Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Moodle
Moodle
English
2016-2017
1
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
1. SLEEP WELL
2
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Question 5
According to the text you should go to sleep
Chọn một câu trả lời
early on work or school days and any time on non-work days
at the same time every day, including non-work days
when you feel tired, no matter what time it is B
Question 6
What does the text say about nicotine and caffeine?
Chọn một câu trả lời
They are fine in small amounts before bed
They can help you sleep better
They should be avoided before bed
Question 7 T
Eating a small cheese sandwich before bed might help you sleep well
Not Given
True
False
Question 8
Before you change your sleep habits, you should talk with your doctor
Chọn một câu trả lời NG
True
False
Not Given
Question 9
The most common cause of sleep problems is stress NG
Chọn một câu trả lời
False
Not Given
True Question 10
Caffeine, nicotine and tryptophan can cause sleep problems F
Chọn một câu trả lời
False
True
Not Given
4
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
2. ASTHMA
Asthma is an obstructive lung disorder characterized by recurring inflammation of mucous
membranes and spasms of smooth muscles in the walls of bronchial air passages. The inflammation
and contraction of smooth muscle narrow the airways and make breathing difficult. Initial onset of
asthma can occur in children of adults. Stress, heavy exercise, infection or exposure to allergens or
other irritants such as dusts, vapours, or fumes can trigger acute episodes of asthma, so called “asthma
attacks”. Many patients with asthma have a family history of allergens. Dyspnoea is the major system
but hyperventilation, headaches, numbness and nausea can occur. One way to treat asthma is by using
inhaled or systemic bronchodilators that reduce muscle spasms and open the airways. Other types of
treatment use anti-inflammatory medications or leukotriene modifiers that reduce the inflammation
associated with asthma.
( 1 => 5 )
Question 1How does the doctor diagnose asthma?
The patient’s smooth muscles become inflamed
The patient finds it difficult to breathe due to nasal inflammation
The patient’s mucous membranes become red and sore again and again. C
The patient’s muscles in bronchial air passages contract very often
antibiotics
anti-inflammatory medications
New words
recur: tái diễn
irritant : chất kích thích
fumes: khói
numbness: tê cóng
spasm: co thắt
5
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
3. LUNG CANCER
Lung cancer is a malignancy of pulmonary tissue that not only destroys the vital gas exchange tissues
of the lungs but also like other cancers may invade other parts of the body (metastasis). Lung cancer
most often develops in damaged or diseases lungs. The most common predisposing condition
associated with lung cancer is cigarette smoking (accounting for about 75% of cases). Other factors
include exposure to ‘second-hand’ cigarette smoke, asbestos, chromium, coal products, petroleum
products, rust and ionizing radiation (as in radon gas).
Lung cancer may be arrested if detected early in routine chest X-ray films or other diagnostic
procedures such as bronchoscopy. Depending on the size, location and exact types of malignancy
involved, several strategies are available for treatment. Chemotherapy can cause a cure or remission in
selected cases, as can radiation therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is also used to treat cancer of
the lining of the bronchial tubes. Surgery is the most effective treatment known, but less than half of
those diagnosed are good candidates for surgery because of excessive metastatic spread.(6 => 10 )
Question 8: What is the possible meaning for the underlined word “arrested”?
noticed stopped cured captured B
Question 9: What should be noticed about chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and PDT?
a. They are effective in certain conditions. A
b. They are likely to give remission
c. They provide the best results to cancer patients
d. They are good treatment for respiratory cancers
Question 10: Surgery for cancer patients
can cure even the spreading metastasis
is not very effective.
can be used in only a few cases C
is approved by fewer than 50% of doctors
New words
Malignancy :
ác
tính
Invade:
xâm lấn
Metastasis:
di căn
Predispose:
đưa đến
Account for:
giải
thích
Radiation:
bức xạ
Rust:
sắt gỉ
Arrest: bắt giữ
Detect: phát hiện
Procedure : thủ tục
6
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Chemotherapy: hóa học trị liệu
Remission: sự giảm
Candidate: ứng cử viên
Excessive: quá nhiều
4. HAY FEVER
1.It can be inferred from the passage that the phrase “hay fever” refers to
viral bacteria
a seasonal discomfort B
a lung cancer
fodder for cattle
2. According to the passage, the symptoms of the allergy are predominantly
respiratory A
abdominal
chronic
intestinal
3. What can be inferred from the first paragraph?
The cause of allergic reaction has not been determined. A
People should not have an emotional response to allergic reactions
The nervous system balances allergic reactions
Hay fever may cause severe allergic reactions and even death
4. According to the passage, patients suffering from hay fever may also experience
mood swings A
hunger pains
nervous blockage
sensory perception
5.In paragraph 1, the bold word “resentment” is closest in meaning to
reprisal
acrimony B
reprieve
7
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
grief
6.It can be inferred from the passage that a frequent source of allergy-causing irritants can be
larynx infections
organic matter B
ear membranes
human contact
7. According to the passage, the irritants are transported by
Wind travelers food air passages A
8. In paragraph 2, the word “blockage” is closest in meaning to
bleeding obstruction dryness enlargement B
New Words
Hay fever:
sốt mùa hè
Itchy :
ngứa
Runny nose :
sổ
mũi
#
Congested nose:
nghẹt mũi
Suffer from:
trải
qua
Bout of .. :
cơn (bệnh)
Periodic :
định kì
8
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Sinus infecton: viêm xoang
Theory: học thuyết
Resentment = anger : giận dữ
Lack of : không
Self confidence = assurance : sự tự tin
Blossom : nở hoa
Attempt: cố gắng
Eliminate: loại bổ
Considerable : đáng kể
Over extended period of time : trong một khoảng thời gian dài
Prescribe: kê đơn
Predominantly chủ yếu
Perception: nhận thức
Swing: thay đổi
Repreive: /ri'pri:v/ sự hủy bỏ
Reprisal: /ri'praizl/ sự trả thù
Acrimony: sự gay gắt
Grief: nỗi đau buồn
Irritant: kích thích
Exposure: sự tiếp xúc
9
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
What is ONE of several diseases recorded as a cause of death if the elderly have the flu?
Bacteria pneumoniae
What percentage of the vaccination coverage is recently maximised by the research of Lone
Simonsen? About 70%
10
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
11
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
New words
Slimy: nhầy nhụa -> As far as :
Wriggly : uốn éo
Guarantee: bảo đảm ● as far as I know : Theo như tôi được biết
Stoic: chịu đựng nghịch cảnh ● as far as I concern : Về phần tôi
Nibble: gậm nhấm Bluish : xanh
Earthworm: giun đất Tinge: đượm vẻ
Leech: đỉa Latch on : bám vào
Aid: sự giúp đỡ Drop off: ngủ
Convince: làm cho thuyết phục Satiated : no
Blood sucker: động vật hút máu Leave: để lại
Offer: đề nghị Artificial : nhân tạo
Set up : mở Reconstruction: tái cấu trúc
Cottage industry : nghề thủ công Dispose of : vứt bỏ
Hit upon : tìm ra Passing oil infection????
