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Groundwater Management Options in Greater Guwahati Area

Conference Paper · January 2006

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Proc. Water Resource Day Seminar; Institute of Engineers; Guwahati; pp 68 – 80.

Groundwater Management Options

in Greater Guwahati area

A. R. Bakshi1 & Indranil Roy2

1
Regional Director, Central Ground Water Board, North Eastern Region, Guwahati
2
Scientist-B, Central Ground Water Board, North Eastern Region, Guwahati

Abstract: Guwahati, being the gateway of North Eastern States, has been main attraction
for people from all walks of life resulting into exceptional population growth and related
economic growth and prosperity. The ever increasing population growth is resulting in
heavy pressure on the century old water supply system of the city. At this juncture, when
the planned city water supply system was unable to cope with the demand, groundwater
is the preferred source of water. However, developmental activities are permanently
changing the cityscape and land-use pattern. This is resulting into filling up of marshy
lands and agricultural lands as well as cutting of hill slopes. This has altered the natural
drainage pattern and the city faces major threat of water logging. By chocking the natural
drainage pattern, surface run-off, sewerage and garbage disposal has also become burning
issues for the citizens of Guwahati. Moreover, groundwater occurring at shallow depths,
pollutants may easily travel to subsurface groundwater regime. This paper deals with
groundwater management options and sustainable development and provides strategies
for the alternative sources of reliable water supply at suitable locations.

Introduction

Due to the unique location of Guwahati (Lat: 91°34"E & 91°51"E; Long:
26°04'27"N & 26°13’51"N), which encompasses Dispur the capital of Assam since 1974,
in course of time the city changed from a small town as described by Allen(1901) to its
present form of with cosmopolitan culture having a population of over 830706 (as per
2001 census). Modern day Guwahati is buzzing with developmental activities and
citizens are availing and hoping for all modern facilities and technological marvels.
However, the present momentum of developmental activity is outpacing the expansion of
the city area, which at present includes 216 km2 of municipality area and another 100 km2
of peripheral areas. Developmental activity is resulting into filling up of marshy lands
and agricultural lands as well as cutting of hill slopes and is permanently changing the
natural landscape of the area and land-use pattern and in turn has changed the
hydrogeological setting and recharge pattern.
 Study Area

Fig. 1. Location map of Greater Guwahati Area

Geomorphological and Geological Setup

The area is a part of Kamrup district, Assam which is mostly lying within the
great Brahmaputra valley and is underlain by thick alluvial sediments of Quarternary
group and about 1500 sq km is occupied by hill ranges in the form of hills and inselberg
comprising gneisses and granites. Location-wise Greater Guwahati area occupies a
unique position i.e. on the boundary of Upper Assam and Lower Assam valleys.
Physiographically the area can be broadly sub-divided into three generalized units i.e.
hills (hilly tracts of Shillong plateau occurring in southern and eastern and sporadic
inselbergs), plains ( valley fills as well as alluvial tracts with elevation range of 45m to
60m amsl) and marshy lands (Low relief areas). Altitude varies between 50m and 600m
above msl with an average elevation of 55m. The area is surrounded by hills in eastern
and southern margins. Northern and western margin is open and continues as alluvial
tract. The Brahmaputra River passes through the area in westerly direction. The stretch of
the Brahmaputra within the city area is 12.78 km. (chain length) covering an aerial extent
of 15.84 sq. km. Major tributaries to Brahmaputra River are Bharalu, Bar, Kaibog,
Barapani, Kalmani, Patila, Bahini, Ambhair, and Knana. Typically, most of these
tributaries are flowing from south to north and are on the south bank of the Brahmaputra

2
River, except the Bar river which is on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River. This
indicates that the south bank of the Brahmaputra River is at slightly higher elevation than
the north bank. This may be due to the extension of Shillong plateau as basement from
the south. The area receives a good annual rainfall of about 1700 mm and experiences
tropical humid climate.

