• Submitted to: Prof: Asia Mumtaz

• Submitted by: Dil Awaiz

• Subject: System Integration
• Submission date: 09-10-2021
• Department: Msc(it)4th Semester
• Registration No: 20201005-010
• Assignment no: #1

Today:
Today, information has become the main component of what we produce, do, buy, and consume.
Having an economic value in almost all products and services that meet the needs of today’s
societies, it has been now obligatory for individuals and organizations to obtain information
technologies and to actively use them in both work and social life domains. Hence, in the current
information age, where information is seen as power, this situation has made it imperative for
organizations to become increasingly information-based and to benefit from information
technologies in many processes and activities.

The intensive use of information technologies in many functions and processes has also required
some changes in organizations This is due to the fact that information technologies, unlike
traditional technologies, do not only change the technical fields but also affect the
communication channels, decision-making functions and mechanisms, control, etc.
Consequently, one of the most striking developments is on organizational structures that are
becoming increasingly flattened and horizontal. Relatedly, information technologies have begun
to take over the role of middle management, which supports decision-making processes of
senior management and has reduced the importance of this Similarly, while information
technologies enable managers to obtain faster, more accurate, and more information], it also
provides lower-level managers with more information about the general situation of the
organization, the nature of current problems, and important organizational matters
Moreover, information technologies also have an important potential in determining whether
organizations have a mechanical or an organic structure [13]. Within the mechanical
organizational structures, people do not have much autonomy, and behaviors expected from
employees are being careful and obedience to upper authority and respect for traditions. In such
organizations, predictability, consistency, and stability are desirable phenomena. In contrast,
people in organic structures have more freedom in shaping and controlling their activities, and
being enthusiastic, creative, and taking risks have important places among the desired behaviors

Accordingly, information technologies begin to influence the cultural values of the organization
over time, through these transformations they create on organizational structures, processes, and
operations. In other words, the fact that organizational structures are mechanical or organic
causes the formation of diverse cultural values in organizations Therefore, the desired cultural
values in mechanical organizations are quite different from those in organic structures In this
context, this chapter deals with the influences of information technologies on cultural
characteristics of organizations along with the reflections of the use of these technologies on
organizational structures and their functioning.
FUTURE OF IT :
Digitization has transformed the business world. Digital tools are now ubiquitous in all aspects
of commerce, from business processes to services and transactions, and one engine is driving the
change: information technology.

Today's companies not only rely on information technology, they can't compete without it. IT is
integrated into products, it pulls priceless information from customer data, and it is the force
behind online shopping.
As digital becomes even more prevalent, the demand for IT will continue to rise, which in turn
will place a heavier burden on IT organizations. Driven by the further digitization of business
and increasing market competition, IT is becoming even more indispensable.

ONLINE TV

It allows the users to choose the program or the TV show they want to watch from an archive of
programs or from a channel directory.
YouTube and other online video sharing sites have almost killed Television.
The new generations prefer Internet over TV channels. It has become very popular with services
such as RTÉ Player and Revision3.

2. CAREER TRENDS

IT CONSULTANT: As CNN mentioned, everyone from local startups to the Fortune 500
companies need IT consultants to help them figure out the cheapest and fastest ways to run
computers better. It also ranked number 13th on CNN’s most recent Best Jobs in America list.
Mobile/Web application developer: Hot in demand due to the internet and technology boom.
Moreover, these developers are employed across every industry sector as there are needs in both
commercial and non-commercial organizations to have a web page for selling or for the purpose
of communication.

3. CLOUD COMPUTING :
It is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage,
and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to
store and process their data in third-party data centers.
Cost reductions claimed by cloud providers. A public-cloud delivery model converts capital
expenditure to operational expenditure.

4. MOBILE APPLICATION

Another emerging trend within information technology is mobile applications (software

application on Smart phone, tablet, etc.)
Mobile application or mobile app has become a success since its introduction. They are designed
to run on Smartphone, tablets and other mobile devices.
They are available as a download from various mobile operating systems like Apple,
Blackberry, Nokia, etc. Some of the mobile app are available free where as some involve
download cost.
The revenue collected is shared between app distributor and app developer.
5. USER INTERFACES
User interface has undergone a revolution since introduction of touch screen.
The touch screen capability has revolutionized way end users interact with application.
Touch screen enables the user to directly interact with what is displayed and also removes any
intermediate hand-held device like the mouse.
Touch screen capability is utilized in smart phones, tablet, information kiosks and other
information appliances.
6. 3D Printing
One place where technology’s role as a catalyst for innovation is particularly evident is 3D
printing.
According to tech research company Gartner, we are in the beginnings of a “Digital Industrial
Revolution” that threatens to reshape how physical goods are created and 3D printing is at the
heart of it."
Past:
Research on the “uses of the past” in organizations and organizing is flourishing. This
introduction reviews this approach to integrating history into organization studies and explores
its paths forward. We begin by examining the intellectual origins of the approach and by
defining why and how it matters to the study of management and organizations. Specifically, we
emphasize the performative role of history in making and unmaking organizational orders. Next,
we elaborate on how the articles in the special issue demonstrate the uses of the past in shaping
organizational identity, strategy, and power. We also highlight how this work contributes to our
understanding of the socially embedded character of history in organizations by accounting for
the role of materiality, intertextuality, competing narratives, practices, and audiences in how the
past is used. We conclude by considering four research frontiers particularly worthy of further
exploration—the influence of temporal form, the role of non-rational knowledge, the range of
methods, and the integratio