Apply to: đặt vào Starve -> starvation : đói
Amputation: sự cắt cụt Regime : chế độ
Accidental: ngẫu nhiên Obviously: hiển nhiên rằng
Reattach: gắn lại = knit It’s no use + Ving = It’s no good + Ving : vô ích khi
Congeal: kết đông làm gì
Blockage: tắc nghẽn Illustrious : lừng lẫy
Cut off: cắt đứt Gruesome : khủng khiếp
Relatively: tương đối Turn pale: tái đi
Gangrene: hoạt tử In store for : dự trữ, để dùng
As soon as: ngay sau khi Deliberate: có chủ ý
-> As long as = So long as = Provided that :
miễn là
7. SURGERY
Ms Tran
13
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
14
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
New words
Accumulate : tích tụ Distinctive: đặc biệt
Medical procedure: thủ thuật y khoa Femoral artery: ĐM đùi
Inflate: thổi phồng Groin: háng
Coronay balloon angioplasty : Monitor: theo dõi, giám sát
Bypass surgery : ( Coronary artery bypass Path: đường đi
surgery) phẫu thuật bắc cầu ghép động Stainless steel: thép ko gỉ
mạch vành Statistics : số liệu thống kê
👌👌👌
Compress: nén Compile: thu thập đc
Invasive: xâm lấn Superb: toẹt vời
Section : khu vực Therefor: do đó
Calf: bắp chân Twofold: gấp đôi
Angioplasty: nong mạch Recurrence: tái diễn
Thread: lắp Degree: mức độ
Dye: thuốc nhuộc
Question 1.When coronary arteries are blocked by plaque, one of the results could be
hospitalization femoral artery deterioration
stroke heart attack D
Question 3 It can be inferred from the passage that invasive most closely means
entering the body cavity A
resulting in hospitalization
causing infection
requiring a specialist’s opinion
15
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
16
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
17
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
New words
Gasp: thở hổn hển Tension : căng
Trap: chặn lại Intrusive : xâm nhập, xâm lấn
Uvula:lưỡi gà Abstain from : kiêng
Risk of factor: yếu tố nguy cơ Combat disease : chống laị bệnh tật
Rouse : đánh thức Do away with = get rid of : từ bỏ
Dizzy: hoa mắt Undergo = experience = endure = sustain
Irritability : dễ cáu Rely on : tin tuởng
Exhaustion: kiệt quệ Mandibular : xuơng hàm duới
Seek: tìm Expertise : ý kiến chuyên môn
Progressive: tăng dần Shrink : co
Blame for something: đổ lỗi Palate: vòm miệng
Question 1-5 : The passage describe 3 different types of sleep apnea. Which of the
characteristics below belongs to which type of sleep apnea ‘ABCCA’
1. Its root cause is a blockage at the trachea
2. It is connected exclusively with the nervous system
3. It blocked airflow and a brain malfunction
4. It is the most unusual type of sleep apnea
5. It is the most common form of sleep apnea
A. if it is a characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea
B. if it is a characteristic of central sleep apnea
18
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Questions 11-14: Which treatments for sleep apnea are mentioned in the passage? Choose
FOUR answers from the list below: ABDF
A getting surgery B wearing a mask C taking sleeping pills
D reducing one’s weightE massaging the throat muscles
F sleeping on one’s side G drinking moderate amounts of alcohol
9. ANTIBIOTICS
1. Antibiotics may be organic substances produced by living organisms or synthetic
compounds. In practice, they inhibit the development of or kill other cells. The term is
derived from the word "antibiosis", that means "against life"; in other words, unilateral
antibiosis takes place when one organism is inhibited by another and a reciprocal antibiosis
occurs if both organisms are in opposition.
2. Antibiotics are a relatively new weapon in the struggle against disease. At the beginning of
this century a primitive antibiotic known as pyocyanase was used to treat diphtheria but its
results were unreliable. Scientific literature also mentions the inhibitory action of fungi but
no-systematic study was carried out.
3. An important step forward was made in 1929 by Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered
the antibacterial powers of penicillin. Further experiments on penicillin were carried out by
Sir Howard Florey and E.B. Chain who, together with Fleming, received the Nobel prize for
their contribution to medicine. The effectiveness of penicillin awakened the interest of
scientists in the field and hundreds of antibiotic substances were soon discovered, although
most of them were too toxic to be used clinically.
5. The chemical nature of an antibiotic is generally that of a large molecule with a complex
structural formula. Antibiotics may be acids, bases or neutral compounds. Many antibiotics
have been chemically synthesized and are produced commercially on a large scale in many
countries of the world, although the greatest production is concentrated in the USA, Europe
and Japan. The process can be summarized as follows: a medium, which may be an inorganic
salt, lactose, glucose, soybean meal etc, is fermented for several days; then the medium is
processed involving extraction, precipitation, decolourization and crystallization. A litre of
medium gives only a few grams of antibiotic.
19
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
6. Antibiotics have solved many problems but they must never be used unless under strict
medical control because they can provoke severe allergic reactions and even lead to death if
the patient develops immunological hypersensitivity to these drugs. In addition new
antibiotics are always needed because disease-bearing micro-organisms defend themselves
by creating pathogens, which enable them to resist to antibiotics already in use. The cell wall
may succeed in blocking the antibiotic or a micro-organism may manage to create new
metabolic circuits to compensate for the interference in the old ones.
New words
Organic: hữu cơ Essential : chủ yếu
Synthetic compound: hợp chất Interfere: cản trở
tổng hợp Scale : qui mô
Derive: có nguồn gốc Concentrated in: tập trung
Struggle against: đấu tranh Inorganic : vô cơ
Diphtheria : bệnh bạch hầu Medium: môi trường
Literature: tài liệu Fermented: lên men
Further: đẩy mạnh Process: xử lí
Contribution: đóng góp Extract: trích
Counteract: trung hòa Precipitation: kết tủa
General public: quần chúng Crystallization: kết tinh
Trade name: tên thương mại Provoke: khiêu khích
Refer: chỉ Pathogen: nguồn bệnh
Generic name: tên hóa học Circuir: chu trình
Broad spectrum antibiotic:KS Metabolic: chuyển hóa
phổ rộng Compensate: bù trừ
Counteract: chống , kháng cự
1. Find one correct word from the text “ANTIBIOTICS” to complete each of these sentences.
Remember to capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence and use exactly the same form of
the words in the text.
