Pressure and Flow

Measurement Systems
Makbul Hajad, Ph.D
12 November 2021

Departemen Teknik Pertanian dan Biosistem

Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian
Outlines

Sensor
Tipe Tekanan Tekanan Reliabilitas
(fluida) yang (Fluida) Rendah Sensor
dapat diukur dan Tinggi

1 2 3 4 5 6

Karakteristik Alat Ukur Alat ukur

Sensor dan Sensor dan Sensor
Tekanan Flow
(fluida)
Karakteristik dan Parameter Sensor

Beberapa karakteristik sensor dan Parameter yang dapat diukur untuk menentukan performa sebuah sensor

Transfer Function Non-Linearity Repeatability Error

S = f(s) % Linearity = Absolute Error=

S = output signal, s=
stimulus
S = a + b (s) (linier) FS = Full Scale Relative Error=
𝑌𝑠 is actual Y of Sensor
S = a + b ln s
(logarithmic) value at X Value
Δ maximum
S = a 𝑒 𝑘𝑠 changes among
(exponential) reading outputs
S = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑠 𝑘
(power)
Pressure (Fluid) Measurement
Tipe Tekanan Udara

Absolute Difference between the pressure of the fluid and the

Pressure absolute zero of pressure

Noted:
• Pressure measured
Gauge Difference between the pressure of a fluid range (normal range)
Pressure and atmospheric pressure from 1.013 bar (the
mean atmospheric
Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure - Atmospheric pressure pressure) up to 7000 bar

Difference between two absolute pressure values,

Differential
such as the pressures at two different points within
Pressure
the same fluid
Diapraghm/Elastic Element Sensor

• Applied pressure causes displacement of the diaphragm → this movement is measured by a displacement
transducer.
• Different versions of diaphragm sensors can measure both absolute pressure (up to 50 bar) and gauge
pressure (up to 2000 bar).
• The diaphragm can be either plastic, metal alloy, stainless steel or ceramic
• Plastic diaphragms are cheapest, but metal diaphragms give better accuracy.
• Stainless steel is normally used in high temperature or corrosive environments.
• Ceramic diaphragms are resistant even to strong acids and alkalis, and are used when the operating
environment is particularly harsh.
Diapraghm/Elastic Element Sensor

Capacitive Fibre-optic
Pressure Pressure
Sensor Sensor
Burdon Tube
Sensor
cheap and is commonly used for measuring the
gauge pressure of both gaseous and liquid
fluids

translational motion of the end of Potentiometer, Capacitive and optical

sensors are used to measure the
the bellows that can be measured by
displacement
capacitive, inductive (LVDT) or
Bellow Pressure potentiometric
Sensor transducers
Manometers

• Manometers are passive instruments that give a visual

indication of pressure values.
• Manometer type: U-tube, well type and inclined type
• U-tube the most common form of manometer.
• Applied pressure causes a displacement of liquid inside the U-
shaped glass tube, and the output pressure reading P is made
by observing the difference h between the level of liquid in the
two halves of the tube A and B.
𝑃 = ℎ. 𝜌. 𝑔 ≫ (𝑝1 − 𝑝2) = ℎ. 𝜌. 𝑔
• In well type manometer, the liquid level in only one tube has to
be measured, which makes the instrument much easier to use
than the U-tube manometer.
𝑝 = ℎ. 𝜌

• Inclined manometer is a variation on the well-type manometer

in which one leg of the tube is inclined to increase
measurement sensitivity.
Resonant-wire devices

• Wire is stretched across a chamber containing

fluid at unknown pressure subjected to a
magnetic field
• The wire resonates at its natural frequency
according to its tension, which varies with
pressure
• Pressure is calculated by measuring the
frequency of vibration of the wire.
• This devices are highly accurate, with a typical
inaccuracy figure being ±0.2% full-scale reading.
• They are also particularly insensitive to ambient
condition changes and can measure pressures
between 5 mbar and 2 bar
Special measurement devices for low pressures

Thermocouple Gauge

• The thermocouple gauge is one of a

group of gauges working on the thermal
conductivity principal
• At low pressure, the kinematic theory of
gases predicts a linear relationship
between pressure and thermal
conductivity.
• Measurement of thermal conductivity
gives an indication of pressure

Thermocouple gauges are typically used to measure pressures in

the range 10−4 mbar up to 1 mbar
Special measurement devices for low pressures

Pirani Gauge

• This is similar to a thermocouple gauge

but has a heated element that consists
of four coiled tungsten wires connected
in parallel
• Current is passed through the tungsten
element, which attains a certain
temperature according to the thermal
conductivity of the gas
• The resistance of the element changes
with temperature and causes an
imbalance of the measurement bridge
This gauges cover the pressure range 10−5 mbar to 1 mbar
High-pressure measurement (greater than 7000 bar)

• Measurement of pressures above 7000 bar is

normally carried out electrically by monitoring
the change of resistance of wires of special
materials
• Material resistance-pressure characteristics
that are suitably linear and sensitive include
manganin and gold–chromium alloys.
• A coil of such wire is enclosed in a sealed,
kerosene filled, flexible bellows.
• The unknown pressure is applied to one end
of the bellows, which transmits the pressure
to the coil.
• The magnitude of the applied pressure is
Pressures up to 30 000 bar can be measured by devices like the manganin-wire pressure sensor,
then determined by measuring the coil with a typical inaccuracy of ±0.5%
resistance.
Flow Measurement
Mass Flow rate

Conveyor-based methods Coriolis flowmeter

This mode of transport allows the mass

flow rate to be calculated in terms of the
mass of material on a given length of
conveyor multiplied by the speed of the
conveyor. This method is concerned
with measurement of the flow of solids
that are in the form of small particles.
Volume Flow rate
Volume Flowrate
 Terimakasih

Departemen Teknik Pertanian dan Biosistem

Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian
Universitas Gadjah Mada