JAZMIN SHANE B.

BELLEZA GENERAL SURVEYING 1 BSGE 1-B RESEARCH 08/19/2021

SURVEYING
I. DEFINITION
i. Surveying is a study or practice of measuring the dimensions and contour (or the three
dimensional characterisitics of the Earth’s surface by the measurement of distances, directions
and elevations.

ii. Surveying is the process of using direct or indirect measurements to determine the relative
positions of various features on, above, or beneath the earth's surface, and presenting them
using a map. [ CITATION civ \l 13321 ]

iii. Surveying is defined as taking a general view by measuring and observing the boundaries,
size, position, quantity, condition, value, and other characteristics of land, estates, buildings,
farms, mines, and other structures and later on presenting it in a suitable form. [CITATION SAS \l
13321 ]

iv. A branch of applied mathematics involved with finding the size of any portion of the earth's
surface, the lengths and directions of the bounding lines, and the contour of the surface. 

Surveying, 7 Types of Land Surveying & the Tools Required for Each, Baseline Equipment Company,
https://www.baselineequipment.com/land-surveying-types

II. HISTORY
i. In 1,400 B.C., Land Surveying was considered as an Ancient practice by the Egyptians. They
used it to easily determine the taxation of land plots. At that time, Egyptians used measuring
ropes, plumb bobs, and other instruments in measuring. [ CITATION Cou18 \l 13321 ] It was The
Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza that made the Surveying materialize. The dimension plays along
755 feet (230 meters) long and 481 feet (147 meters) high, and was built in 2700 BCE. It is close
to perfect square so the Ancient Egyptians affirmed and commanded the north–south
orientation to conduct a land survey. [ CITATION Joh \l 13321 ]
JAZMIN SHANE B. BELLEZA GENERAL SURVEYING 1 BSGE 1-B RESEARCH 08/19/2021

III. USES OF SURVEY

i. Surveying has a lot of functions namely:

a. Presents Topographical maps showing hills, rivers, towns, villages, forests etc.
[ CITATION Sli \l 13321 ]

b. Presents Cadastral maps that can show boundaries of lands to avoid disputes.
[ CITATION Far17 \l 13321 ]

c. Plans for property lines of private, public and government lands. [ CITATION Sli \l
13321 ]

d. To prepare an Engineering map that can help to plan and estimate project works like
roads, bridges, railways, airports and many more, surveying is very beneficial.
[ CITATION Sli \l 13321 ]

e. To prepare a Contour map to assess if an area is possible to be developed as road,

railways, bridges, canals etc. [ CITATION Far17 \l 13321 ]

f. In terms of exploring mineral wealth, Mine survey is needed the most. [ CITATION Sli \l
13321 ]

g. In preparing Military maps, Geological maps, Archeological maps etc., surveying is

necessary. [ CITATION Far17 \l 13321 ]

h. The use of Marine and Hydrographic surveys in the planning of navigation routes and
harbors is beneficial. [ CITATION Sli \l 13321 ]

i. To lay out the projects and transfer data from the ground. [ CITATION Far17 \l 13321 ]

IV. TYPES OF SURVEY

i. Geodetic Surveying

a. The form of surveying that takes the true shape of the earth into account. These
surveys are extremely precise and cover a broad area.

Tandon, Gaurav H., Geodetic Surveying, SlideShare, 11 August, 2013, https://www.slideshare.net/gauravhtandon1/surveying-i

JAZMIN SHANE B. BELLEZA GENERAL SURVEYING 1 BSGE 1-B RESEARCH 08/19/2021

ii. Plane Surveying

a. The form of surveying in which the earth's mean surface is treated as a plane, or in
which its spheroidal shape is ignored in consideration of horizontal distances and
directions.

Tandon, Gaurav H., Plane Surveying, SlideShare, 11 August, 2013, https://www.slideshare.net/gauravhtandon1/surveying-i

V. INSTRUMENTS USED IN SURVEYING

i. Chain and Tape

a. Chains or tapes are used to measure distances on the field.

Hussain, Talha, Chains, Slideshare, 17, August 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/FreeTime5/surveying-instruments-with-their-

uses?fbclid=IwAR3hD8T9-W5vacT4wfjEH47uNvqzi9z2w_nW_2RMscEdSj7MEvcxkxaQh5o
JAZMIN SHANE B. BELLEZA GENERAL SURVEYING 1 BSGE 1-B RESEARCH 08/19/2021

b. Steel, coated linen, and synthetic materials are used to make measuring tapes. They
come in lengths of 20, 30, and 50 meters. The tape is commonly marked in centimeters,
decimeters, and meters.

ii. Clinometer

a. is an instrument used by surveyors in order to measure an angle of inclination or

elevation.