1. The word ‘antibiotics’ originated from anti-biosis , which expresses the meaning of ‘against
life’.
2. Diphtheria is usually found in children with the symptoms such as slight fever, rapid pulse, and
swelling of glands in the neck.
3. Libraries must present a system of detailed … so that readers can find the materials they want as
soon as possible.
4. Metoprolol is the generic name for a drug treating hypertension, whereas a brand name for the
same drug is Lopressor
5. Most throat … are caused by viruses.
6. Parasitic protozoa can cause severe diseases, including amoebiasis, malaria, and other tropical
diseases.
7. Protein synthesis is the transcription and translation of specific parts of DNA to form proteins.
8. You can find a fluid or solid medium in which organic structures are placed, for preservation,
for example.
9. Snow, after the process of crystallization, becomes ice in this extreme cold in European
countries this year.
10. … , or infectious organisms, include bacteria such as Staphylococcus, viruses such as HIV, and
fungi such as yeast. They can also be called “disease producers.”
2. There are six paragraphs in the text. Match each of them with the appropriate main idea. (135462)
20
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
● counteract C
a. work with b. perform c. reduce the bad effect d. classify
● synthesize (par. 5)
a. produce by combination of chemicals A
b. collect necessary chemicals
c. separate unnecessary substances
d. eliminate harmful chemicals
● generic name
a. special name b. popular name
c. scientific name d. easily - pronounce name
● provoke (par. 6)
a. interfere with b. cause B
c. react d. combine
● resist (par. 6)
a. not be harmed b. not develop A ??
c. not cope with d. not fight against
5. Complete the sentence with ONE word from the text in each blank:
The first antibiotic was but it was put aside because of its unreliable results
d. six groups
7. Complete the sentence with ONE word from the text in each blank:
Trade names are used to referred to antibiotics in business, while generic names are scientific ones.
22
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
10. TUMOURS
1. In its broadest sense the word "tumour" means a localized swelling of any composition or an
abnormal tissue growth. In fact, swellings of hypertrophic, parasitic or inflammatory nature are often
referred to as "false tumours" to distinguish them from true tumours, that are masses of tissue cells
developed from already existing body cells. Tumours may be malignant or benign. In the former the
cells are different in size, structure and shape from the normal type, while in the latter the cells appear
normal and are like the parent type. In addition to benign and malignant tumours, there are those that
fall between these two types because they are locally malignant and destroy the normal tissue around
them but do not spread widely ("in situ"). The main characteristic of a malignant tumour is that it can
spread to distant organs, determining metastases. Therefore, a metastasis is a neoplastic lesion arising
from another cancer, which it is no longer in contiguity and can reach any other tissue or organ. This
makes the complete eradication of the malignant tumour difficult, unless it is at a very initial phase.
Benign tumours may degenerate into malignant ones but the opposite never occurs. However, benign
tumours generally remain localized and may be encapsulated. The pathologist identifies a tumour
according to its histologic aspect. By studying the cell structure microscopically, the tumour is
classified according to the predominant body tissue: epithelial, connective, mixed or compound.
2. The cause of tumours is not yet certain. The proliferation of body cells is a normal process in
healthy individuals and is necessary to replace old cells and renew tissue, for example after a bum or
an injury. It is a reaction to a normal stimulus.
3. Presumably tumours are proliferations of cells in the presence of an abnormal stimulus, but the
mechanism of this process is still a mystery. Most oncologists agree that one of the causes of tumours
may be a hereditary factor, because there is a high incidence of cancer in certain families. It is almost
certain that particular ambiental conditions favour the growth of tumours; one of these may be the
excessive exposure to the rays of the sun; others are associated with occupations such as the working
of asbestos, or contact with x-rays; other tumours are attributed to substances like preservatives and
conservation of food. Some researchers suspect that tumours are caused by viral infection.
4. Tumours may manifest themselves in different ways. They may, for example, resemble warts, cysts,
or ulcers and often patients go to their doctor, because they can feel tumours on or near the surface
since they are palpable. Tumours of the intestinal, urinary or biliary tracts are often discovered
because they cause obstruction of these tubular structures or, if they are located in the walls of the
organs, they may cause bleeding and traces of blood can be seen in the stools, in the urine or in vomit.
Bone tumours maybe diagnosed when they cause fractures or if they exert pressure on adjacent
structures like the brain or the heart. They also interfere with the specific function of an organ, such as
the loss of sight in intraocular tumours. Pain is a common symptom in tumours especially when bone
and nerve trunks are invaded; headaches in patients suffering from brain tumours are an example of
pain caused by pressure. In the early stages, however, and even in large tumours that do not impair
function or cause pressure, pain may be absent or slight.
5. The diagnosis of a tumour requires a careful clinical examination,taking into consideration the
swelling, symptoms, site, and effects on local functions and structures. The physician or surgeon will
find x-rays, C.T.scans, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermography, ecography, as well as routine and
specialized blood tests like cancer markers useful aids in making a diagnosis. A biopsy will give an
exact picture of the nature of the tumour. Cancer is considered a "disease of the century" together with
AIDS, because of the great number of deaths it causes. In most countries associations exist for the
care of patients suffering from cancer and for research into its causes and possible treatment.
23
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Universities and public health organizations are carrying out research in the fields of biology,
radiology, biochemistry, histology, surgery, clinical research and statistics. Many important advances
have been made but a satisfactory understanding of the problem has not yet been reached.
New words:
Composition: thành phần Favour = support : tạo đk thuận lợi
Hypertrophic: nở to ra Excessive: quá mức
Parasitic: kí sinh Exposure: phơi bày, tiếp xúc
False-tumour : giả u Attribute to : cho là do
Distinguish: phân biệt Preservative: chất bảo quản
Mass: khối lượng Suspect: nghi ngờ
Malignant: ác tính # benign: lành Manifest: biểu hiện
tính Resemble: giống như
Lesion: tổn thương Wart: mụn cóc
Arise from: phát sinh bởi Palpable: sờ thấy
Contiguity: gần nhau, Biliary tract: đường mật
Degenerate: thoái hóa / biến chất Stool: phân
Encapsulate: gói gọn Vomit: nôn mửa
Predominant: nổi bật Fracture: gãy
Proliferation: sự sinh sản Exert pressure: chịu lực
Presumably: có lẽ Adjacent: kế cận
Mechanism: cơ chế Intraocular: nội nhãn
Oncologist: BS chuyên khoa ung thư Trunk: thân
Hereditary: di truyền = genetic Invade: xâm lấn
Incidence: tỉ lệ mắc phải Impair: suy yếu
Ambiental: xung quanh Take into consideration: suy xét
24
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Question 2. Is it TRUE or FALSE to say there are only two kinds of tumours? F
Question 3
Complete the sentence with the word(s) from the text.
is the state when a malignant tumour spreads to distant organ.
