ASSIGNMENT REPORT

TEMPLATE
Shortcut of the lecture

Student Name : ABDULAZIZ ANWAR SHAQHAN

Student ID no : TP054662
Intake :
Lecturer Name :
Submission Date:

Table of contents

Table of contents........................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER 1: Introduction..........................................................................................................1
 1.1 Therotical concept....................................................................................................1
1.2 Objective..................................................................................................................2
1.3 Tools.........................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: Procedure.............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 3: Result and analysis...............................................................................................4
CHAPTER 5: Discussion............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 6: Conclusions..........................................................................................................8
Appendices.................................................................................................................................9

ii
CHAPTER 1: Introduction

1.1 Ttheoretical concept

A potentiometer is a device which has three terminals of resisters with a sliding or

rotating capacity. If only two terminals of the potentiometer are used, this will make one of
the terminals to act as a variable resistor or rheostat (Sound.whsites.net, 2019).

Figure 1:(potentiometer).

Therefore, the potentiometer is rarely used for controlling a high power of more than
one watt. However, it is used to adjust the level of analogue signals. For example, audio
equipment, volume controls, and as control inputs for electronic circuits. To illustrate, a
light dimmer uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so indirectly to
control the brightness of lamps (Resistorguide.com, 2019). Although, the potentiometer
could be used in audio and volume controls it is also used in Television (which can use to
control picture brightness, contrast, and colour response), Motion control (that can be used
as position feedback devices in order to create "closed loop" control, for example in a
servomechanism), and Transducers ( which can be used as replacement transducers
because of the simplicity of construction and as they can give a huge output signal). In
addition, the theory of the potentiometer operation is about how to resist voltage, a voltage
(Vs), and resister of a length Interacts seriously and inversely with each other. (Bowers,
2001).

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 The law of the potentiometer, the voltage across RL as below:

R2 R L
V L=
R1 R L + R 2 R L+¿R 1
R2 ×V s ¿

But, if the RL larger than the other resisters will calculated by using this below law:

R2
V L=
R1+ ¿R ×V s ¿
2

Source: (Bowers, 2001).

Figure 2:( Circuit diagram).

From above brief analyses the potentiometer, it this devise has three terminals, two of
which are connected to a resistance wire and the third to a movable brush along with the
wire, so that a variable potential can be tapped off (used in electronic circuits). The essay
will explain how the potentiometer used, describes steps to measure a voltage and the
change of voltage amount resulting depending on the corners and voltage change with 10
resisters. Overall, the potentiometer is used to have different resisters in the circuit to rising
or lower the voltage.

1.2 Objective

The aims of this experiment are researching in the concept of using the potentiometer.
how it can use the Multimeter to measure the resistors across the circuit (breadboard).
Furthermore, how the wiper is effaces inside the potentiometer in either rising or drop the
resister along the coil. Finally, how it could use the protractor by using the angle for
measure the resistor and control it.
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1.3 Tools

These components were used in the measuring process:

1) Potentiometer.

2) 10KΩ resisters.

3) Digital Multimeter (sanwa-CD770).

4) Props.

5) Wires.

6) Training Kit (Model-ETS-7000).

7) Breadboard.

CHAPTER 2: Procedure

First, must take the precaution and safety in the laboratory before starting in
experiment.

1) Before the experiment was started, Training Kit was turned off and the voltage
was set to 5V. Form this input of the voltage, potential difference was measured
and recorded which was constant for all the experiment.

2) One of the wires was taken and connected it to 5 voltage in the Training Kit.
After that, a shaft of the potentiometer was turned and rolled which small
output of the voltage was read, and the shaft continued rolling until the voltage
became zero. Then, another wire (should has different color) was taken and
connected to the ground in the Training Kit.

3) The wires were connected in the circuit (must be vertically because the circuit
is connecting series) that have been connected in Training Kit. After that, two
other wires were taken in the circuit and connected it horizontally from each
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 two ex-wires. These two wires were connected to the potentiometer, one of
these wires connected in entrance A and the other in entrance B and the
measurement was from measuring entrance A and C.

4) The heads of different polarity were taken from the multimeter and measured
the voltage by using 0˚ angle and continue measuring the voltage by increasing
the angle 30˚ until reach to 270˚ angles. Then the measuring was repeated for
three times for the same angle and made the same steps but in back ward from
270˚ to 0˚ angle.

5) After completing the measuring process, 10k resisters were taken and placed on
the circuit and made it parallel to the wires, and the same steps followed, and
the voltage was measured by using 10k resisters.

Figure 3: (potentiometer without loading).

Figure 4: (potentiometer with loading). Page 4 of 19

CHAPTER 3: Result and analysis

In this section, the output of using the potentiometer will explain the amount of the
voltage across the breadboard when the voltage has set on the Training Kit by 5 voltage,
and how it become different when the resistor has been up or low. Hence, this will explain
the relationship between the resistor and the voltage.
Likewise, this section shows the results of the percent linearity. Display the input and
output that show the curve which will represent the hysteresis. Explains the repeatability of
the output when the same measurement, instrumentation, and location, with short period of
the time are applied.

