Calculus & Functions Solutions

BMS

1) Some important results:

𝒃
(i) Prove that if 𝒇(𝒙) > 𝟎 for 𝒂 < 𝒙 < 𝒃, then ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 > 𝟎

If 𝑓(𝑥 ) > 0 for 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏, then the curve lies above the 𝑥 axis in this region. Hence the
integral is positive.

𝒂 𝒂
(ii) Prove that if 𝒇(𝒙) is an even function, then ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

𝑎 0 𝑎
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 −𝑎 0

But since 𝑓(𝑥) is even, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(−𝑥).

Letting 𝑥 = −𝑡 we thus have

𝑎 0 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(−𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 𝑎 0 0 0 0

Since t is just a dummy variable.

𝒂
(iii) Prove that if 𝒇(𝒙) is an odd function, then ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐝𝒙 = 𝟎

Since 𝑓(𝑥) is odd, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑓(−𝑥). Hence,

𝑎 0 𝑎 0 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓 (−𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝑎 −𝑎 0 𝑎 0

Since
0 𝑎
− ∫ 𝑓 (−𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 0
As 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.
(iv) Prove that if 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙) are both odd functions, then 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) is also odd.

𝑓𝑔(−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(−𝑔(𝑥 )) = −𝑓𝑔(𝑥)

So we are done.

(v) Prove that if 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙) are both even functions, then 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) is also even.

𝑓𝑔(−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ))

Notice that 𝑓(𝑥) need not be even.

𝝅
2) Evaluate ∫−𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟏𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Note that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 11 are both odd functions so, by the previous question,
sin11 𝑥 is also odd. Hence, again by the previous question, this integral is 0.

3) Find ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒙 𝒅𝒙

This is a standard C4 integral.

Using repeated integration by parts,

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hence

𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥

So

1 𝑥
𝑒 (sin𝑥 − cos𝑥 ) + 𝐶 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
 𝟏
4) Find ∫−𝟏|𝒙𝒆𝒙 | 𝒅𝒙

Note that
1 0 1 1
𝑥|
∫ |𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
−1 −1 0 0

Integrating by parts,
1
1
2 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ] =2
0 0

5) Differentiate with respect to 𝒙:

𝒙
(i) 𝒂𝒙 (ii) 𝒙𝒙 (iii) 𝒙𝒙 (iv) (𝒙𝒙 )𝒙

(i)

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥lna
(𝑎 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥lna ln𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(ii)

Write 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 . Then

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ln𝑦 = 𝑥ln𝑥 ⇒ = ln𝑥 + 1 ⇒ = 𝑥 𝑥 (ln𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(iii)
𝑥
Write 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 . Then

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
ln𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 ln𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑥 𝑥 (ln𝑥 + 1)ln𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥−1 ⇒ = 𝑥 𝑥 +𝑥−1 (𝑥 (ln𝑥 + 1) + 1)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(iv)
2
Write 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 . Then

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
ln𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln𝑥 ⇒ = 2𝑥ln𝑥 + 𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑥 𝑥 (2𝑥ln𝑥 + 𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6) Show that, if 𝒏 > 𝟎, then
∞
𝐥𝐧𝒙 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒆
𝒆𝟏/𝒏

Using integration by parts

∞
ln𝑥 1 1 ∞ 2
∫ 𝑛+1
𝑑𝑥 = [− 𝑥 −𝑛 ln𝑥 − 2 𝑥 −𝑛 ] 1/𝑛 = 2
𝑥 𝑛 𝑛 𝑒 𝑛 𝑒
𝑒 1/𝑛

Upon evaluation.

7) By considering 𝑰 + 𝑱 and 𝑰 − 𝑱 where

𝝅/𝟐 𝝅/𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑰= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑱 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

calculate these two integrals.

We have

𝜋/2
𝜋
𝐼+𝐽= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 =
0 2

And

𝜋/2
sin𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝜋/2
𝐼−𝐽 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln(sin𝑥 + cos𝑥)] = 0
0 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 0

Hence
𝜋
𝐼=𝐽=
4