25
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Question 6. What do the words “they” in “… they can feel tumours on or near the surface since they
are palpable” refer to?
heart ✨✨✨
(Bone tumours maybe diagnosed when they exert pressure on adjacent structure like the brain or the
)
26
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
1. Although any attempt at blood transfusion as we intend it was impossible before Harvey discovered
the circulation of the blood in 1628, there are several references to the beneficial effects of blood,
probably taken by mouth, in ancient Egyptian and Roman history. It is said that the Romans drank the
blood of dying gladiators to rejuvenate themselves. Blood was also given to Pope Innocence VIII in
1492 when he was in a state of coma, but it was of no avail.
2. About half way through the 17th century there are references to transfusion in the modern sense: in
1665 Richard Lower carried out a successful transfusion and about the same time in France Jean
Baptiste Denis, Louis XIV sphysician, was also experimenting in this field. He declared that he had
save da boy suffering from anaemia after treatment by bloodletting by administering half a pint of
lamb's blood. This seems improbable since we know that the blood of one species cannot be
transferred to another without serious risk. After the death of one of his patients, the Faculty of
Medicine forbade transfusion and soon after the same decision was taken by the British Parliament.
Therefore, interest in blood transfusion waned until the 19thcentury, when it was renewed thanks to a
British obstetrician, James Blundell. who saw it as the only way to save many women with
hemorrhages after childbirth.
3. When scientists began to understand physiology better, they realized that the blood of one person or
species could be "poison" for another. In 1900 an important step forward was made with the
discovery of blood groups by Karl Landsteiner, who proposed an international classification using the
letters A, B and the number 0. The Firstand Second World Wars saw the increasing use of transfusions
not only of blood but also of plasma. Plasma is very effective in cases of shock and has the advantage
that it can be used regardless of the recipient's blood group. Another advantage is that it can be dried
and then dissolved in sterile water for use in injections; besides, unlike blood cells, it does not
deteriorate easily.
4. A unit of whole blood consists of 450 ml to which 63 ml of an anticoagulant and preservative like
citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPD-A)or citrate-phosphate dextrose (CPD) are added. The
former allows the blood to be stored for 5 weeks while the latter allows it to be kept in a refrigerator
for only 3 weeks. The use of citrate was perfected by Richard Lewischn. So, direct transfusion, that is
from the donor's blood vessel to the recipient's was replaced by indirect transfusion.
27
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
5. Blood transfusion is often required after hemorrhage due to major surgery, trauma or
gastrointestinal bleeding. Transfusion has made new surgical techniques possible: open-heart
operations, for example, may require up to 20 pints of blood per patient as the action of the heart is
stopped and mechanical pump oxygenators take over the task of pumping the blood through the body.
Immediately after haemorrhage the routine blood tests are not reliable for assessing blood loss and the
doctor should look for clinical signs like postural hypotension, pallor, thirst, tachycardia and syncope,
that indicate the need for transfusion. Saline solution or plasma can be given to increase blood volume
while tests for compatibility and blood typing are carried out. When there is an urgent need of
transfusion, type O red cells can be given without cross-matching. During surgery, if there is only a
modest loss of blood (up to 500 ml), there is no need for transfusion in an adult and losses up to a litre
can be compensated by crystalloid infusions. This avoids unnecessary risks.
6. Whole blood transfusion is not always indicated and packed red bloodcells are to be preferred, for
example in hypoplastic and hemolytic anaemia.
7. The technique of fractionation or separation of the plasma was discovered by Edwin Cohn of
Harvard University and it was a significant advance in the use of blood and its derivatives in the
treatment of specific disease. The first practical application was the development of serum albumin,
used to combat shock, followed by the production of immune serum globulin or gamma globulin,
fibrinogen used to stop hemorrhages and anti-haemophilic globulin used to accelerate blood clotting
in patients suffering from haemophilia. The removal of plasma avoids circulatory over loading and
administration of excessive loads of potassium, sodium, ammonia and antibodies. Red blood cell
transfusion improves the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells, and so is essential in
diseases of the redblood cells, like thalassemia. White blood cells or neutrophil transfusions are useful
in patients suffering from infections that do not respond to antibiotic treatment.
8. Blood transfusions should be carried out only when absolutely necessary as they can cause various
complications. These complications may be immunological reactions directed against red or white
cells and platelets, or they may be non-immune reactions caused by the transmission of infection,
siderosis, thrombophlebitis, metabolic shock and circulatory overload. The most common disease
transmitted by transfusion is undoubtedly hepatitis B (HBV). However, the hepatitis B surface
antigen(HBsAg) can be detected in the blood. Nowadays blood transfusion centres are obliged to
perform this test as well as the test for AIDS. Generally blood taken from paid donors presents greater
risks. If the blood is incompatible, rapid cell destruction will take place and the patient may suffer
from nausea, tachycardia, tachypnea, chest pain or flushing and even shock and kidney failure. The
reaction may take place up to a week after the transfusion. For the above reasons laboratory
investigations are necessary to be sure of the compatibility of the donor's and recipient's blood. One
solution to the problem is auto transfusion. In other words, blood is taken from the patient who will
undergo an operation before the operation and it is given back to him, if necessary, during or after the
operation. This eliminates the risk of incompatibility or infection from donors, but obviously it is
possible only when the patient’s need of blood can be foreseen and not in emergency situations. In
addition to the predeposit of autologous blood, it is also possible to salvage blood during or after an
operation. In this case, the blood that is lost or drained from a wound during or after an operation is
aspirated, processed and re infused into the same patient. Unwashed blood is unsuitable because it
usually contains anticoagulants, irrigating solutions, free haemoglobin and debris and so cell-washing
devices are used to filter the blood. This process takes from 3-5 minutes.