1.1 Result without load

Table 1:(potentiometer voltage for angle 0˚ to 270˚).

Angle Voltage
0 MV 0.30 0.40 0.21
30 26.00 26.45 26.23
60 0.67 0.67 0.67
90 1.28 1.30 1.32
120 2.01 1.76 1.67
150 2.23 2.21 2.06
180 2.82 2.86 2.67
210 3.30 3.26 3.29
240 3.88 3.87 3.67
270 4.21 4.53 4.51

Table 2:(potentiometer voltage for 270˚ back to 0˚).

Angle Voltage
270 4.19 4.48 4.44
240 3.82 3.85 3.88
210 3.1 3.2 3.23
180 2.50 2.61 2.53

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 150 1.98 2.01 2.117
120 1.5 1.97 1.5
90 0.99 0.99 0.98
60 0.61 0.60 0.61
30 27 27.2 27.01
0 MV 0 0 0.01

3.1 Linearity

The linearity for the voltage across the angle from 0˚ to 270˚.

The linearity across angle (0˚).

0.30+0.41+0.21
Mean deviation= =0.306 m
3

0.306
Linearity %= × 100=6.13 %m
5v

The linearity across (30˚).

Linearity:
0.18+0.18+ 0.17
Mean deviation= =0.176
3
\

0.176
Linearity = =3.52 %
5v

The linearity across angle (60˚).

Linearity:

0.67+0.67 +0.67
Mean deviation= =0.670
3

0.67
Linearity = ×100=13.40 %
5v

The linearity angle (90˚).

Linearity:

1.27+1.30+1.30
Mean deviation= =1.290
3

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 1.290
Linearity %= ×100=25.80 %
5v

The linearity across angle (120˚).

Linearity:

2.01+1.76+1.67
Mean deviation= =1.657
3

1.657
Linearity %= × 100=33.13 %
5v

The linearity across angle (150).

Linearity:
2.23+2.21+2.66
Mean deviation= =2.367
3
2.367
Linearity %= × 100=47.33 %
5v
The linearity across (180˚).
Linearity:
2.82+2.86+2.76
Mean deviation= =2.800
3
2.800
Linearity %= ×100=56.00 %
5v

The linearity across (210˚).

Linearity:
3.30+3.26+3.29
Mean deviation= =3.283
3

3.283
Linearity %= ×100=65.67 %
5v

The linearity across (240˚).

Linearity:
3.88+3.87+3.67
Mean deviation= =3.807
3
3.807
Linearity %= × 100=76.13 %
5v

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 The linearity across (270˚).
Linearity:
4.21+ 4.53+4.51
Mean deviation= =4.416
3

4.416
Linearity %= ×100=88.33 %
5v

Voltage
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Voltage

2.5 Voltage
Linear (Voltage)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Angle

Graph 1:(the Linearity of 0˚ and 270˚ angle).

The linearity for the voltage across the angle from 270˚ to 0˚.
The Linearity across 0˚.

0.00+0.00+ 0.01
Mean deviation= =0.003 m
3

0.003 m
Linearity %= ×100=1.67 % m
5v

30
0.270+0.26+ 0.27
Mean deviation= =0. 267
3

0.2 67
Linearity %= ×100=5.33 %
5v

60
0.61+0.60+0.61
Mean deviation= =0.607
3

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 0 .607
Linearity %= × 100=12.33 %
5v

90
0.99+0.99+0.98
Mean deviation= =0.987
3

0.987
Linearity %= × 100=19.73 %
5v

120
1.50+1.97+1.50
Mean deviation= =1.657
3

1.657
Linearity %= × 100=33.13 %
5v
150
1.98+2.01+2.11
Mean deviation= =2.033
3

2.033
Linearity %= ×100=40.67 %
5v
180
2.50+2.61+2.53
Mean deviation= =2. 547
3

210
3.10+3.20+3.23
Mean deviation= =3.177
3

3.177
Linearity %= × 100=63.53 %
5v
240
3.82+3.85+3.88
Mean deviation= =3.850
3

3.850
Linearity %= ×100=77.00 %
5v
270
4.19+ 4.48+4.44
Mean deviation= =4.370
3

4.370
Linearity %= ×100=87.40 %
5v

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 voltage
5
4.5
4.37
4
3.85
3.5
3.17
3
Voltage

2.5 2.55 voltage

Linear (voltage )
2 2.03
1.66
1.5
1 0.99
0.5 0.61
0.27
0 0
270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 30 0
Angle

Graph 2:(the Linearity of 270˚ and 0˚ angle).

