TASK FORCE 5W1H

FOR LAW088: A LABOUR OF LOVE!

 Table of Contents

1.0 UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR) 1

1.1 What is the UDHR itself? 2
1.2 What is the importance of the UDHR? 3
1.3 Examples of Human Rights Violations 5
1.3.1 LOCAL 5
ANATOMY OF ANSWERS 5
1.3.2 REGIONAL 6
1.3.3 GLOBAL 7

2.0 REFUGEES 8
2.1 What is a refugee? 8
2.2 What are the Differences between Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Internally Displaced Persons
(IDP)? 8
2.2.1 KEY TERMS 10
2.3 Where do these refugees come from? 10
2.3 (a) Background of the Russian Civil War 10
2.3 (b) Background of the Armenian Genocide 11
2.3 (c) Background of the Syrian Civil War (When did it happen and Why?) 12
2.4 Which international instruments are crucial in protecting refugees? 15
2.5 How far do these international protections assist refugees in practice and what are the
shortcomings? 17
2.5.1 Example of Refugee’s Rights Violation: Massacre of Sabra and Shatila (1982) 18
2.6 How can we redress the grievances concerning the maintenance of refugees? 21

3.0 CHILDREN 23
3.1 Who are children? 23
3.2 What are children’s rights? 23
3.3 Violations of Children’s Rights 24
3.3 (a) Child Sex Trafficking 24
What is Child Sex Trafficking? 24
How do Traffickers Traffic Children? 25
Where does Child Sex Trafficking occur? 25
3.3 (b) Child Abuse 26
What is Child Abuse? 26
Who is suspect for Child Abuse? 26
How to Identify Child Abuse? 26
3.3 (c) Child Soldiers 29
What are child soldiers? 29
How do these military groups recruit the child soldiers? 29
Where are these Children getting recruited? 29
Who is stopping the exploitation of children for war? 30

4.0 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 31

4 31
4.1 Man-Made Disasters 32
4.1 (a) Ozone Depletion 32
4.1 (b) Climate Change - for questions on impact of environment degradation & solutions 33
 4.2 Pollutions 34
4.2 (a) Water Pollution 34
4.2 (b) Air Pollution for questions on impact of environment degradation & solutions 35
4.3 Biodiversity loss 37
4.3 (a) Black Rhinos 37
4.3 (b) Malayan Tigers - for questions on impact of environment degradation & solutions 38

5.0 FREE TRADE 39

5.1 What is Free Trade? 39
5.2 Differences Between Free Trade Agreement, Bilateral Trade Agreement, Multilateral Trade
Agreement 39
5.3 International Economics Organization 40
5.3.1 World Trade Organization 41
5.3.2 International Monetary Fund 42
5.3.3 World Bank 44
5.4 Related Issues with Free Trade: 46
5.4.1 Trade War - US and China: 46
5.4.2 Qatar Embargo: 48

Disclaimer

The purpose of this material is to assist our fellow friends in their preparation for the LAW088
examination. Nothing herein contained shall be utilised as source for direct copying during examination. The
authors will not be held legally liable for unethical behavior of students who decide to violate the
aforementioned code of conduct.

Authors of this note are

i) Zarriff Iman Nafidz bin Zahril Anwar, K02 (Author of the UDHR Section)
ii) Muhammad Asyraf bin Azman, K06 (Author of the Refugee Section)
iii) Muhammad Izz Hakim bin Ramli, K03 (Author of the Children Section)
iv) Nur Saffiya Najwa binti Alias, K01 (Co-Author of the Environmental Section)
v) Siti Nuradriana binti Ahmad Amri, K01 (Author of the Environmental Section - Climate Change, Air
Pollution, Malayan Tigers)
vi) Abg Azs Lee Razzman bin Abg Ahmad, K01 (Co-Author of the Economic Section)
vii) Zahratul Husna binti Khairul Anuar, K05 (Co-Author of the Economic Section)
1.0 UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR)

1
1.1 What is the UDHR itself?

What would a proper 5W1H answer look like as shown above?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document which outlines
the basic rights and fundamental liberties each human is entitled to. This Declaration was signed by the
United Nations General Assembly in Palais de Chaillot, France on the 10th of December 1948. The
reasoning behind this declaration is to ensure that each human’s fundamental rights, as outlined by the
declaration are guaranteed by the national law of each state as well as international law, such as the two
International Covenants of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1966 and the Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (ICESCR) 1966. Since the UDHR is not a legally enforceable treaty, its content is integrated into
each state’s respective constitution, with articles guaranteeing each citizen’s fundamental liberties and basic
rights, no matter whether the state itself is monist or dualist.

HOT TIP: The 5W1H arrangement is flexible = you can switch up the arrangement of each W and H and as
long as your paragraph appears coherent and makes sense, you have fulfilled the 5W1H for your example
and therefore guaranteed with marks.

But the question remains…

2
1.2 What is the importance of the UDHR?

The importance of the UDHR

cannot be understated. This
Declaration was made primarily
to ensure that all human beings
are treated equally, with each
one of them guaranteed basic
rights and fundamental
liberties by each of their states.
This establishes a level of
oversight on states’ human rights
records to prevent further abuse
of human rights by any party.
These rights had been endlessly
abused during World War II as
found in the table below:

The logic employed by regimes not really known for their exemplary track records on
human rights…

Mass Genocide (the Final Solution) Sexual abuse (Japanese comfort women)

WHO? Nazi Germany. WHO? Imperial Japan.

WHAT? The systematic purge of ‘subhuman’ WHAT? Local women in Japanese-occupied

European Jews as part of the Final Solution by the territories were forced into prostitution for the
Nazi government. pleasurement of Japanese soldiers.

WHEN? 1941-45 WHEN? 1932-45

WHERE? German-occupied territories in Europe WHERE? Japanese-occupied territories

(Poland, Sudetenland/Czechoslovakia etc.) (Manchukuo, the Korean Peninsula, Southeast Asia
including Malaya etc.)

WHY? To eliminate the Jewish race and religion WHY? To strike fear into the local population and
entirely. to satisfy the lust of occupying Japanese soldiers.

