4UNIT

Rural Development

CONTENTS
Part-1 : Need for Human Resource.. 4-2P to 4-2P
Development
Part-2 : Elements of Human Resource...4-2P to 4-4P
Development in Rural Sector

Part-3: Dimensions of HRD for Rural .......****** 4-4P to 4-5P

Development Health

Part-4 Dimensíons of HRD for Rural . ******* 4-5P to 4-6P

Development - Education

Part-5 : Dimensions of HRD for Rural.. 4-6P to 4-7P

Development Skill Development

Part-6 Dimensions of HRD for Rural . . 4-7P to 4-7P

Development Training
Part-7 Nutritional Status... 4-7P to 4-8P

Part-8 Access to Basic Amenities. 4-8P to 4-10P

Part-9 Population Composition 4-10P to 4-12P

4-1P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8)

 - 2 P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
Rural Development

PART1|
Need for Human Resource
Development.
Questions-Answer
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer
Type questions

Que 4.1. What do you understand by Human Resource

Development (HRD) ? Enumerate the need for human resource
development in rural sector.

Answer

Human Resource Development (HRD) is the major function of Human

Resource Management.
Human Resource Development is defined as the policies and programns
that support for equitable opportunities.
3. It is necessary for continuing acquisition and
application of skill and
knowledge which is beneficial to individual organization and is equally
beneficial to the community.
Human resource development in India consist of urban development a
well as the rural development.
Need for human development in rural sector:
resource
L Human Resource Development is broadly defined as increasing people's
knowledge, awareness and skills.
2 It plays a significant role in the development of individuals and families.
3. Many of the rural poor lack marketable skills, which severely limits
their opportunities for earning.
On a wide scale HRD can improve socio-economic outcomes for families
and entire villages.
5. Ths is especially beneficial for men and women who do not have high
levels of formal education and/or are operating micro-enterprises to
support their families.

PART-2
Elements of Human Resource Development in Rural Sector.
Huralkrvelopment A&P
43PHBMCBemA4

questiona-Answers

Medium Answer Type uestions

Long Anewer Type nnd

Outline the key elements of Human Resoures

Que 4.2.
Development.
Answer
1. láppitt han developed a model which consists ofthe elements of a Hz
wystern Fig, A.2.1. They are:

Direct Seedback on performance Role clarity

and meaningful appraizal Work group relations
Clear work gpas .Opporturnity for leaning
Yewer cntrols Individualized identity
Relating work and life goals
Job freedom
Involvement in decinion making Meaningful support from
Bupervisor

The individual
Work itelf more growing through
renponwibílities roles and
relationships

HRD 8ystem

Work output Organisational

quality of functions and
production structures open
system

.Enlarged reuponmibilitien Climate for creativity

Intergroup collaboratíons 2 way communications
Reward for quality
Goal attainment
Ability to change
Systems perspective
Respect for individual and
organizational development
Bupervisor
Fig. 4.2.1. Elements of HRD systems.
4 P(HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
Rural Development
The work itself which generates
1 a
higher degree of
for the workforce. responsibility
The individual who grows
personally and
The work output of improved quality professionally.
.

responsibilities. resulting from increased

Organisational functions and structures built
in an open system
(concern
for both individual and
organisational development).
Thiis. the components or elements of HRDs
2 are the individual
the organisational development and the work output. growth,

|PART-3
Dimensions of HRD for Rural Development - Health.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.3. Explain the concept of Human Resource Development

Dimensions.
Answer
1 The notion of human resource development dimensions is very
complicated as it has interconnections with several approaches and has
nvoivement of variables of multiple natures.
2 In terms of building resources of an rural area the dimensions of human
resource development are of primary importance.
Human resource development dimensions occupy the central position
In
geographical study of a rural area.
t is the basis upon which other kind of development for peace and
prosperity of population of rural area depend.

Que 44. Write a short note on : Human Resource Development

Dinension Health.
Answer
characteristics of
refers to the constituent elements
or
nension
human resource8.
extent, component, aspect or
ch S for size or number, nature, resource.
haracteristics of human or population
Rural Development: A&P 46P(HSMC-Sem7&
an the dimensione
3 Development Report has considered health
Human
of population and stressed that the assessment of it in ennential in the

progress of human resource development.

dimension conmista both the
4 Health as aHuman Resource Development
individual.
of an
physical and mental health
of the body, its composition
5. Physical dimension refers to the state
etc.
development, functions, maintenance,
healthy ereative abilities of
Mental dimension refers to right, fit and
6
mind.
of health are the essential
7. The physical and mental dimensions
components of human resource
development and play instrumental
intellectual growth of an individual
role in every kind of physical and
address about how the human
resource ingredients relating to the
8.
Both of individuals change or stay
the same over
physical and mental aspects
time.
The overall performance of human resource
development is the result
9.
of both the physical and mental health which is found varying during
different stages of life span of an individual.
10. Health is an important indicator of human resources development
because an improvement in health promotes learning, improves stamina,
and increases energy output.

|PART-4
Dimensions of HRD for Rural Development- Education.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.5. Write a short note on: Human Resource Development

Dimension - Education.