Repeatability.
Repeatability:60

0.67+0.67+ 0.67
Mean= =0.67
3

∑ of square=0.67−0.67=0
¿ 0.67−0.67=0
¿ 0.67−0.67=0
2 2 2
¿ ( 0 ) − ( 0 ) −( 0 ) =0

0
Standard Deviation ( SD ) =
√ 3−1
=0

0
Deviation of the Mean ( SDM ) = =0
√3

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 Chart Title
voltage angle
5
4.5 Ymn = 2.768
4 Ymp = 2.342
3.5
Ymax = 4.393
3
2.5
Ymin = 0.153m
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 30 0

Figure 3:(Mean of hysteresis voltage for 0˚ to 270˚ and 270˚ back to 0˚ without loading).

(Ymn−Ymp)
Hysteresis %= × 100 %
(Ymax−Ymin)
2.768−2.342
¿ =9.69 %
4.393−0.153 m

The imposed voltage measurement by the angle when the Training Kit set on 5V.
X X
Default voltage across an angle= =
5 270

Table3:(Default voltage across an angle).

Angle Voltage across the angel

0 0.00
30 0.56
60 1.11
90 1.67
120 2.22
150 2.78
180 3.33
210 3.89
240 4.44
270 5.00

Non-linearity
Non-linearity of 60˚

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 100
FSD= =20
5
deviation=0.670−1.11=0.440

non−linearity %=20 × 0.440=8.8 %

1.2 Result with load

Angle Voltage
0 MV 0.028m 0.023m 0.082m
30 MV 0.019m 0.019m 0.019m
60 0.58 0.76 0.84
90 1.27 1.26 1.28
120 1.67 1.68 1.68
150 1.96 2.08 2.17
180 2.59 2.66 2.53
210 3.08 3.31 3.15
240 3.53 3.51 3.58
270 3.78 3.82 3.88
Table4:(potentiometer voltage for angle 0 to 270 with loading).

Angle Voltage
270 3.94 3.92 4.01
240 3.72 3.63 3.56
210 3.63 3.21 3.21
180 2.84 2.76 2.91
150 1.93 1.84 2.01
120 1.74 1.67 1.68
90 1.35 1.28 1.28
60 0.61 0.65 0.82
30 0.000184 0.000195 0.000198
0 0.0236m 0.0254m 0.0272m
Table 5:(potentiometer voltage for 270 back to 0 with loading).
Linearity
0.028 m+ 0.023 m+ 0.082m
Mean deviation= =0.443 m
3

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 0.443
Linearity %= × 100=0.89 % m
5v
30
0.19+0.19+0.19
Mean deviation= =0.19 0
3

0.190
Linearity %= × 100=3.80 %m
5v

60
0.58+0.76+ 0.84
Mean deviation= =0.727
3
0.727
Linearity %= × 100=14.54 %
5v

90
1.27+1.26+1.28
Mean deviation= =1.270
3

1.270
Linearity %= ×100=25.40 %
5v
120
1.67+1.68+1.68
Mean deviation= =1.677
3

1.677
L inearity %= ×100=33.53 %
5v

150
1.96+2.08+2.17
Mean deviation= =2.070
3
2.070
L inearity %= ×100=41.40 %
5v

180
2.59+2.66+2.53
Mean deviation= =2.593
3
2.593
L inearity %= ×100=51.87 %
5v

210
3.08+3.31+3.15
Mean deviation= =3.180
3

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 3.180
L inearity %= ×100=63.60 %
5v
240
3.53+3.51+3.58
Mean deviation= =3. 540
3
3.540
L inearity %= ×100=70.80 %
5v
270

3.78+3.82+3.88
Mean deviation= =3.827
3

3.827
L inearity %= ×100=7 6 .53 %
5v

voltage
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Voltage

2.5 voltage
Linear (voltage)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Angle

Repeatability

Linearity

Angle Voltage
270 3.94 3.92 4.01
240 3.72 3.63 3.56
210 3.63 3.21 3.21
180 2.84 2.76 2.91
150 1.93 1.84 2.01
120 1.74 1.67 1.68
90 1.35 1.28 1.28
60 0.61 0.65 0.82
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 30 0.000184 0.000195 0.000198
0 0.0236m 0.0254m 0.0272m

CHAPTER 5: Discussion

This chapter shows the results of the percent linearity. Display the input and output that
show the curve which will represent the hysteresis. Explains the repeatability of the output
when the same measurement, instrumentation, and location, with short period of the time
are applied.

CHAPTER 6: Conclusions

In conclusion, the objectives and aims of this project were achieved successfully,
efficiently, and effectively.

References
Page 15 of 19
______________________________________________________________

Bowers, B. (2001). Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS. Stevenage: Institution of Electrical

Engineers in association with the Science Museum.

Sound.whsites.net. (2019). Potentiometers (Beginners' Guide to Pots). [online]

Available at: http://sound.whsites.net/pots.htm#markings [Accessed 20 Apr. 2019].

Resistorguide.com. (2019). Potentiometer taper - audio taper Resistor Guide. [online]

Available at: http://www.resistorguide.com/potentiometer-taper/ [Accessed 20 Apr. 2019].

Appendices

The following figure shows the shape of project.

Page 16 of 19
Figure 4:(the shape of project).

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