Hussain, Talha, Chains, Slideshare, 17, August 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/FreeTime5/surveying-instruments-with-their-

uses?fbclid=IwAR3hD8T9-W5vacT4wfjEH47uNvqzi9z2w_nW_2RMscEdSj7MEvcxkxaQh5o

iii. Measuring Rod

a. The rod is commonly marked in centimeters, decimeters, and meters, just like a
common measuring tape.

Hussain, Talha, Chains, Slideshare, 17, August 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/FreeTime5/surveying-instruments-with-their-

uses?fbclid=IwAR3hD8T9-W5vacT4wfjEH47uNvqzi9z2w_nW_2RMscEdSj7MEvcxkxaQh5
JAZMIN SHANE B. BELLEZA GENERAL SURVEYING 1 BSGE 1-B RESEARCH 08/19/2021

iv. Plumb bob

a. A plumb bob is used to determined wether the objects are vertical. A plumb bob is
made up of a downward-pointing piece of metal (called a bob) linked to a string. The
cord is vertical when the plumb bob is hanging freely and not moving.

v. Carpenter Level

a. A carpenter level is used to check if objects are horizontal or vertical. Within a

carpenter level there are one or more curved glass tubes, called level tubes

vi. Ranging Poles

a. Ranging poles are used to define locations on the field and lay out straight lines. They
can also be used to identify points that need to be seen from afar, in which case a flag
can be affixed to help with visibility.
JAZMIN SHANE B. BELLEZA GENERAL SURVEYING 1 BSGE 1-B RESEARCH 08/19/2021

vii. Compass

a. is an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to
geographic “cardinal directions” or points.

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uses?fbclid=IwAR3hD8T9-W5vacT4wfjEH47uNvqzi9z2w_nW_2RMscEdSj7MEvcxkxaQh5

viii. Optical Square

a. Surveyors used it to lay off a straight angle by using two mirrors set at 45 degrees.

Hussain, Talha, Chains, Slideshare, 17, August 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/FreeTime5/surveying-instruments-with-their-

uses?fbclid=IwAR3hD8T9-W5vacT4wfjEH47uNvqzi9z2w_nW_2RMscEdSj7MEvcxkxaQh5

ix. Planimeter

a. drafting instrument used to measure a graphically represented planar region.

Hussain, Talha, Chains, Slideshare, 17, August 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/FreeTime5/surveying-instruments-with-their-

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JAZMIN SHANE B. BELLEZA GENERAL SURVEYING 1 BSGE 1-B RESEARCH 08/19/2021

x. Auto Level

a. Used to levelling process survey.

xi. Theodolite and Total Station

a. Theodolite is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

b. Total Station is used for measuring angles, coordinates, levelling etc.

Hussain, Talha, Chains, Slideshare, 17, August 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/FreeTime5/surveying-instruments-with-their-

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JAZMIN SHANE B. BELLEZA GENERAL SURVEYING 1 BSGE 1-B RESEARCH 08/19/2021

xii. Tripod

a. is used for setting out instruments like Auto level, theodolite, total stations etc.

Hussain, Talha, Chains, Slideshare, 17, August 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/FreeTime5/surveying-instruments-with-their-

uses?fbclid=IwAR3hD8T9-W5vacT4wfjEH47uNvqzi9z2w_nW_2RMscEdSj7MEvcxkxaQh5

xiii. Pegs

a. are used for stations points or used in setting curves.

Hussain, Talha, Chains, Slideshare, 17, August 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/FreeTime5/surveying-instruments-with-their-

uses?fbclid=IwAR3hD8T9-W5vacT4wfjEH47uNvqzi9z2w_nW_2RMscEdSj7MEvcxkxaQh5
JAZMIN SHANE B. BELLEZA GENERAL SURVEYING 1 BSGE 1-B RESEARCH 08/19/2021

References
civiltoday.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://civiltoday.com/surveying/13-definition-and-importance-of-
surveying

Company, B. E. (n.d.). 7 Types of Land Surveying & the Tools Required for Each. Retrieved from Baseline
Equipment Company: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.baselineequipment.com%2Fland-surveying-
types&psig=AOvVaw2zEmDxn2pfJ6JUfbiDiqJV&ust=1629591506522000&source=images&cd=vf
e&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCMiM2s_rwPICFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP

Lyman, J. (n.d.). Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/surveying

Oxford Land Surveying. (n.d.). Retrieved from [https://www.google.com/url?

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SRkoIEGeg]

Putt, J. P. (n.d.). Types of Surveys. In Elementary Surveying. National Book Store.

Saiyed, F. (2017, March 03). Slideshare. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/farhanasaiyed/introduction-to-surveying-73198678

SlidePlayer. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/slideplayer.com/amp/9732205/

Suman, S. S. (2020, April 24). LECTURE NOTE ON SURVEYING AND LEVELLING. Retrieved from
http://www.pkace.org/Lecture_Notes/Survey-lecture-notes.pdf

Team, C. (2018). THE HISTORY OF LAND SURVEYING. Retrieved from

https://info.courthousedirect.com/blog/history-of-land-surveying