28
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
New words
Gladiator: đấu sĩ Hypoplastic anaemia: thiếu máu giảm
Rejuvenate /rɪˈdʒuːvɪˌneɪt/: làm trẻ lại sản
Coma = unconsciousness : hôn mê Hemolytic anaemia : thiếu máu tán
No avail: chẳng có ích gì huyết
Declare: tuyên bố Fractionation: tách chiết
Forbade: cấm Derivative/dɪ.ˈrɪ.və.tɪv/: dẫn xuất
Wane: chấm dứt Application: ứng dụng
Obstetrician: BS khoa sản Serum: huyết thanh
Physiology: sinh lí Accelerate: gia tăng
Propose: đề xuất Complication: biến chứng
Plasma: huyết tương Siderosis: tình trạng nhiễm sắt
Not only…but also: không chỉ… mà còn Thrombophlebitis: huyết khối tĩnh mạch
Regardless: bất chấp Metabolic shock: shock chuyển hóa
Dissolve: hòa tan Circulatory overload: quá tải tuần hoàn
Sterile water: nước cất Undoubtedly: chắc chắn
Deteriorate: làm hư hỏng Oblige /ə.ˈblɑɪdʒ/ :bắt buộc
Trauma: chấn thương Generally: nói chung
Assess: đánh giá Paid donor: nhà tài trợ
Posture hypotension: hạ HA tư thế Present: hiện diện
Syncope: ngất Flushing: đỏ bừng mặt
Saline solution: dd muối đẳng trương Investigation: nghiên cứu
Compatibility: tương hợp Foreseen: dự đoán
Modest: trung bình Salvage/ˈsæl.vɪdʒ/: cứu vãn
Drain: rút
29
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Process: xử lí /ri´dʒu:və¸neit/
Irrigate: rửa (vết thương)
Debris: mảnh vụn
What do these words probably mean or refer to? (Take the words from the text - sometimes you need
to change the forms of the words. OR choose the right word from the suggested ones.)
30
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
C. decolourize
D. become dried
19. According to paragraph 4, ____.
A. a unit of blood consists of more than 450ml
B. CPD-A and CPD are the elements of blood
C. blood can be stored for 8 weeks
D. None is correct. D
20. Direct transfusion and Indirect transfusion, which one was used first?
Đáp án :
21. Write down three health conditions in which there is the need of blood transfusion after
hemorrhage.
22. Complete the sentence with the words from the text. Write ONE word in EACH gap:
23. In what cases are blood transfusions unnecessary?
24. Complete the sentence with the words from the text. (Write ONE word in ONE blank):
Doctors are not willing to make use of blood transfusions in some cases in order to …
25. If patients develop infectious diseases but the antibiotic treatment fails, the doctor can use red
blood cell transfusion.
Đáp án : True False
26. The two possible complications by blood transfusions, according to the text, are caused by the
transmission of infection, siderosis, thrombophlebitis, metabolic shock and circulatory overload.
Đáp án : True False
27. The text mentions seven possible diseases/ symptoms if incompatible blood transfusion happens.
Đáp án : True False
28. All the complications and diseases caused by blood transfusion can be prevented by considering
the quality of the giver’s blood.
Đáp án : True False
29. One of the limitations of autotransfusion is that it cannot be available in emergencies.
Đáp án : True False
30. The last paragraph describes the advantages and limitations of autotransfusion.
Đáp án : True False
31
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
But cramp in the lower limbs in the daytime and in younger, active patients can be very distressing
and is more serious. It is not uncommon and has the rather clumsy name
The patient first complains of aching legs after exercise. It may be slight, but gradually becomes more
pronounced. Then the pain is not merely an ache, but a definite, crippling cramp, which can become
so severe that the patient finds he or she cannot stand
Intermittent claudication is caused by the narrowing of the arteries and often starts in the 30s. It
generally means that the arteries everywhere in the body have become narrowed and blood cannot
reach the muscles fast enough when they are in use. The heart muscles
This condition may be a good enough excuse for not doing jobs you don’t like doing, but that is poor
consolation. It is a disease which affects men far more than women and attacks are more common in
cold weather, or even after sitting in a chair at the office in a draught. It is also
This is by no means the same as the night-time cramp already mentioned, and there is no absolute
cure. The patient learns to regulate the amount of exercise he or she
No drugs offer a complete relief but there is one habit which the sufferer must give up smoking.
Whatever may or may not be one’s views about the habit, it undoubtedly makes intermittent
claudication
A number of patients will secretly admit that so long as they keep off tobacco they do not get
32
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
New words:
Occasionally: thỉnh thoảng Clumsy: k gọn
Sharp: nhói Intermittent: k liên tục
Strenuous: căng thẳng Claudication: tình trạng khập khiễng
Bring ST on: make ST happen, usually ST bad Pronounced: rõ rệt
Stretch: căng Merely: đơn thuần
Nuisance: mối làm phiền /´nju:sənts/ In a draught:
Distress: đau đớn By no mean: không khi nào
13. SMOKING
1. Tobacco smoking was introduced into Europe over four centuries ago but never before has it
reached its present dimension. Nowadays, it is the main cause of preventable disease and premature
death. Carcinoma of the lungs of the squamous-cell and oat-cell types is a proven risk associated with
cigarette smoking. 80% of the 105,000 lung cancer deaths in the USA in 1981 can be attributed to
smoking. It is calculated that the smoker of one packet of cigarette per day runs 10 times more risk of
lung cancer than a non-smoker and in a smoker who consumes two packets per day this risk is 25 fold.
As more women become habitual smokers, their mortality from cancer will increase. The gravity of
this situation is clear if we consider that less that 10% of those affected by lung cancer survive more
than five years. The carcinogenic effect of cigarette smoking has been demonstrated in animals and
has been attributed to the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons while the catochol acts as a promoter
and accelerator of tumours. Smoking also increases the risk of tumours of the oral cavity, the larynx,
the esophagus, the bladder, the pancreas and the kidney.
2. Tumours are only one of the health risks run by cigarette smokers. Cardiovascular diseases,
including coronary heart disease, may lead to sudden death. The risk of cardiovascular disease in
women smokers is still greater if cigarette smoking is combined with the use of oral contraceptives. If
a patient continues smoking after a myocardial infarction, his risk of death from CHD is very great
because smoking causes an unbalance between the demand of myocardial oxygen and its supply, it
lowers the threshold for ventricular fibrillation and it increases the aggregability of the platelets.
3. Other pathologies aggravated by smoking include thromboangitis obliterans, arteriosclerosis
obliterans, peripheral ischemia, chronic obstructive lung disease, aneurysm of the aorta, subarachnoid
haemorrhage in women, gastric and duodenal ulcers and so on. Smoking may also have an adverse
effect on the fetus and infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are often underweight.
Smoking also increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, fetal death and neonatal death. It may also
affect the later physical and intellectual development of the child. Smokers, who are obliged to take
drugs, often require larger doses than non-smokers because smoking increases the metabolism of
some drugs including propoxyphene, phenacetin and antipirine reducing the time
of their effectiveness.