Fig. 2. Computer simulated 3D model of Greater Guwahati area

Groundwater Scenario in Guwahati Area

Exploratory Tubewells Organization was established in 1954 under the Ministry

of Agriculture, Govt. of India, and was later renamed as Central Ground Water Board as
a national apex body and now functions under the Ministry of Water Resources. CGWB
has given the following mandate “Develop and disseminate technologies and monitor and
implement national policies for scientific and sustainable development and management
of India’s ground water resources including their exploration, assessment, conservation,
augmentation, protection from pollution and distribution, based on principals of
economic and ecological efficiency and equity”.

The Central Ground Water board has been entrusted with the responsibilities to
carry out scientific surveys, exploration, monitoring of development, management and
regulation of country’s vast ground water resources for irrigation, drinking, domestic and
industrial needs. The main activities of the Board include hydrogeological surveys,
geophysical Surveys and investigation ground water exploration, nationwide monitoring
of ground water levels and water quality, ground water resource assessment, monitoring

3
of ground water development and management of ground water resources. Besides above
activities the Board advises States and other user agencies on planning and management
of ground water development schemes. The Board has also taken up special studies on
research and development, conjunctive use of surface and ground water, mathematical
modelling of artificial recharge, water balance and ground water pollution etc. in several
parts of the country.

CGWB has been constituted as the Central Ground Water Authority by the order
of the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in 1997, for the purpose of regulation and control
of ground water management and development.

Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) started the exploration for ground water in
the district as early as 1980. The entire district had been initially covered as part of
Systematic Survey during 1980-83 and followed up by reappraisal studies during 1986-
88, 1992-93, 1996-97, 1998-99 and 2002-03. The first exploration well was at Ketkuchi
(During AAP 1980-81). However as far the official records indicate, first well by CGWB
in Greater Guwahati area was a deposit well at All India Radio Campus, Chandmari
(During AAP 1988-89). The first exploration well by CGWB in the study area was at
Garigaon (During AAP 1995-96). Apart from these, continuous monitoring of ground
water level in Greater Guwahati area started in 1977 with only one observation well. At
present 10 observation wells are monitored. Special studies about the area have also been
carried out by CGWB during 1993-94, 1997-98, and 2004-06.

Geologically the study area is part of the Brahmaputra basin. Quaternary alluvial
and valley-fill covers the Archaean Granite gneisses in the area. Hydrogeologically the
subsurface lithology can be broadly grouped into two major hydrogeological units based
on their hydrogeological properties and relative ground water potentialities, i.e. Fractured
formation and Granular formation.

Fractured formations: comprising granite gneiss, biotite gneiss, amphibolites etc., are
predominant at shallow depth mostly in eastern and southern parts with sporadically at
central and northern parts of the study area. They are characterised by a weathered

4
lateritic layer (zone C) at top, followed by a semi- weathered layer (Regolith) containing
pebbles and boulders of basement rocks (zone B) and massive rock with fractures (zone
A). Ground water occurs in the weathered zone under water table conditions and depth to
water level ranges from 5-15m.b.g.l. during pre-monsoon period. On the other hand,
ground water occurs under semi-confined to confined conditions in the hard fissured and
fractured formations (within Zone A) at various depths. The fractured formation consists
of three major and six minor fracture zones at depth. The minor zones may be spatial
variation of major zones of off-shots of the same. Characterised by granular interstices as
in unconsolidated sediments, the top regolithic/lateritic zone (Zone C) over Granite
gneisses, where present (specially over pediments), may be regarded as separate horizon
whose continuity is with overlying granular zone. This horizon functions as an
unconfined aquifer if it is followed downward by an impermeable unaltered layer. If
Zone-B is developed and has a higher permeability (K) than Zone-C then Zone-C will
function as an aquitard. If the permeability values are comparable then both the zones
will function as a single aquifer.