HOW? Jews were bused into death trains headed HOW? Young local women were abducted from
for concentration camps such as Dachau and homes and brought to Japanese-operated brothels to
Auschwitz, where they were murdered and tortured. be chosen by occupying soldiers.
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 Forced deportation from homes (the German Deprivation of childhood (Hitler Youth child
expulsion) soldiers)

WHO? Soviet Union. WHO? Nazi Germany.

WHAT? Ethnic Germans in East Prussia, acquired WHAT? Ill-equipped child soldiers took up arms to
by the Soviet Union through the Treaty of Yalta defend the capital city of Berlin from falling to the
were expelled and deported to various locations, Soviet Union.
from what remained of Germany to Siberia.

WHEN? 1945-50 WHEN? April 1945

WHERE? East Prussia WHERE? Berlin, Germany

WHY? The Soviets and satellite states such as WHY? The decimation of the ranks of German
Poland wanted to annihilate all vestiges of German military divisions caused a chronic lack of available
history from the area, to establish their grip over the soldiers to defend Berlin.
former German territories.

HOW? The Soviet Union issued a decree for HOW? Child soldiers from the Hitler Youth were
German residents to leave their homes and were enlisted to defend the city of Berlin from the Soviet
deported to either Germany or other regions of the soldiers’ Race to Berlin under the leadership of
Soviet Union such as Siberia. Georgii Zhukov and Ivan Konev.

4
1.3 Examples of Human Rights Violations

1.3.1 LOCAL

ANATOMY OF ANSWERS
QUESTION CHILD MARRIAGE FREEDOM OF HUMAN
SPEECH TRAFFICKING

WHO? Children below 16 The government of PDRM

Malaysia

WHAT? An alarmingly high number of child Used the Internal Security Discovered a mass grave
marriages are occurring in Malaysia. Act 1960 to quash political of foreign human
opposition and restrict trafficking victims and a
freedom of speech. human trafficking camp.

WHEN? 2013-2018 1987 2015

WHERE? Nationwide (Malaysia) Nationwide (Malaysia) Wang Kelian, Perlis

WHY? Internal factors such as poverty, lack of To decapitate political To fulfil demand for
education, family issues and complicit opposition to the illegal labour in shady
state law in Kelantan. government. industries.

HOW? 9,478 cases of child marriage were Ops Lalang in 1987 Traffickers smuggled
recorded between 2013 and 2018. detained high profile victims to the camp, with
opposition politicians such refuseniks killed and
as Karpal Singh. buried in mass graves.

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1.3.2 REGIONAL

QUESTION LESE MAJESTE RIGHT TO LIFE EXTERMINATION

WHO? Thailand Indonesian locals and Khmer Rouge

military

WHAT? Forbids criticism against the Instituted a mass Exterminated

monarchy, no matter how tenuous.
genocide against people professional, well
accused of sympathizing educated citizens of
with the Partai Komunis Cambodia in Pol Pot’s
Indonesia. vision to turn the state
into a self-sustainable
agrarian nation.

WHEN? 1908 to today 1965-66 1975-79

WHERE? Thailand Indonesia Cambodia

WHY? The royalty has been used as a tool To exterminate To prevent them from
by certain Thai governments to Communist influence in voicing out against the
restrict freedom of speech. the Sukarno government.
government.

HOW? Section 112 of the Thai Criminal Locals and rank-and-file Evicting the entire urban
Code, with offenders imprisoned soldiers aimed at population to the
for offences such as posting Chinese, Abangan countryside and
pictures insulting the king’s dog Javanese and suspected subjecting them to hard
and liking social media posts commie sympathizers to labour, with dissidents
critical of the monarchy, be killed. tortured and killed.

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1.3.3 GLOBAL

QUESTION SLAVERY INDOCTRINATION UNFAIR TRIAL

WHO? Mauritanian people Jim Jones and his Peoples Exceptional Military
Temple cult Tribunal

WHAT? 1/5ths of the population remains Ordered 909 (corrected
enslaved. number) of his followers
to commit mass suicide,
thus taking away their
lives.
Conducted an unfair trial
against former dictator
Nicolae Ceausescu, with
his guilt presumed
before the verdict was
even given.

WHEN? 2018 1978 1989

WHERE? Mauritania Jonestown, Guyana Romania

WHY? Lax implementation of ban on To resist arrest by the US To prevent them from
slavery in 1981.. government for running a voicing out against the
dangerous, treasonous government.
cult.

HOW? Modern slaves serve their . Nicolae Ceausescu was

masters without pay in roles such
as domestic servants, and their
children are often separated at
birth.
Jones ordered all residents
of Jonestown to ingest a
tub of Flavor Aid, laced
with poisonous chemicals
such as cyanide to kill off
everyone instead of
surrendering to US forces.
not given the chance to
defend himself, with the
trial being held in private
instead of public as
suggested by the United
States.

7
2.0 REFUGEES
(By:Asyraf Azman)

2.1 What is a refugee?

According to the First Article of
the United Nations Convention Relating
to the Status of Refugees 1951, a
refugee is someone who as a result of
events occurring before 1st of January
1951 and owing to well-founded fear of
being persecuted for the reasons of race,
religion,nationality,membership of a
particular social group or political
opinion, is outside the country of his
nationality and is unable or,owing to
such fear, is unwilling to avail himself
of the protection of that country; or
who, not having a nationality and being
outside of the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such
fear, is unwilling to return to it.

2.2 What are the Differences between Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Internally
Displaced Persons (IDP)?
Refugees Internally Displaced Persons Asylum Seekers
● A refugee is someone who ● There’s no legal binding ● An asylum seeker is
has been recognised under definition of what and who someone who seeks
the 1951 Convention constitutes an internally international protection
relating to the status of displaced person but whose claim for
refugees to be a refugee ● However, the most relevant refugee status has not
● Competent to enjoy the definition would be vested yet been determined or
rights and privileges in the United Nations verified.
afforded by the virtue of Guiding Principles of ● As long as their
1951 Refugee Convention Internal Displacement application is yet to be
as his position as a refugee which says;persons or verified by the host
is already verified. groups of persons who have nations, asylum seekers
● Signatories to the been forced or obliged to are legally not entitled
Convention (as of now, flee or to leave their to the rights afforded
146 countries) have a legal homes or places of habitual under the 1951
duty to accept persons residence, in particular as a Convention.