4. The composition of the smoke depends on the type of tobacco, the size of cigarette, additives, filter,
the porosity of the paper and the temperature of combustion that can cause pyrolysis or the thermic
decomposition of some tobacco components and pyrosynthesis, that is the re-combination of unstable
molecules to form new compounds. The tobacco leaf itself contains carbohydrates, non-fatty organic
acids, resins and nitrogen-containing compounds. Over 400 substances have been identified in smoke,
which probably explains the diversity of its biological effects. Nicotine, a highly-toxic alkaloid and
carbon monoxide are considered responsible for the greatest health risks but there are also low
concentrations of other toxic constituents.
5. What type of person is a cigarette smoker? Most people start smoking for sociological or
psychological reasons and then become dependent on cigarettes just as drug-addicts become
dependent on drugs. Smokers also consume more tea, coffee and alcohol than non-smokers, their
weight and blood pressure are slightly lower and their heart beat is faster than in non-smokers.
Physical exercise tires them more easily. The menopause in women who smoke comes earlier than in
non-smokers. Laboratory findings show increases in the serum cholesterol and in the total white blood
cell count and decrease in the uric acid, albumin, vitamin C and serum high density lipoprotein. Also
33
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
proteinuria, increased carcinoembryonic antigen and antinuclear autoantibodies are more frequently
found in smokers than in non-smokers. In the USA 80% of smokers want to give up smoking, most of
them for health reasons. A person who gives up smoking enjoys almost immediate symptomatic relief
but there is only a gradual decline in the toxic effects present in the lungs. Only about 1/3 succeed in
giving up smoking and the others usually relapse within the first three months of abstinence. Smoking
is dangerous not only for the smokers themselves, but for the passive smokers, that is people who are
obliged to spend much of their time in smoke-filled ambient. Therefore, in most countries laws have
been passed, prohibiting smoking in public places.
3) Which parts of the body can be affected by the risk of tumours by smoking?
a. body organs in most systems A
b. most urinary organs
c. respiratory system
d. digestive organs only
6) The only reason of death if a patient continues smoking after a myocardial infarction is
myocardium requires more oxygen than the body can supply.
Đáp án : True False F
34
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
a. smokers
b. non-smokers
c. drugs C
d. None of them is correct.
13) How many factors does the composition of the smoke depend on?
a. 7 b. 6 c. 5 d. 8 B
14) New compounds of the smoke are formed by the re-combination of stable molecules.
Đáp án : True False F
(unstable molecules)
15) The tobacco leaf does NOT contain
a. Resins
b. Fatty organic acids
c. Nitrogen - containing compounds
d. Carbohydrates
16) In over 400 substances which have been identified in smoke, ….. is considered the greatest health
risk.
(Nicotine)
17) People usually become addicted to cigarette smoking due to …. or …. reasons.
(Sociological Psychological)
18) Smokers … physical exercise every day.
a. cannot do
b. do not want to do
c. spend little time doing
d. None is correct.
(Physical exercise tires the smokers more easily✨✨✨ )
19) One-third smokers can manage to give up smoking while the other two-thirds
D
35
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
New words
Preventable: có thể ngăn chặn đc Aneurysm: phình
Premature: sớm Subarachnoid haemorrhage: chảy máu dưới
Carcinoma: K biểu mô nhện
Squamous-cell: TB vảy So on: vân vân
Run: có xu thế Adverse: có hại
Consume: dùng Abortion /əˈbɔːʃ(ə)n/: sảy thai
Fold: gấp Spontaneous: tự phát #
Habitual: quen thuộc Fetal: thai
Mortality: tử vong Neonatal death: tử vong sơ sinh
Gravity: nghiêm trọng Physical and intellectual development: sự phát
Carcinogenic effect: tác dụng gây ung triển thể chất và trí tuệ
thư Obliged: bắt buộc
Demonstrate: chứng minh Composition: thành phần
Accelerator: chất gây tăng tốc Additive: chất phụ gia
Contraceptive: ngừa thai Porosity: độ rộng
Threshold: ngưỡng Combustion: sự cháy
Fibrillation: rung Pyrolysis: nhiệt phân
Aggregability /ˌaɡrɪɡəˈbɪlɪti/: kết tập Thermic decomposition : phân hủy nhiệt
Platelet: tiểu cầu Unstable: không bền
Pathology: bệnh học Compound: hợp chất
Aggravated /ˈaɡrəveɪtɪd/: trầm trọng Constituent: phân tử
Thromboangitis obliterans: bệnh Menopause: mãn kinh
Bueger Carcinoembryonic: tiền K
Arteriosclerosis obliterans: viêm tắc Decline: suy tàn
động mạch Relapse: tái phát
Peripheral ischemia: thiếu máu ngoại Abstinence: kiêng cử
biên Ambient: xung quanh
14. EBOLA
Why is it this disease we fear?
1. The current Ebola outbreak in Africa is dominating headlines globally. But Dr. Seth
Berkley, CEO of the GAVI Alliance, questions why this rather than any of the other deadly
diseases exists.
He suggests it's because people in the west have forgotten what it is like to deal with an
untreatable disease.
It starts with familiar flu-like symptoms: a mild fever, headache, muscle and joint pains.
But within days this can quickly descend into something more exotic and frightening:
vomiting and diarrhoea, followed by bleeding from the gums, the nose and gastrointestinal
tract.
Death comes in the form of either organ failure or low blood pressure caused by the extreme
loss of fluids.
Such fear-inducing descriptions have been doing the rounds in the media lately.
However, this is not Ebola but rather Dengue Shock Syndrome, an extreme form of dengue
fever, a mosquito-borne disease that struggles to make the news.
Ebola is without a doubt a truly horrible disease, but then there are many other bad ones that
kill far more.
So, why is it that Ebola is grabbing headlines and other deadly diseases are not?
2. Not the only one:
Is it because people in Africa are suddenly dying?
That seems unlikely. Dengue has a relatively low death rate, but it still kills up to 20,000 of
the half a million people who are infected every year; that's an order of magnitude more than
the worst Ebola outbreak, and yet barely a fifth of the number killed by measles every year.
And when you start to look at pathogens like pneumococcal and rotavirus - causes of the two
biggest childhood killers, pneumonia and diarrhoea - the number of deaths rapidly climbs up
into the high hundreds of thousands.
It is true that Ebola is also highly infectious, which drives away health workers who may
understandably fear a needle stick.
36
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
But then so many others are more infectious, like measles, through air-droplets, and
hepatitis B, which is transmitted by similar means to HIV but 50 times more infectious.
Perhaps then it has something to do with the fact that there is no cure and that 50%-90% of
people infected will inevitably die.