Granular formation: constitutes Quaternary deposits covering the plains and valleys
comprising of several grades of sand, gravel, clay and silt of various origin. In these
formations ground water occurs under water table to semi-confined conditions. Depth to
water level varies from 0.77m to more than 10.0m bgl during pre monsoon period.
Constructed deep tube wells reveal that yield can be of the range 44 to 875 lpm for
variable draw down. Monitoring of Network Stations, distributed in the city, reveal depth
to water level maintains consistency and no significant change in water level have been
observed.
Table 1. Depth-wise average yield in granular formation
Average Yield
Area Depth range Zone type
(lpm)
Hand pump, Dugwell,
< 30m 300
Northern STW zone
Bank 30m-100m DTW zone > 1000 *
> 100m DTW zone - No. Data -
Hand pump, Dugwell,
< 30m 200-600
Southern STW zone
Bank 30m-100m DTW zone 450
> 100m DTW zone 1550
* Insufficient Data

5
 Within the city, scenario of northern bank of the river Brahmaputra is different
from that of southern bank. In northern bank, due to deep weathering profile and mono
aquifer system, water-bearing formation exists right from ground level to more than 200
metres. Hence ground water can be developed at shallow depth within 30 metres. Depth
to water level lies within 2-5 metres in the flood plain and alluvial planes. In the southern
bank, ground water potential varies based on depth of weathering profile. In the western
part, in alluvial plain water bearing formation starts from ground level to more than 300
metres with increase in depth towards west. In other parts basement topography and
depth of valley fill deposits control the potential. The depth varies from 15m-150m.
Presence of clay lenses also contribute to the local situation.

Amingaon

Zoo-Narengi Rd.

Fig. 3. Hydrographs from Greater Guwahati area

In general, water level varies according to local topographic conditions, i.e. in

areas close to the undulating inselbergs/residual hills, water level is deeper viz. Basistha,
Borbari, Panjabari, Mathgharia, Birubari area and in areas situated in relatively flat
alluvial planes and valley-fill areas, water level is generally shallower viz. Rukminigaon,
Wireless, Cachari basti, Saraighat Colony, Gotanagar, Jalukbari, Borjhar areas. In valley-
fill areas water level is variable depending on depth of the residuum. Overall depth to
water level gradually reduces from elevated eastern and south-eastern areas towards the

6
flat lying alluvial planes in the west. However, the notable exceptions are Pandu,
Lachitpur (Amingaon) and Rajabari areas. These areas are situated on the active flood
planes of and very close to river Brahmaputra and shows very deep water level. In these
areas, water level seems to be directly controlled by the water level of the Brahmaputra
due to underlying unconsolidated lithology with very high primary porosity and very high
permeability (Typically they also show very low iron concentrations). Study of discharge
logs of inventoried boreholes shows that, in granular formations, there is a general trend
of increased yield with increase in depth. It has been observed that optimal performance
is generally achieved between 60m and 80m, which contributes maximum to total well
yield.

Greater Guwahati area has been assessed for its dynamic ground water resources
using GEC 1997 methodology to be ~10 MCM. Ground water development of the area
has also been assessed for stage of ground water development. Stage of development is
computed to be ~75% with neither pre-monsoon water level nor post-monsoon water
level showing any significant long term decline. Hence, the area may be categorized as
Safe.

Ground water in granular formation in general is slightly acidic with pH value

ranging from 5.5-7.8 and quality of ground water is suitable for irrigation and domestic
purposes except where iron content is high. Electrical Conductivity, which is a function
of amount of total dissolved solids in ground water, ranges from 100-1440 µs/cm in
ground water of the area.
Table 2. Average Water Quality in
Granular formation
Parameters Min Max
pH 6.7 8.09
EC 115 1650
TDS 75 1073
TH 30 390
HCO3 12 366
Cl 7.1 213
SO4 1 72
F 0.02 0.94
Ca 6 92
Mg 1.2 52
Fe 0.02 7.23

7
 Fig. 3. Hydrogeological Map

Land Use Pattern in Guwahati

Comparison of land-use pattern of 1971 and 2001 shows an interesting result.