8
 who fall under this result of or in order to ● Typically, host nations
category. avoid the effects of armed will take some time to
● Typically, a refugee flees conflict, situations of ascertain the application
to foreign nations as generalized violence, made by asylum
opposed to IDPs, who violations of human rights seekers. If one’s
remained well within their or natural or human-made application is accepted,
original countries’ borders disasters, and who have not then the status of the
crossed an internationally asylum seeker changes
recognized State border to that of a refugee.
● Since they remained well ● Asylum seekers
within their country of normally need to
origin’s border, it is the establish individually
obligation of their that their fear of
respective governments to persecution is
assist them. well-founded and
undergo a legal
procedure in which the
host country decides if
she or he qualifies for
refugee status.
● However, during a mass
exodus, it is almost
impossible for a host
country to carry out
individual screening. In
such circumstances,
particularly when
civilians are fleeing for
similar reasons, a
'group' determination of
refugee status may be
declared, whereby each
civilian in a group is
considered as a refugee.

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2.2.1 KEY TERMS
Asylum seeker � someone who has fled from her or his country and is seeking refugee status in another
country.

Economic migrant � someone who has left her or his home to look for better work and a higher standard
of living in another place.

Immigrant � someone who has entered a new country to settle.

Internally displaced person � someone who has left her or his home in fear of persecution, but has not
crossed an international border.

Refoulement � where an asylum seeker or refugee is forcibly returned to the country from which they
have fled.

Refugee � someone who has left her or his country or is unable to return to it owing to a well founded fear
of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political
opinion.

Repatriation � people can return to their home country voluntarily. If they are forced to go against their
will, this is known as *forced repatriation* and is the same as refoulement or deportation.

2.3 Where do these refugees come from?

Throughout history, different circumstances in various places at any given time have forced people
to flee their homes and homeland due to threats that they face in their respective nations mainly due to
political and social circumstances. However, in the context of contemporary modern history of the 20th
century, the earliest refugee crises were rooted in the Armenian Genocide(1915-17) and the Russian Civil
War

Christian Armenian Refugees Counter-Revolutionary Refugees of the Russian Civil War

2.3 (a) Background of the Russian Civil War

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 The Russian Empire’s involvement in the First World War created a strain on its economy to the
point where basic provisions like bread and meat were in short supply due to the emphasis on war material
production. This situation, paired with the Tsar’s authoritarian style of governance and incompetence,
birthed contempt and resentment against the aristocracy which culminated in the February Revolution that
saw the tenure of the Russian Provisional government and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the
Imperial throne.

However, the Provisional Government still pursued a policy of warfare against the Germans and the
situation which persisted under the Tsar lingered on. The more radical elements in the new government,
especially the Marxist revolutionaries under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, capitulated on this
shortcoming and launched a coup d’etat, overthrowing the Provisional Government,in the capital city of
Petrograd. A civil war between the communist ‘reds’ and the anti communist forces ‘whites’ ensued from
1917 to 1922.

The conflict has created one of the greatest

refugee crises in the history of Russia which saw
1.5 million Russians fleeing the country with a
sizable number of them being aristocrats (The main
target for communist persecution). Around 800 000
refugees were made stateless when the Bolsheviks
under Lenin, who by the final stage of the civil war
were the de facto authority of Russia, revoked the
citizenship of those who were involved in the fight
against them.

The first international co-ordination of refugee

affairs came with the creation by the League of
Nations in 1921 of the High Commission for Refugees and the appointment of Fridtjof Nansen as its head.
Nansen and the Commission were charged with assisting the refugees affected by the civil war.

2.3 (b) Background of the Armenian Genocide

The influence of the Turkish Nationalist factions(Primarily the Young Turks) on Ottoman politics in
the late 19th and early 20th century have spelled disaster for minorities of the Empire who for ages had lived
under the Millet system. The outbreak of the First World War was the precursor for this sadistic event. The
Armenians of the Ottoman Empire were suspected by the nationalist elements of supporting the Russians
against the Turks which exacerbated the already tense sentiment against the Armenian minority. As a result,
the Ottoman Minister of Internal Affairs, Taalat Pasha, issued orders to deport the Armenians to the desolate
wasteland of the Syrian Desert.

The deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to torture, rape and murder at the
whim of the supervising officers. It is estimated that over a million Armenians perished in the course of 2
years of the brutal event.

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 In 1923, the League of
Nations Mandate of the High
Commission of Refugees was
expanded to include the more
than one million Armenians who
left Turkish Asia Minor in 1915
and 1923 due to this genocide.

As the League of Nations was disbanded after the Second World War, the United Nations replaced its
functions to provide ample support for refugees who were victims of various persecutions since then. Today,
the United Nations is involved in aiding people who were displaced by conflicts throughout the world and
the most notable conflict that we have today is the Syrian Civil War.

2.3 (c) Background of the Syrian Civil War (When did it happen and Why?)

Free Syrian Army (FSA) rebels firing RPG rounds Kurdish Peshmerga fighters preparing for the fight
at government troops against the so-called ‘Caliphate’

12
 Russian soldiers entered Syria in 2016 on Syrian Refugees in camps who fled their homes
the request of President Assad to quash the to escape the ongoing violence.
rebellion and the insurgency

The Syrian Uprising of 2011 was a domino effect of what was known as the Arab Spring (in which
various Arab nations like Egypt and Tunisia had a change of government due to patriotic fervour among the
common people in that year). While the change of government in other countries happened in relative peace
, the situation was quite the opposite for Syria as the incumbent President, Bashar Al-Assad who has been
ruling the country since 2000, refused to step down. What started off as violent clashes between
anti-government protesters and pro-government forces now festered into a full scale civil war with the rebels
being funded and supported by the West (United States, UK and France) whereas government forces are
being supported by Russia,China and Iran in their effort to maintain authority.

As the war drags on, various extremist Islamist militant groups have emerged from the turmoil of the
conflict with the chief organization being ISIS, who have created a wanton of destruction across the vast
swathes of Syria in the early stage of their emergence in 2014. Thanks to international efforts spearheaded
by the West and Russia, ISIS influence is now diminished.

