PSEUDOMONAS or Klebsiella)--> purity plate --> send to the Phoenix.

* PSEUDOMONAS + Acinetobacter --> very dangerous at RESPIRATORY.

*WOUNDs are 2 types:

1- deep 2-superficial

*Haemolysis of Streptococci and its types:

1-Beta-hemolytic Streptococci

Beta-hemolysis (β-hemolysis) is associated with complete lysis of red cells surrounding the colony.

Examples: Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A beta-hemolytic Strep (GAS).

2-Alpha-hemolytic Streptococci

Alpha-hemolysis (α-hemolysis) is a partial or “green” hemolysis associated with reduction of red cell
hemoglobin.

Examples: Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci (Streptococcus viridans or

viridans streptococci)

3-Gamma-hemolytic (Non-haemolytic) Streptococci

Colonies show neither typical alpha nor beta haemolysis. There may be, however, slight
discoloration in the medium.

Examples: Enterococcus faecalis (formerly called “Group D Strep”).

* KINDS OF BACTERIAL RESPONSE TO THE ANTIBIOTIC:

1-multidrug-resistant (MDR)--> 3 kinds of antibiotic resistant.

2-extensively drug-resistant (XDR)--> most of antibiotic are resistant (1-2 ).

3-pandrug-resistant (PDR)--> all antibitic are resistant.

DONE BY : RAGHDAH.