9.3. One-Factor Analysis of Variance A. Designed Experiments *¢ Observational experiments are experiments in which the researcher has little or ‘no control over the variables being studied. They merely observe their values. ‘© Designed experiments are experiments in which the researcher attempts to control the levels of one or more variables to determine their effect on a variable of interest. OE: Messing Wear om +Hees. DE! Measeriny wear ow Hes OLA Changing Abe aie pressured.‘© A response variable is a dependent variable of interest that is measured in the ‘experiment. © A factor is an independent variables whose effect on the response is of interest to the researcher. Factor levels are the values of the factor utilized in the experiment. Resp vor Ui yreor Fecter: Tine pressure : . Fac tee ‘aa veluas in pst weer . in eaRemark 9.3.4: Consider an experiment that involves a single factor with m treatments. The completely randomized design is a design in which the m treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units or in which independent random samples of experimental units are selected for each treatment Consider 2 populations ! we ve dested Ha means of 2poputorons Cer is wnknover ped Ts the some) uring t- test ”a fan S%: ahora «© Neole: Wel e aarmes of ~ SS VEG ha- sates mane (ee eS TE “tf ei me 4 grips insicad we mad S ye desks Gna for ench pair). pr Me MyM. 28% chanan of Tw oe = evar. \ mort ealialole matrod 7 We only ansample values for Xp such that my tng an tm = and Samples for X) [XX Xim Samples for Xp | Xn Xa. Xam, Samples for Xm | Xmr_ Xm2 Xmen 4. For each i € {1,© The sum of squares for error (SSE) represents the variability around the treatment ver means that is attributed to sampling error: win SSE 55 oy -®)y. ssw Stet © The sum of squares between treatments (SST) is the variation between the treatment means: ssr:=n(Xi-X) sp Note: SSE + SST. BL FKL means of He gromps are mort: Vor tole, Huan Hee taratl deda (S mort Var ola? : mort man Fhe yokes nO 3 ant OMe GA TRL vera ge. ne ee 1 Varoable .'* The mean square for error (MSE) measures the sampling variability within the treatment rp MSE:= ———. nm ‘© An F-statistic is given by the ratio of MST to MSE: usr. Yor(armmy) MSE’ Nar (sitin) Remark 9.3.8: A typical ANOVA table is given below. Source | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F ratio ‘Treatment ssT m-1 MST = 85% | F = Hep Error SSE n-m MSE = SSE Total Tss n-11 Tost if at least two of the three average customer responses to the widgets are different at a= 005. Woe pty Sag 2 ag Ho: od least 2 mers disagnen = 34343435125. A = Bue + 3C3)+ BY 3UZY = ate (eeu + Ca is ¢ ra Cas mt) & Cro- 0 woe go "-o- wrt Shure Cy I alee ase sa a = 32)? = 30 Nolet, SSE 33 —S8ST = 80-30 =s50 3 =s qv: FE (wt) = & gg 03,8) = 4,07 by Tolole 7 2 azo.os » omit eit! acm = 12-1SST he = tie m= = re, Pe ARTs ASE | SEL. Ye <4 he) =F (3.8) a => Wa Ri\ to ragect Ho - Loe 4.07 Source | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Frowlam [ Mean Square | F ratio Treatment ss 30 m1 s3 Lo Tule Bee 23 ssc | 50 |S 6.2s Total ait, Biel st }go Pwands for the p—value of the test m-l 2B fem | a-m=s dan. cohen Sq COE SAAB Using Tobe %, SS PCFEY LG ) 2 Ovi,Remark 9.3.12: Let’s use Exed for th: ext example, Example 9.8.18: Fifteen different patients are subjected to three drugs. Let X, represent the recovery score for Drug i, which is a normal random variable with mean x and Vatiance ?. A higher number indicates the patient is better than a patient with a lower number. Drug 1 [5.90 5.92 Drug 2| 5.51 5.50 Drug 3 | 5.01 5.00 Sal 5.89) 5.50 5.49 499 4.98 5s 5.01 0 2 X; = 5.90 a. Test if at least two of the three average patient responses to the drugs are different at a= 0005 Source | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedam | Mean Square | F ratio Treatment Fe MYST gst |2:0333 2: 1,017 =a Bor =SbYS.4S, Sse | 0:0022 (2 0, 0002 Toeal Ts (2.03SS 4i ar0.0S, M-l=2,~ Ar-mMatD as abu 7, 2p Fete) Bog (2,122 BET by abe TS: Fe ssts.ts >384 = F212) =< cv. => da raject H At0.0S 2.39 ssts.ts b, Find the p-value of the test. What can we conclude? Pax Excel, post = 0,000 2d20.0S8, => We rect tH,