However, the violence is still present and the conflict which has dragged on for 10 years now has
displaced millions of Syrians internally and abroad. 6.6 million Syrians have found refuge abroad (mainly in
neighbouring states like Jordan, Turkey and Lebanon) and there are over 6.7 million who are internally
displaced in the country. This makes Syria, historically one of the most prominent territories of the Romans
and the capital of the Umayyad dynasty, the country with the highest number of people displaced abroad and
locally, second to none.

13
A visualization of the factions in the Syrian Conflict.

14
2.4 Which international instruments are crucial in protecting refugees?

The purpose of these instruments is to establish and uphold the fundamental standards of refugee
treatment

Instruments Content

1951 Convention -Minimum standard of conduct in the maintenance of refugees is outlined in this
Relating to the convention.
Status of Refugees -Provisions on their rights to employment (Article 17-19) and welfare (Article
20-24), alongside their juridical status(Article 12-16) is established.
-The matters of identity papers( Article 27) and travel documents (article 28),
applicability of fiscal charges( Article 29) and their entitlement to transfer their assets
and belongings(Article 30) to the country that the refugees have settled are also
addressed.
-146 Countries as of today are parties to this convention.
-It sets out the requirements needed for one to be considered as a refugee and that
one is not entitled to refuge if he/she has breached the matters enumerated in Article
1F of the Convention (Committed War Crimes, Serious non-political Crimes and
offenses contrary to the principles of the UN)

Among the rights enumerated in this convention are

Refugees shall be treated at least like nationals in relation to
● freedom to practice their religion (Article 4)
● the respect and protection of artistic rights and industrial property (Article 14)
● rationing (Article 20)
● elementary education (Article 22)
● public relief and assistance (Article 23)
● labour legislation and social security (Article 24)
Refugees shall be treated at least like other non-nationals in relation to
● movable and immovable property (Article 13)
● the right of association in unions or other associations (Article 15)
● wage-earning employment (Article 17)
● self-employment (Article 18)
● practice of the liberal professions (Article 19)
● housing (Article 21)
● education higher than elementary (Article 22)
● the right to free movement and free choice of residence within the country
(Article 26)

1967 Protocol -While the 1951 Convention did elaborate and outline on the rights of refugees, the
Relating to the legal wording of the Convention itself restricts the definition of a refugee to those
Status of Refugees who were affected by events occurring before 1st of January (The 1951 Convention
had the victims of the Holocaust in mind).
-As it turned out however, the refugee crisis did not simply stop there as various
groups of new refugees, primarily in Africa and Palestine.
-This new wave of refugees too required protection but time-barred by the 1951
Convention.Legally speaking, the protection under 1951 Convention did not extend
to these people. Thus, the rights of these new refugees were granted by the virtue of
the new definition;.....had become refugees as a result of events that took place after

15
 1 January 1951.

1949 4th Geneva -While the first three conventions elaborated on the rights of captured combatants,
Convention the fourth one deals with humanitarian protections of civilians in areas affected by
Relative to the conflicts.
Protection of -Article 44 of this Convention in particular, protects civilian victims by affording
Civilian Persons them with the status of refugees and displaced persons.
in time of War. -Article 22 guarantees the protection of medical supplies and transport for civilians
affected by the conflict and that any attack on the aforementioned provisions will be
deemed as war crimes
-Article 23 provides for the free passage of medical supplies,food and clothing for
civilians.
-Article 18 provides for the protection of civilian hospitals in areas of conflict

1954 Convention -Establishes the definition of stateless persons (persons who are not considered as
Relating to the nationals by any country under its operation of law) and sets out the juridical status
Status of Stateless of stateless persons
Persons -Rights of stateless persons are enumerated alongside the duties of states to attend to
their needs.
-Standard of treatment is afforded to the stateless persons by the virtue of this
Convention.

● Article 4: Freedom of Religion

● Article 15:Right of Association
● Article 16:Access to Courts
● Article 17:Right to Wage-Earning Employment
● Article 18:Self Employment
● Article 21:Housing
● Article 22:Public Education
● Article 24:Labour Legislation and Social Security

For further reading:Refer to https://www.unhcr.org/455c71de2.pdf (Overall)

https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/wp-content/uploads/1954-Convention-relating-to-the-Status-of-Stateless-Pers
ons_ENG.pdf (Convention on Status of Stateless Persons)

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2.5 How far do these international protections assist refugees in practice and what
are the shortcomings?

While it may be true that international legislations have been enacted by international bodies,
primarily the Un via the organ of UNHCR, there’s still a substantial number of violations of rights against
refugees and asylum seekers. They have been subjected to ill-treatments(beaten,assaulted and having their
belongings unlawfully confiscated),,refoulements and in the worst case scenario, massacres.

An article released by Human Rights Watch detailed the circumstances that refugees fleeing the
turmoil in Syria faced.Among the content of the reports are;

● Greek government reinforced its border with police, army, and special forces, which fired
teargas and reportedly rubber bullets at people who approached the Pazarkule crossing
● One of these people, interviewed in a hospital where he was getting treatment, said he was
shot in the leg.
● All said the men detained them in official or informal detention centers, or on the roadside,
and stole their money, mobile phones, and bags before summarily pushing them back to
Turkey.
● Seventeen described how the men assaulted them and others, including women and
children, through electric shocks, beating with wooden or metal rods, prolonged beating of
the soles of feet, punching, kicking, and stomping.
● In one case, an interviewee described Greek security forces sexually assaulting his wife when
they crossed the border. “They [Greek security forces] tried to search my wife and touched
her breasts,” said a Syrian man who was travelling with his wife and children.
● In one case, a man said men wearing uniforms marked “police” held him in a metal
container with about 50 other people for 18 hours without water or access to a toilet…. their
detention appears to have been arbitrary and incommunicado.

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A man showing his scars, claiming that he was
beaten by Greek police and other ‘irregulars’.
A Syrian man holds his 2-year-old
daughter in the Turkish border village
of Alibey on March 9, 2020, a day after
he says Greek security forces detained
and beat them both when he tried to
stop them from sexually assaulting and
stripping his wife.

2.5.1 Example of Refugee’s Rights Violation: Massacre of Sabra and Shatila (1982)

The background of this massacre had its roots

in the Lebanese Civil War(1975-1990), a series of
tumultuous events between various sects in
Lebanon. The country , having a mixture of
Sunni,Shia Muslims and various denominations of
Christians, was bracing itself for the conflict as
factions within the country vied for power.

