Answers:

1) Why does Fasciola hepatica produce cyst?

Fasciola hepatica is a
dorsoventrally flattened
parasitic fluke that live in the
liver. In addition to humans it
infects cows and sheep. It is
known as the common liver
fluke and causes a disease
called fasciolasis In fact
Fasciola hepatica starts when a female lays eggs in the
liver of an infected human. Immature eggs are
discharged in the biliary ducts and taken out in the
feces. If landed in water, the eggs become embryonated
and develop larvae called miracidia. A miracidium
invades an aquatic snails and develops into cercaria.
The cercaria exits and finds aquatic vegetation where it
forms a cyst called Metacercariae because of
unfavorable condition or when tailed cercariae emerge
from the snail and swim through the water until they
locate suitable vegetation on which they encyst
becoming metacercariae, but when occasionally a
human eats the raw freshwater plant containing the cyst
(vector-borne transmission) the Metacercariae excysts
in the first part of the small intestine, duodenum when
the environmental condition become favorable and then
penetrates the intestinal wall and gets into the
peritoneal cavity.
2) Why does Giardia lamblia cause diarrhea?
Actually microscopic Giardia parasite
cause giardiasis. This parasite attaches
itself to the lining of the small intestines in
human which can cause physical damage
and clubbing of villi by trophozoites due to
use of sucking disc for attachment which
causes diarrhea, also interferes with the
body’s absorption of fats and
carbohydrates from digested food that decreases
villus-to-crypt ratio also brush borders of cells are
irregular. In another hand we can say that
excystation occurs in the small intestine, in which two
trophozite releases from each cyst. The trophozoites
multiply by longitudinal binary fission. They remain
in the lumen of the proximal small bowel where thay
can be free or attached to the mucosa
by a ventral sucking disc and
damaging the villi which causes
diarrhea. Although you can get
giardiasis by eating contaminated
food or drinking contaminated
water.
Damaging the villi by
Giardia lamblia
trophozoite