Answer
1. Dimension refers to the constituent elements or characteristics of
human resources.
2. It stands for size or number, nature, extent, component, aspect or
characteristics of human or population resource.
3. Human Development Report has considered education as the dimensions
of population and stressed that the assessment of it is essential in the
progress of human resource development.
4-6P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8) Rural Development

This dimension is eSsentially meant for enhancing, upgrading, improving

4.
and increasing the status of mental or intellectual capability such as

learning, memory, reasoning, thinking, competence and other

intellectual capacity of an individual.
5Educationisimportant for raising ordeveloping knowledge, skills, talents
5.
attitude, aptitude, awareness and other creativity and ability of individual
persons.

Education is one of the most important characteristics of qualitative

6.
dimension of human resources.
Education enhances knowledge, skills, energies, interest, attitudes,
7.
aptitudes and other inherent qualities of people.
Education plays a vital role and give new vistas in eradicating poverty
8.
and mental isolation of the people in the society.

|PART-5
Dimensions of HRDfor Rural Development Skill Development.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

short note Human Resource Development

Que 4.6. Write a on :

Dimension Skill Development.

Answer
Dimension refers to the constituent elements or characteristics of
human resources.
2 It stands for size or number, nature, extent, component, aspect or

characteristics of human or population resource.

3. Human Development Report has considered skill development as the

the assessment ofit is essential
dimensions of population and stressed that
in the progress of human resource development.
4. Skill development can take place through formal and nonformal learning
process.
5. Skill development is the process of developing intellectual and physical
capabilities of individualfor use in socially produetive spheres to serve
the needs of the people in a society at large.
6. Skill development is the qualitative dimension of human resource
development.
 4-7P (HSMC-Sem-7&
Rural Development:
A &P
knowledge, talenta
for developing
Skill development
is important
creativity and
ability of individnal
7. other
a w a r e n e s s and

attitude, aptitude,
persons.

PART6
Development
Training.
Rural
Dimensions of HRD for

Questions-Answers

Answer Type Questions

and Medium
Long Answer Type

Resource Development
Que 4.7.Write a short note on
: Human
Dimension Training.

Answer characteristics of
constituent elements or
Dimension refers to the
1 human resources.

extent, component, aspect or

2. It stands for size or number, nature,
characteristics of human or population
resource.

as the dimensions
3. Human Development Report has considered training
assessment of it is essential in the
of population and stressed that the
progress of human resource development.
Training is the qualitative dimension of human resource development.
ete. of
5. Training helps in development of experience, knowledge, talents,
an individual
6 Training can take place through formal and nonformal learning proces.

PART-7
Nutritional Status.

Questions-Answer
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Quentions

Que4.8. Write a short note on: Nutritional Status.

L8P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8)
Rural Development

Answer

1
Natritional status 1s a measure of the health condition of
affected primarily by the intake of food and utilization an
as s individual
of nutrients.
2
Cood nutritional status can only be realized and sustained when
individuals within families and comnmunities are food-secure.
Food is defined as access
security
3.
necded for a healthy life.
by all people at all times to the food
AFood security has three important dimensions:
Adequate availability of food supplies;
Assured access to sufficient food for all individuals; and
i Its proper utilization to provide a proper and balanced diet.
5 Nutrition is one of the important components of human resource
development.
6. A well-nourished, healthy workforce is a pre-condition for sustainable
development.
Nutrition plays a critical role in human resource
deficiencies in essential nutrients lead to development since
malnutrition, which affects an
individual's mental and physical state, resulting in health and poor poor
work performance.
Healthier people can transform their energy into productivity more
efficiently than undernourished people.
Better health and nutrition can immediately increase the workers'
current strength,
energy and ability to concentrate on job and thereby
increases the
productivity of workers.

PART8
Access to Basic Amenities.