The spillover from their Palestinian neigbours’

politics down South saw the movement of refugees
into Lebanon, which aggravated the situation
further as the Palestinian Liberation Organisation
(PLO) who was then the chief Palestinian armed
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opposition movement to Israel began to take roots in Lebanon. The movement formulated attacks against
Israel alongside the Lebanese-Israel frontier. This excuse was used by Israel to invade Lebanon in 1982.

The Israelis allied themselves with the hardline

extremist Christian group, the Phalangists who
were hell bent on exacting revenge on the PLO
who was falsely accused of assassinating
President Bachir Gemayel, who had a close
relationship with the group. Although it was
initially agreed on that West Beirut, the region
that hosted the Sabra and Shatila Refugee camps,
will not be entered by the Israeli Defense Forces
(IDF), the Zionist government under the
premiership of MenachemBegin turned back on
their promise and breached ceasefire agreement.

Israeli Merkava Tanks mobilising in the streets of Beirut

during their invasion of the country

By noon on 15 September, Sabra and Shatila

had been surrounded by the IDF, which set up
checkpoints at the exits and entrances, and used
a number of multi-story buildings as observation
posts. Amongst them was the seven-story
Kuwaiti embassy which, according to TIME
magazine, had "an unobstructed and panoramic
view" of Sabra and Shatila. Hours later, IDF
tanks began shelling Sabra and Shatila.The first
unit of 150 Phalangists entered Sabra and
Shatila at 18:00. A battle ensued that at times
Palestinians claimed involved lining up
Palestinians for execution. During the night, the
Israeli forces fired illuminating flares over the
area. According to a Dutch nurse, the camp was
as bright as "a sports stadium during a football
game".
Victims of the massacre, who were mostly Palestinian
Refugees.

19
 Commander Ariel Sharon, the Israeli Aftermath of the massacre. What savage animals could have
officer who was in-charge of operation, done and enabled this?
later on became the Prime Minister of Israel

It is estimated that over 1500 refugees lost their lives. The harrowing eyewitness account of a
survivor stated that in the massacre, a pregnant woman had her belly sliced open and the foetus was dragged
out and forcibly stabbed(the woman was shot in the head afterwards). Accounts of men being lined up with
their hands tied and their eyes blindfolded were confirmed by the reports provided by the International Red
Cross.When American diplomats inquired Sharon on the ordeal, he replied;

“I just don't understand, what are you looking for? Do you want the terrorists to stay?So, we'll kill them.”
They will not be left there. You are not going to save them. You are not going to save these groups of the
international terrorism.. . If you don't want the Lebanese to kill them, we will kill them.

~Sharon justifying his role in the massacre by calling the victims ‘terrorists’

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2.6 How can we redress the grievances concerning the maintenance of refugees?

In the case of the mistreatment of refugees, several recommendations are put forth by the Human
Rights Watch to assuage the circumstances. Among those recommendations are;

● Have their asylum claims fairly assessed.

● Authorities should promptly investigate in a transparent, thorough, and impartial manner whether
border guards have committed abuses against, and collective, extrajudicial expulsions of, asylum
seekers.
● Investigate reports of excessive use of force by law enforcement officials and hold those responsible
to account.
● Local legislatures should exercise their oversight powers to investigate the abuses and determine
whether they amount to a concerted policy.

21
 Sometimes,military interventions into areas of conflict
can mitigate the situation for refugees. By diminishing the
threats and harm against them, safe passage of return may
be provided. Thus, the voluntariness of refugees to be
repatriated back to their nations of origin would increase
thus thinning the magnitude of the crisis. Such was the case
in the Turkish incursion in Northern Syria ( Operation Olive
Branch,2018), in which that the Turkish Armed Forces and
their FSA allies ousted the PKK, (A group designated by
the Turkish government as a terrorist organization), and
repatriated over 300 000 refugees who are now able to
finally return home. The area is now being guarded by the
FSA with support from Turkey.
Turkish IFVs navigating through the terrain
during Operation Olive Branch.

With that, the author ends his section by quoting a poem from Sir Cecil Spring Rice, with hopes that one day,
the chirping of the birds, the laughter of children and the smiles of strangers will silence the thunder of guns,
the cracking sound of bombfire and the commotion of ill-will

And there’s another country,

I’ve heard of long ago,
Most dear to them that loved her,
Most great to them that know

We may not count her armies,

We may not see her King,
Her fortress is her faithful heart,
Her pride is suffering,

And soul,by soul, and silently,

Her shining bounds increase,
And her ways are ways of gentleness
And all her paths are peace……..

~I vow to thee my country, 1918, Sir Cecil Spring Rice

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3.0 CHILDREN

3.1 Who are children?

In accordance with the Convention of the Rights of the Child of 1989, the term
“child” is defined as:

“[...] a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless
under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.”

This means that for the general use of international jurisdiction, a child is
anyone under the age of eighteen years old but this will be different according to the
country that the child is currently in. For example; in Malaysia, the age of majority is
in accordance with the Rights of the Child act with it being 18 years old. In certain
states of America however, the age of majority can be higher; with the states of
Alabama and Nebraska setting the age of majority to 19 and Mississippi sets it at 21.

With that, the definition of a child can get blurry because some countries
provide different rights to children at different ages and can be different depending on
gender. In Japan, boys can get married at the age of 18 but girls can get married at
the age of 16; however, these early marriages must be met with parental approval.

3.2 What are children’s rights?

Children rights are a follow up to the basic human rights that address the
specific needs of children who require additional care and protection as compared to
the typical adult. The United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989
(UNCRC 1989) is among the biggest international agreements which tackles the issue
of children's rights. The primary belief of the agreement is that all children deserve to
grow up in peace, dignity, tolerance, equality and solidarity. The agreement serves to
guide the countries who signed the agreement to their systems relating to children,
such as education, health, law and social services, in a way that provides the best
23
treatment towards children. The agreement consists of 54 articles that tackle a
multitude of issues relating to children’s rights ranging from the right to life, survival
and development all the way to their right to education. With that, provided below are
10 of those rights:

The Rights of a Child:

1. Right to be heard
2. Right to be treated fairly
3. Right to education
4. Right to a childhood
5. Right to health
6. Right to protection from sexual abuse and exploitation
7. Right to protection from abuse and neglect
8. Right to development
9. Right to special protection and assistance
10. Rights for disabled children

3.3 Violations of Children’s Rights

Even with such an agreement as the UNCRC and the enforcement of such an
act, this still remains a world of imperfections and among those imperfections is the
reality that there are still children who suffer from horrendous acts such as abuse,
mistreatment and exploitation.