Possibly, but then there is no cure for rabies either, and once someone develops symptoms
they are almost 100% likely to die a slow and painful death, unless, that is, they have been
vaccinated post-exposure
3. And herein lies a clue.
The fact is while Ebola means a painful and isolated death, away from loved ones, there are
other diseases that are horrific and equally deserving of both our fear and respect; diseases
which, like Ebola, are still dreaded in West Africa and beyond, and which regularly kill
hundreds of thousands of people throughout the world's poorest countries.
However, in wealthy countries, thanks to the availability of modern medicines, many of these
diseases can now usually be treated or cured, and thanks to vaccines they rarely have to be.
Because of this blessing we have simply forgotten what it is like to live under threat of such
infectious and deadly diseases, and forgotten what it means to fear them.
So when an outbreak like this comes along, from the comfort of our relatively disease-free
surroundings it is only natural to look on in horror and be terrified by the prospect of
something like Ebola making its way to our shores.
New words:
Current: hiện nay Barely: chỉ vừa đủ
Outbreak: bùng phát A fifth of the number: 1/5
Dominate: chiếm ưu thế Measles: sởi
Exotic: /ɪɡˈzɒtɪk/ lạ Pathogen: tác nhân gây bệnh
Gum: nướu Inevitably = inescapably: chắc chắn
Description: diễn tả Needle stick: chấn thườn kim đâm
Do the round: lan truyền Herein: về khía cạnh này
Dengue fever: sốt nhiệt đới Clue: manh mối
-borne: carried or moved by a particular Isolate: cách li
thing Horrific: kinh khủng
Order of magnitude: the approximate size Dread: kinh sợ
of ST, especially a number Beyond: xa hơn nữa
37
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
a. hypertension A
b. myodynia
c. arthralgia
d. hypotension
3.Many other diseases which kill many more people than Ebola does are now frightening the world.
Đáp án : True False F
4. Compared to Dengue and measles, Ebola stands at the second place of deadly disease.
Đáp án : True False F
5.Ebola
a. keeps doctors and nurses stay away.
b. is as an infectious disease as hepatitis B and HIV. B
c. causes deaths which climb up to hundreds of thousands.
d. is the least infectious disease.
(when you start to look at pathogens like pneumococcal and rotavirus - causes of the two
38
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
expect to, participate actively in the history-taking process; indeed, their health was entirely in the
hands of their physician. (1), and the patient as victim of that disease; the disease ad the patient were
considered as separate entities.(2) regarding the functioning of the relevant organ or system in order
to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. The impact of the disease on the patient's life was barely
considered, if at all.
George Engel, pioneer of doctor-patient relations, soon realized a deeper understanding of patients'
problems could be achieved through a bio-psychological model. Engel believed strongly in the patient
as the main source of information. The patient-centered encounter therefore takes on a more holistic
approach, with social, economic, and psychological factors also playing an essential role in the
diagnosis. (3) ; one person's experience of a disease is fundamentally different from the text.
So what of the benefits of such a radically different approach to history-taking? Studies in the 1970s
showed that only 25% of doctors had an open, flexible consultant style; the other 70% interviewed
their patients in a tightly controlled way, allowing them limited participation. Doctors attending
three-day communication skills courses recently at the University of Sussex, UK; were found to be
significantly more patient-centered. Students showed more empathy, asked fewer leading questions,
and were more responsive to patient cues. More positive still- (3) and patients were more likely to
comply with treatment.
1C 2B 3D 4A
New
words
39
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
1. In paragraph 2, the author introduces ideas about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy.
Exactly how many of these ideas does the author put forth in this paragraph?
a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 2 D
2.Based on information in paragraph 2, it can be understood that germs in the mouth may harm your
heart by
I. getting into the blood that flows to the heart
II. forcing the body to fight against too many of them
III. causing food to get stuck in the arteries
Chọn một câu trả lời D
a. I, II, and III b. II and III only c. I only d. I and II only
3.In paragraph 2, the author explains how having too many germs in your mouth can "end up
weakening the heart." Using the passage as a guide, it can be understood that with respect to the
actual way in which this occurs, doctors are
a. uncertain but speculative b. extremely knowledgeable A
c. reluctant to hypothesize d. confident in their estimations
4.In paragraph 3 the author writes, "Not every doctor agrees about these ideas." The author's purpose
in writing this sentence is to
a. provide an example b. change a previous statement
c. introduce a new topic d. clarify an earlier assertion D
5.Using information in paragraph 3 as a guide, which of the following is the best example of a
coincidence?
40
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
a. Laura remembers to brush her teeth every day, but she only remembers to floss once a
week. She writes a note to herself, reminding herself to floss and sticks it to her bathroom mirror.
b. Mario is not very good at baseball. He practices playing every day. After a several months
of practice, he is a much better baseball player.
c. Jim wakes up with a sore throat. He eats a piece of bacon for breakfast. By noon, he feels
much better. Jim decides that the bacon has cured his sore throat. C
d. Jai has a bad heart. Her doctor tells her to eat more vegetables and less junk food. After
nearly a year of doing this, the doctor tells Jai that her heart is doing much better.
6. Based on its use in the final paragraph, it can be inferred that theory belongs to which of the
following word groups?
Chọn một câu trả lời
a. hypothesis, supposition, belief A
b. idea, thought, notion
c. query, question, interrogation
d. assertion, declaration, affirmation
7. Which of the following best states the main idea of the final paragraph?
a. Even if flossing is only good for your teeth, you should still do it every day. A
b. Because doctors do not agree that flossing will help your heart, it is useless to floss.
c. There is no good reason to believe that flossing will help your heart, but it is still a good
idea to do it every day.
d. It is a fact that flossing can help your heart as well as your teeth.
New words
Germ: vi sinh vật
Come up with: khám phá ra
End up: trở nên
Coincidence: ngẫu nhiên
Occurrence: xảy ra
Apparently: hình như
Mere: chỉ là
Incidence: tỉ lệ mắc phải
Admit: thừa nhận
Theory = hypothesis : giả
thuyết
Clarify: làm cho sáng sủa
Assertion: sự xác nhận
Query: sự thắc mắc nghi
ngờ
Interrogation: sự hỏi dò
41
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
1. You should lie down after you have taken the medicine.
2. You must shake the bottle before taking the medicine.
3. You must stop taking the medicine if your eyesight is affected.
4. You must stop taking the medicine when you feel better.
5. This medicine is suitable for a person of any age.
42
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
43
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
A number of other allergy tests are available, though many are considered unreliable according to The
Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. Applied kinesiology is a test that analyses the loss of
muscle strength in the presence of potential allergens. Provocation and neutralization testing involves
injecting food allergens into the skin in different quantities, with the goal of determining the smallest
dose needed to neutralize the symptoms. Sublingual provocation and neutralization is a similar test,
except that the allergens are injected underneath the tongue. Cytotoxity testing involves watching for
reaction of blood cells after placing allergens on a slide next to a person’s blood samples.