Questions-Answers
Lng Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.9. Write Access to

a short note on: BasicAmenities.
Answer
t o basic amenities like drinking water, sanitation, olectricity.
using, drainage and others are crucial to the well-being as they
ribute to physical and material comfort and quality of life.
 4-9 P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8)
Rural Development: A &P
health, environment and providing
2 They also benefit by ensuring better
activities.
opportunities for other useful
and programmes in India to
3 There have been several initiatives, plans
amenities.
improve the access to basic Nirman wa
rural areas, the Bharat
For the development of India's in the areas of
is proposed
launched. Under Bharat Nirman, action
rural water supply, rural electrification
irrigation, road, rural housing,
and rural telecommunication connectivity.
Urban Amenities
5.
5. Another landmark initiative is the
launch of Provision of
to Rural Areas (PURA).
in India.
6. PURA is a strategy for rural development
scheme a r e the provision of livelihood
7. The primary objectives of the the rural-
amenities in rural a r e a s to bridge
opportunities and urban
urban divide.
who's access needs improvement:
Following are various basic amenities
Access to Drinking Water Facility:
lack access to drinking water.
40 percent of rural households in India
lack access to drinking water.
i 20 percent of urban households in India
of
i This shows a huge divide between urban and rural India in terms
access to drinking water a key indicator for development.

22 Access to Sanitation Facilities:

Lack of adequate sanitation is a pressing challenge in rural India
for
Lack of adequate sanitation forces households to use open space
defecation, which is an acute problem especially for women and young
girls
the
ni Improving access to sanitation is therefore appropriately included in
Millennium Development Goals.
& Access to Electricity use for Domestic Purpose:
estimates indicate that 85% of Indian villages are
Although official
electrified, fewer than 60 % of Indian households actually consume
electricity.
in
Until recently, the main policy has been to extend the grid to villages
rural areas in order to emphasise productive uses for agriculture.
have
i Today, there is a new emphasis on making sure rural households
access to and adopt electricity.
iv.
Household electrification depends on household characteristics, the
degree of community electrification, and the quality of electricity suppl
4 Access to Quality Housing
as a basic human right.
The right to adequate housing recognised
is
i
is Indir"
The flagship scheme of the Government of India in this regard
Awaas Yojana.
 10P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8)
Rural Development
Inspite of this there is housing shortage in rural India.
Access to Drainage Arrangement:
5.
Good health is closely related to the status ofwater supply and drainage.
The highrate of incidence of death and disese
in rural area can be
attributed to lack of proper drainage.
Hence special and immediate attention towards drainage arrangement
in the house is needed in rural areas.

PART-9
Population Composition.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.10. What is meant by population composition ?

Answer
To understand the role of people as a resource, we need to know more
about their qualities.
2 People vary greatly in their age. sex, literacy level, health condition,
occupation and income level.
3 It is essential to understand these characteristics ofthe people.
4 Population composition refers to the structure of the population.
6. The composition of population helps us to know how many are males or

Temales,which age group they belong to, how educated they a r e and
What type of occupations they are employed in, what their income levels
and health conditions are.
ofa
6.
An interesting way of studying the population composition country
1s by looking at the population pyramid, also called an age-sex pyramid.

do they help in
population pyramids ? How
ue 4.11.|What a r e
?
derstanding about the population of country
a

Answer
A population pyramid is a graphical illustration of the distribution of a
it typically forma the shape of a
POpulation by age groups and sex;
Pyramid when the population is growing
Rural Development: A &P 4-11 P (HSMC-Sem.

The shape of the population pyramid tells the story of the peonia
2. eople liwin
in that particular country.
The numbers of children (below 15 years) are shown at the boton
3. om and
reflect the level of births.
The size of the top shows the numbers of aged people (above 65 n.
4 year
and reflects the number of deaths.
5. The population pyramid also tells us how many dependents there a.
are im
a country.
6. The population pyramid of a country in which birth and death rates h
are high is broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards thetop
7. This is because although, many children are born, a large percentage
them die in their infancy, relatively few become adults and there are
very few old people.
8. This situation is typified by the pyramid shown for Kenya.

Age
75+
70-74
Males Females

65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9

04 10 8 0 24 6 10
Percent
Fig, 4.11.1.
9. In countries where death rates (especially are

amongst the very young)

decreasing, the pyramid is broad in the younger age groups, becau use

more infants survive to adulthood.

10. This can be seen in the pyramid for India. Such populations contan
relatively large number of young people and which means a strong an
expanding labour force.
- 1 2 P( H S M C - S e m - 7 & 8 )
Rural Development

Age
75+
70-74 Males Females
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44

35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24

15-19

10-14
5-9
0-4

10 8 6 2 o 2 6 8 10
Percent
Fig. 4.11.2