3.3 (a) Child Sex Trafficking

What is Child Sex Trafficking?

According to the United States Department of Justice, Child sex trafficking

refers to the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing,
or soliciting of a minor for the purpose of a commercial sex act. People who commit
24
the crime of trafficking children for sex are commonly referred to as traffickers, or
pimps.

How do Traffickers Traffic Children?

Traffickers target vulnerable children and gain control over them using a variety
of manipulative methods. Victims frequently fall prey to traffickers who lure them in
with an offer of food, clothes, attention, friendship, love, and a seemingly safe place
to sleep. After cultivating a relationship with the child and engendering a false sense
of trust, the trafficker will begin engaging the child in prostitution, and use physical,
emotional, and psychological abuse to keep the child trapped in a life of prostitution.
It is common for traffickers to isolate victims by moving them far away from friends
and family, altering their physical appearances, or continuously moving them to new
locations. Victims are heavily conditioned to remain loyal to the trafficker and to
distrust law enforcement.

Where does Child Sex Trafficking occur?

Child sex traficking can occur anywhere as

long as there are exploitable children. With that,
children in the Latin America, the Caribbean,
Asia, and Africa regions are at most risk of being
exploited for sex because these countries either
have loose law enforcement or are developing
countries that do not have the resources to tackle
the problem

According to the Child Liberation Foundation; in the Asia Pacific region alone,
more than 7.6 million children have been reported to be involved in the sex trafficking
trade. Which is close to 2/3rd of reported trafficking cases.

25
 In the South East Asia Region, Child trafficking has become big business in the
Philippines, where children are lured from villages across the archipelago with
promises of high-paying jobs in and around the nation's capital, Manila.

3.3 (b) Child Abuse

What is Child Abuse?

Child abuse is any form of maltreatment by an adult to a child, which is violent

or threatening for the child.

There are five general types of child abuse:

● Physical abuse: all forms of physical violence;

● Emotional or psychological abuse: an adult regularly berates the child, acts in a
dismissive and hostile manner towards the child or intentionally scares the
child.
● Physical neglect: the child does not receive the care and nurturing that it needs.
● Emotional or psychological neglect: continuous lack of positive attention for the
child. Ignoring the child’s need for love, warmth and security. This category also
covers cases in which children are witnesses to violence between their parents
or caregivers.
● Sexual abuse: sexual contact which an adult forces upon a child.

Who is suspect for Child Abuse?

Any adult around a child can be a suspect for abusing the child; however,
parents, care-givers and relatives are likely abusers due to their close involvement
with the child. But children are sometimes abused by other adults on whom they are
dependent, such as day nursery workers, teachers and sports coaches.

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How to Identify Child Abuse?

Emotional The child may:

Abuse
● Be excessively withdrawn, fearful, or anxious about doing
something wrong.
● Show extremes in behavior (extremely compliant,
demanding, passive, aggressive).
● Not seem to be attached to the parent or caregiver.
● Act either inappropriately adult (taking care of other children)
or inappropriately infantile (thumb-sucking, throwing
tantrums).

Physical Abuse The child may:

● Have frequent injuries or unexplained bruises, welts, or

27
 cuts. Their injuries may appear to have a pattern such as
marks from a hand or belt.
● Be always watchful and “on alert,” as if waiting for
something bad to happen.
● Shy away from touch, flinch at sudden movements, or
seem afraid to go home.
● Wear inappropriate clothing to cover up injuries, such as
long-sleeved shirts on hot days.

Child Neglect The child may:

● Wear ill-fitting, filthy, or inappropriate clothing for the

weather.
● Have consistently bad hygiene (unbathed, matted and
unwashed hair, noticeable body odor).
● Have untreated illnesses and physical injuries.
● Be frequently unsupervised or left alone or allowed to play
in unsafe situations.
● Be frequently late or missing from school.

Sexual Abuse The child may:

● Have trouble walking or sitting.

● Display knowledge of sexual acts inappropriate for their
age, or even exhibit seductive behavior.
● Make strong efforts to avoid a specific person, without an
obvious reason.
● Not want to change clothes in front of others or participate
in physical activities.
● Have an STD or pregnancy, especially if they’re under the
age of 14.

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 ● Try to run away from home.

3.3 (c) Child Sexual Abuse

What is child sexual abuse?

Child sexual abuse, also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in which
an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual
abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child, indecent exposure, child
grooming, and child sexual exploitation, including using a child to produce child
pornography.

What are the reasons behind child sexual abuse?

FACTOR EXPLANATION

Child’s own ● Children are naive in general.

vulnerability ● Unlike adults, children are easier to manipulate due to their
innocence, as they cannot really perceive what is right from
what is wrong yet.
● The lack of sexual education on behalf of the parents also
plays a role.
● This is magnified further in households where children feel
abandoned and vulnerable, due to factors such as poverty
and familial disputes.
● This vulnerability is exploited by sexual predators to gain
the trust of their child before beginning to groom them for
sexual abuse.
● For example, Richard Huckle, from 2004-2006 posed in
various roles that involved direct contact with children,
such as an English teacher and a freelance photographer,
to gain the direct trust of children who met him in Malaysia.
● This eventually began a chain of events that led to up to

29
 200 children falling victim to Huckle, most of whom
consisted of poor children in the streets of Kuala Lumpur.

Patriarchal ● In many societies outside of the developed world, the

norms culture of pre-arranged child marriages remains
commonplace.
● In this type of society, wives are seen as the property of
the husband, not an equal partner in a marriage.
● Children, especially girls in this society are often married
off at below their state’s age of consent to someone much
older than them.
● Since the children are married to their tormentors, child
sexual abuse such as rape in marriage often occurs since
the wife cannot fight back against the husband’s wishes.
● The Indian Supreme Court ruled that sexual intercourse
with a child bride constitutes rape, with married women
under 18 able to report incidents of sexual intercourse by
their husband to the authorities.

