1/20/2019

MEE 313E
Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering
3 Credit
N U RU ZZAMAN S A KIB
L E CTU RER
D E PT. O F M E E , S U ST

PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
A property is a macroscopic characteristic of a system
such as mass, volume, energy, pressure, and temperature
to which a numerical value can be assigned without
knowledge of the history of the system

Properties are considered to be either intensive or

extensive.

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PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Intensive properties are those that are independent of the
mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and
density.

Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the

size-or extent-of the system. Total mass, total volume, and
total momentum are some examples of extensive properties.
Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties.

PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

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ENTHALPY? ENTROPY?

Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness

of a system. An ordered system has low entropy. A
disordered system has high entropy.
Enthalpy is defined as the sum of internal energy
of a system and the product of the pressure and
volume of the system.

STATE
The word state refers to the condition of a system as
described by its properties.
If the value of even one property changes, the state will
change to a different one.

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STEADY STATE

However, if a system exhibits the same values of its

properties at two different times, it is in the same state at
these times. A system is said to be at steady state if none
of its properties change with time.

THE STATE POSTULATE

The number of properties required to fix the state of a
system is given by the state postulate.

The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two

independent, intensive properties.

Specifying a certain number of properties is sufficient to fix

a state.

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GIBB’S FORMULA
The number of independent
intensive properties to specify
the state of the system is given
by Gibb’s formula.
= −∅+2
where,
f = number of independent properties
c= number of component in the
system
ϕ = number of phases in the system

EQUILIBRIUM

The word equilibrium implies a state of balance.

In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials
(or driving forces) within the system.
A system in equilibrium experiences no changes.

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EQUILIBRIUM
There are many types of equilibrium, and a system is not
in thermodynamic equilibrium unless the conditions of all
the relevant types of equilibrium are satisfied.
A system in thermodynamic equilibrium satisfies the
following requirements:
Thermal Equilibrium
Mechanical Equilibrium
Phase Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium

PROCESS

Any change that a system

undergoes from one equilibrium
state to another is called a process.
The series of states through which
a system passes during a process is
called the path of the process.

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CONTD.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and
final states of the process, as well as the path it follows, and the
interactions with the surroundings.

An isothermal process is a process during which the Temperature, T, remains

constant.
An isobaric process is a process during which the Pressure, P, remains constant.
An isochoric (or isometric) process is a process in which Specific Volume, v,
remains constant.
An isenthalpic process is a process where Enthalpy, h remains constant.
Adiabatic process is the process wherein there’s absolutely no Heat Energy
Transfer, q.
Isentropic process is a reversible adiabatic process i.e. no Entropy Change, s.

CONTD.

Reversible process: A process in which it is possible

to return both the system and surroundings to their
original states.
Irreversible process: A process in which it is
impossible to return both the system and
surroundings to their original states.

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STEADY FLOW PROCESS

The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite
of steady is unsteady, or transient. The term uniform,
however, implies no change with location over a specified
region.
“A process during which a fluid flows through a control
volume steadily is called steady flow process”
That is, the fluid properties can change from point to point
within the control volume, but at any fixed point they
remain the same during the entire process

CYCLE

A system process is said to go

through a thermodynamic cycle when
the final state of the process is the
same as the initial state of the
process.

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PROPERTY VALUES
Thermodynamic Property values can be determined from
five sources
1.Thermodynamic equations of state.
2.Thermodynamic tables.
3.Thermodynamic charts.
4.Direct experimental measurements.
5.The formulae of statistical thermodynamics.

PROPERTY TABLE

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PROPERTY CHARTS

THE P-V & T-S DIAGRAM

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PROBLEMS
1. A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at
90°C. Determine the pressure in the tank and the volume of the
tank.
2. A rigid tank contains 10 kg of water at 90°C. If 8 kg of the
water is in the liquid form and the rest is in the vapor form,
determine
(a) the pressure in the tank and
(b) the volume of the tank.
3. Determine the specific volume(v), specific enthalpy(h) of
water @ 430°C & 6.5 MPa.

THANK
YOU ALL

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