After using a reliable testing method, the cause of an allergic reaction is often identified, and a
physician is able to help a patient develop a treatment plan with the goal of controlling or eliminating
the allergic symptoms. Those who are allergic to furry pets, pollen, and plants are prescribed mild
medication or taught how to control their reactions with simple lifestyle changes, while those with
food allergies learn to safely remove certain foods from their diets. Allergy sufferers who are prone to
anaphylactic reactions are educated about life-saving techniques such as carrying the drug epinephrine
and wearing medical alert bracelets. As soon as people understand their allergies, they can begin to
experience an improved quality of life.
New words
Trigger: gây ra Mediator: chất xúc tác
Ingestion: ăn uống Wheal and flare: sưng và đỏ
Allergent: dị nguyên Obtain: thu được
Medication: dược phẩm Syringe: ống tiêm
Irritation: kích thích Persist: vẫn còn
Itch: ngứa Anaphylactic shock: shock phản vệ
Result from ST: do bởi Hypersensitive: quá nhạy cảm
Sting: chích Hives: nổi mề đay
Particular: đặc biệt Mechanism: cơ chế
Exposure: phơi nhiễm Sense: cảm thấy
Trace: dấu vết Intruder: kẻ xâm nhập
Subsequent: đến sau Canine: thuộc về chó
Specific: cụ thể Depressant: suy nhược
Potential: có tiềm năng Antidepressant: thuốc kháng trầm cảm
Puncture: đâm chích Goal: mục tiêu
Virtually: gần như Underneath: dưới
THE PASSAGE DESCRIBES THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALLERGY TESTS. WHICH OF THE
CHARACTERISTICS BELOW BELONGS TO WHICH TYPE OF TEST?
A substance is inserted beneath the skin with a needle
It is often done on a patient's back
It has a higher cost than other tests
It shows results within half an hour
It can cause red and white bumps on the patient's skin
It is not advisable for patients who have serious allergic reactions in the past
It is advisable for patients who have skin problems
44
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
WRITING
Leukaemia, also known as a neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells, is divided into two forms:
acute and chronic disease. The causes of this disease have not been fully known. And the patients may
present with the following particular symptoms and signs. First, the patients could feel very ill and
sometimes they may get a high fever. Then, leukemia, which has prolonged, may make them lose
weight, energy and strength. Eventually, they will become more and more tired. Some patients may be
bleeding from the mouth, gum and nose. At this point, doctors could make a complete examination
and look for the enlargement of the tonsils. They may also touch the patients’ lympho nodes and
spleens because of the change in size of these organs. In some special cases, doctors may detect severe
signs of anaemia on a very ill patient such as pale skin, light mucous membrane and finger clubbing.
In conclusion, leukaemia may present a formidable challenge in diagnosis and treatment. However, if
the patients visit the doctors soon, they are more likely to obtain successful treatments.
The small intestine, also called the small bowel, is an important part of the lower digestive tract in
which a great deal of digestion and absorption takes place. The small bowel is six meters long, located
in the center of the abdomen, and linked to the stomach and the large intestine by the pyloric sphincter
and the ileocecal sphincter respectively so that fluids can travel in a one-way process. It also contains
circular and longitudinal smooth muscles which make the food move along in a wave-like movement
known as peristalsis. These essential structures help the small intestine work effectively. By the way,
the lining of the small intestine secretes enzymes that are mixed with pancreas enzymes and bile for
better absorption. In addition, sodium bicarbonate is released in order to neutralize potentially harmful
acid coming from the stomach. When food goes into the small bowel, the majority of them is digested
except starches and partial proteins. Next, food molecules pass through the intestinal membrane to
enter the capillaries. They are then transported to larger vessels before flowing to the liver where
absorbed substances are also stored for later use and detoxification which is the process of removing
harmful chemicals from blood. In conclusion, the primary function of the small intestine is the
absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food; things that remain undigested and unabsorbed pass
into the large intestine.
The stomach, a muscular, hollow organ, plays an important role in food digestion. It looks like the
letter C. The stomach is located on the left of the upper abdomen and connects the esophagus and the
small intestine. Its walls are made of three muscular layers and a rough lining. That structure helps the
stomach not only conduct its tasks, but also protect itself. When the food enters the stomach, it is
liquefied by acid secreted by many tiny glands in the stomach wall. Besides , the stomach 's muscles
contract in different directions, allowing acid to mix well with the food. The strong stomach-acid is
very useful but it can damage stomach. Nevertheless, the rough lining of stomach releases alkaline
mucus neutralizing acid to protect itself. In conclusion, the stomach with its suitable structure
liquefies and breaks down the food into wetter, smaller molecules, that makes the absorption in next
step easier.
Dorothea crusaded for the humane treatment of the mentally ill.
45
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
a. Audacious
b. Ruthless
c. Apprehensive
d. Compassionate
Question2
Điểm : --/1
Bats are timid creatures.
Chọn một câu trả lời
a. Considerable
b. Audacious
c. Petrified
d. Shy
Question3
Điểm : --/1
Paul daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.
Chọn một câu trả lời
a. Apprehensively
b. Benevolently
c. Mercilessly
d. Courageously
46
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Question4
Điểm : --/1
Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fished and shellfish in the
17th century.
Chọn một câu trả lời
a. Bland
b. Sour
c. Insipid
d. Flavored
Question5
Điểm : --/1
The largest petrified forest in the world is the northern Arizona.
Chọn một câu trả lời
a. Generous
b. Stone
c. Intrepid
d. Insipid
Question6
Điểm : --/1
A benign lesion usually has a regular border.
Chọn một câu trả lời
a. Petrified
b. Harmless
c. Humane
d. Congenial
Question7
47
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
Điểm : --/1
Acorns are bitter to taste.
Chọn một câu trả lời
a. Acrid
b. Intrepid
c. Sour
d. Sharp
Question8
Điểm : --/1
Robert , an intrepid explorer, was the first to reach the North Pole.
Chọn một câu trả lời
a. Daring
b. Audacious
c. Insipid
d. Ruthless
Question9
Điểm : --/1
Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donations of its
citizens.
Chọn một câu trả lời
a. Meaningless
b. Kindhearted
c. Unwanted
d. Selfish
Question10
Điểm : 1/1
Flavored vinergars are produced especially for cooking, but white vinergars have a number of
household uses.
48
EDITED BY Phan Thảo Mi My
a. Special tasting
b. Bitter
c. Bland
d. Concentrated
49