Misuse of ● Sexual abusers often commit these acts by using their roles
authority in authority to prevent their victims from speaking out.
● Victims who attempt to speak out are often threatened by
the perpetrators of the crime.
● The roles of authority often linked to sexual abuses include
older family members, teachers and youth sports coaches.
● In England, Barry Bennell, a former youth coach for
Manchester City and Crewe Alexandra was sentenced to
five jail terms for 34 years, for being convicted of sexually
abusing at least 12 boys from 1979 to 1991.

Sense of ● Paedophiles often seek for a sense of community, thus they

community congregate secretly in places such as the Dark Web.
among fellow ● There are several forums that are paedophile havens, such
abusers as Childs Play which was taken down by the Queensland

30
 Police (Australia) in 2017.
● In these forums, paedophiles often share their tales of
sexually abusing children and also exchange information on
things like luring vulnerable children and avoiding police
detection.
● Some paedophiles even resort to publishing guides and
organising sexual abuse games in order to increase their
popularity within their forum community.
● For example, Shannon McCoole was arrested in Australia
and imprisoned for 35 years for sexually abusing children
while working as a nanny for the Families South Australia.
As he was actively running a paedophile forum, the
Queensland police assumed control of his account which
ultimately led to the discovery of Richard Huckle.

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Examples of Child Sexual Abuse

NATIONAL

32
REGIONAL

33
GLOBAL

34
How to solve Child Sex Abuse

Individual Standpoint ● Educating children about their bodies

○ Teach children about their bodies from an early age and educate them
about the importance of personal boundaries especially when it
comes to private regions.
○ Educate children that the private parts of the body is not to be
recorded in any way by other people, be it through video or pictures.
○ Teach minors how to get out of uncomfortable or scary situations and
that reporting such incidents will not lead to punishment. Making a
safe word to help them out of these situations, greatly improves the
likelihood of escaping such tragedies

Law Enforcement ● Laws where forms of child sex abuse is a punishable offense.
○ Several sections of the Sexual Offenses Act of 2003 from the United
Kingdom makes sexual intercourse with a minor a punishable offense,
such as section 5, 6, 7, and 8 which states the crime of child rape,
child assault by penetration, sexual assault of a child, and inciting a
child into sexaul activity respectively.
○ India implemented the The Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences Act of 2012, which protects minors from penetrative sexual
assault, aggravated penetrative sexual assault, sexual assault,
aggravated sexual assault, and sexual harrassment.

● Sex Offenders Registry

○ Sex offender registries in the United States consist of federal and state
level systems designed to collect information of convicted sex
offenders for law enforcement and public notification purposes. All 50
states and District of Columbia maintain registries that are open to
public via sex offender registration websites, although some registered
sex offenders are visible to law enforcement only.
○ In the United Kingdom, the Violent and Sex Offender Register (ViSOR)
is a database of records of those required to register with the Police
under the Sexual Offences Act 2003, those jailed for more than 12
months for violent offences, and unconvicted people thought to be at
risk of offending.

International ● Strengthen international relations through extradition of sexual

Cooperation child abusers operating abroad.
○ States must fully cooperate to extradite their citizens who have
committed sexual abuse against children abroad for them to face
justice for their crimes.
○ Failure to properly extradite a sexual child abuser results in notorious
child sexual abusers walking free in their original states with justice
remaining unserved for their victims, as well as negatively affecting
diplomatic relations.
○ Nur Fitri Azmeer Nordin, the notorious Malaysian math genius who
was convicted in the UK for possessing child pornography and
sentenced to five years’ imprisonment was extradited to Malaysia
without serving his full sentence, and he currently remains at large.
○ By contrast, Malka Leifer, an Israeli who had served as a principal for
a Jewish high school in Australia, was successfully extradited to
Australia in 2020 to face her 74 charges of sexual abuse with the
approval of both the Israeli Supreme Court and the Australian
Parliament.

Communal ● Society ought to band together in taking preemptive measures

Intervention against paedophile sex offenders

35
- If the law enforcement fails in its capacity to cater for the protection of
minors, then the moral responsibility falls on the society to deliver
instead
- As of today, various anonymous members of the society band together
to expose and citizen-arrest suspected pedophiles in Europe, the
United States and Asia.
- The Jewish Community Watch, for example, is a group based in New
York whose purposes, inter alia, include the prevention of child sexual
abuse in the Orthodox Jewish Community.

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3.3 (d) Child Soldiers

What are child soldiers?

In underdeveloped countries where war still runs rampant, the armies that fight
in these wars do not have enough adult men to fight in the wars. Because of this, the
armies employ the young boys to fight in these battles. Thousands of children are
serving as soldiers in armed conflicts around the world. These boys and girls, some as
young as 8 years old, serve in government forces and armed opposition groups. They
may fight on the front lines, participate in suicide missions, and act as spies,
messengers, or lookouts.

How do these military groups recruit the child soldiers?

The military group recruits children who are desperate to join the military
groups because these military groups are a source of shelter and sustenance that
cannot be provided in their home villages. Other children are abducted from their
families or are recruited by force of the military where they coerce the kids into
joining else the kids risk getting executed

Where are these Children getting recruited?

● Militia groups such as I, Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF),

the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) recruit girls and boys as
Iraq young as 12 years old through use of force
● IS recruitment methods have also ranged from abduction
and threat of violence to radicalizing parents

● More than 3,500 children, most of whom were aged 13-17,

Nigeria were recruited by armed militant groups between 2013 and
2017 and have been used in the ongoing armed conflict in
northeast Nigeria

● According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 19,000

South Sudan children may have been used in the South Sudan’s civil
war, which began in December 2013

37
Who is stopping the exploitation of children for war?

● Based in London since 1998works to end recruitment and

use of children on behalf of armed groups by reduction of
Child Soldiers violations and promoting the ban on child recruitment, the
International organization puts an emphasis on reintegration.
● Child Soldiers International offers literacy and numeracy
classes for girls in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

● Canadian based organization established in 1999.

● War Child gives children in war-affected communities the
War Child chance to reclaim their childhood by providing access to
education, opportunity and justice.
● With better education and opportunity, one can better
resist the appeal of armed groups.

● UNICEF has helped more than 100,000 former children

United Nations associated with armed groups reintegrate into their
International communities.
Children’s ● UNICEF has played a big role in helping children around the
Emergency world by releasing children associated with armed forces
Fund (UNICEF) and providing them with assistance to return home.
● UNICEF supports a variety of recovery services such as
physical and mental health, education and skills training.

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4.0 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

39
4.1 Man-Made Disasters

4.1 (a) Ozone Depletion

40
4.1 (b) Climate Change - for questions on impact of environment degradation & solutions

41
4.2 Pollutions

4.2 (a) Water Pollution

42
4.2 (b) Air Pollution for questions on impact of environment degradation & solutions

43
44
4.3 Biodiversity loss

4.3 (a) Black Rhinos

45
4.3 (b) Malayan Tigers - for questions on impact of environment degradation & solutions

46
5.0 FREE TRADE

5.1 What is Free Trade?

A policy that does not discriminate against any imports or

interfere with exports by applying tariff or subsidies by the
government itself. This involves exchanging goods and
services between countries without any barriers.

The existence of Free Trade itself is simple, to increase the

world’s economy based on supply and demand itself. Plus it
also plays an important factor for a country in order to raise
its living standards, providing employment for its citizens and enjoy a wide variety of goods after all.

5.2 Differences Between Free Trade Agreement, Bilateral Trade Agreement, Multilateral Trade Agreement

Free Trade Agreement Multilateral Trade Agreement Bilateral Trade Agreement

● An international ● A treaty between three or ● An agreement between

agreement between two
or more countries to
reduce/remove barriers
between the two and
bring closer economic
integration.
● Benefits of FTA:
- Expanded markets
reduce cost per unit and
spread efficiency.
- Reduces monopoly power
by domestic producers
thanks to international
competition through
higher production
efficiencies.
- Consumers get to enjoy a
wide variety of products
at lower prices and
increase their purchasing
power.
● Examples of FTA:
- Malaysia-Australia FTA
established on 2013
- Malaysia-Turkey FTA
more nations, reducing
tariffs and making
business easier, but many
countries are difficult to
negotiate.
● Benefits of MTA:
- Make all signatories treat
each other the same, no
countries give a better
trade than another.
- Increases trade for every
participant, making
companies enjoy benefits
such as low tariff.
- Standardizes commerce
regulations for all trade
partners, following the
same rules for each
country.
- Can negotiate trade deals
with more than one
country at a time, an
agreement that covers
many countries at once.
- Tend to favor the country
with the best economy,
two nations by giving
each other access to their
own market.
● Benefits of BTA:
- Increases trade between
countries, increases
employment and job
opportunity.
- Both countries consumers
enjoy products at a lower
cost.
- Easier to negotiate than
MTA as it involves only
two countries.
● Examples of BTA:
- Transatlantic Trade and
Investment Partnership
between US and EU.

47
 established on 2013 but it might put weaker
nations at disadvantage
but overtime it will
improve their economy.

● Examples of MTA:
- Malaysia-EU MTA
established on 2003
- NAFTA was made by the
US, Canada and Mexico
in 1994.

5.3 International Economics Organization

48
5.3.1 World Trade Organization

49
5.3.2 International Monetary Fund

50
51
5.3.3 World Bank

52
53
5.4 Related Issues with Free Trade:

5.4.1 Trade War - US and China:

Context:
Trade war is when a nation sets tariffs/quotas on import in order to protect its domestic industry from
foreign countries. It might give competitive advantage to locals but it would cause depressing economic
growth as well. In other words, domestic products might flourish in their own country but this gives limited
opportunity for foreign investors to increase the country’s economy.

The Story Itself:

The Trade War between US-China shows its color around 2018-2019 when President Donald Trump
decided to impose a high tariff against China in order to reduce the US trade deficit. Most of the US deficit
resulted from importing consumer products and automobiles, which cost around $577 billion in 2019.
Donald Trump has imposed multiple tariffs on multiple countries such as Mexico and the EU, but the trade
war between China is the most highlighted event of the year as both countries produced much needed
goods such as electronics and robotics. As the demand for both goods is increasing, the market
monopolization by both nations is clear. Because of that, the US decided to impose tariffs on China under
the reason of ‘unfair trade practices’ and intellectual property theft.

54
 Trade deficit is when a country’s import is more
than the country’s export. In other words, this is a
negative balance of trade. The US itself suffered the most
trade deficit they ever had in their economy, the deficit
itself cost $577 billion in 2019, more than the 1975 trade
deficit. In order to reduce it, President Donald Trump
decided to initiate a trade war with China as part of his
strategy to create more jobs for the US citizens while
limiting US technology imports to Chinese companies.
Despite there being American companies functioning in
China, it is still considered as import to the US. This trade
war affected both countries, despite China being the
world’s number one exporter, the advantage China has
compared to the US is uncanny as China has a lower
standard of living and low cost production of consumer goods puts the US at a huge disadvantage. This
causes the US citizen to enjoy imported goods from China more than their own locally made goods thanks
to the low cost.

55
5.4.2 Qatar Embargo:

Context:
Embargo means a ban placed on a country, severely stopping any commercial activity with that
particular country itself. GCC or Gulf Cooperation Council consist of members from Arab States and Iraq.

The Story Itself:

It all started on 5th June 2017 where Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain and Egypt decided to cut ties with
Qatar over the reason of allegations of Qatar supporting terrorism, which Qatar denies it. This diplomatic
problem causes Qatar to suffer from embargo and bans such as air travel, media, and many more. Not only
this shows clear violation of basic human rights but also disturbance over a country’s economy, especially
when Qatar is mostly dependent on imports for basic goods from its neighbouring countries.

According to the GCC agreement, each of their members should not support any acts of terrorism.
One of the reasons they decided to cut ties with Qatar was due to its alleged violation. This might show
each state has their own agenda, but damage has clearly shown Qatar's economy, especially on their
import dependency. Luckily, both Turkey and Iran pledged to help Qatar by supplying them food and water
supplies through any means necessary. Not only that, other economic sources such as air travel and
shipping also severed Qatar’s economy.

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