Increase in total areal coverage by the city during this period is nearly 2000%, which
reflect the growth of city area at ~72% per year during that period. Though there is a
drastic increase in number of residential houses (~15 fold), the area witnessed major
reduction in residential area (-24%). On the other hand, office, industry and commercial
areas increased (~ +10 to +12% each). This indicate increase in economic activities in the
area. Comparing the growth rate of the city with decreased proportions in open areas
(-1.91%) and water bodies (-5.25%), it may be safely concluded that maximum utilisation
of land holdings had taken place during this period. This indicates that land holding is not
easily avail in the plains and higher reaches have been utilised i.e. the hills. With this
situation, the nature of construction is bound to change where individual houses will be
replaced by multi-storied buildings and that is exactly what we are witnessing in 2006.

8
 40
1971
35 2001

30

25

% Area
20

15

10

0
Commercial

Parks & Recreation

Public & Semipublic
Residential

Industrial

Cantonment Area
Roads

Waterbodies

Vacant Land
Airport
Railways

Fig. 4. Land use pattern of Guwahati, 1971 and 2001

Domestic Water Supply System in Guwahati

Public water supply system in Guwahati has historical significance. After

declaration of Municipal body in 1873, first water treatment plant was constructed in
Guwahati in 1887. Later Municipal body was declared as Guwahati Municipal
Corporation (GMC). Oldest Water Treatment Plant (WTP) under GMC is Panbazar WTP
(still working) was established in 1962 (under earlier body). Later incorporations are
Satpukhuri WTP (1985) and Kamakhya WTP (1998). In 1954 under the Directorate of
Public Health, Assam, a Public Health Engineering Cell was created to handle the
centrally sponsored “National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme”. The same cell
has been upgraded to Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) in 1961. PHED in
1957 has proposed construction of four tubewell to augment the water supply in
Guwahati town. Out of this four tubewells three were successful. Later Assam Urban
Water Supply and Sewerage Board (AUWS&SB) was also established in 1996 to cater
the demand for water.

However, the data indicate that only 22 wards get water supply from GMCWW
and only 10 wards get water supply from ASWS&SB which are also not mutually

9
exclusive. This amount to that only 31 wards of 60 wards gets water supply from
GMCWW and ASWS&SB. Additionally PHED covers ~15000 persons through its
schemes in the area. Apart from the above mentioned public water supply systems,
Railway Colony (N. F. Railway) and Refinary Colony (Indian Oil Corp., Noonmati) has
its own water supply system (6 and 11 MLD respectively, source is River Brahmaputra).
Hence, for the entire Greater Guwahati area, supplied water covers ~48% of total
population. Moreover, only 81800 m3 is supplied (all sources) where requirement would
have 121371 m3. Hence per capita supply is ~ 90 LPD which is way behind the Indian
standard for urban area (135 LPCD).

Hence, public water supply system being insufficient to cater the large population
of Guwahati with its limited infrastructure, most of the major industries, industrial
complexes, office complexes, hospitals, institutions, cantonments, and residential
complexes try to maintain their own arrangement (spot source) and does not rely on
public supply. The additional demand is commonly met by supplementing from dug
wells, dug wells fitted with pump and deep tube wells i.e. tapping the ground water
resources.
Study of the Census 2001 data indicate that in GMC area still now dugwell is the
most common source of drinking water located within the premises of a household
closely followed by taps (includes both supply water tap and individual pump
installations). However, in near premises condition, hand-pump is most favoured. In this
area nearly in every three households one dugwell is present. In North-Guwahati (T.C.)
area, in all conditions source of drinking water is most commonly tap followed by
dugwells.

Industrial and Infrastructural Water Supply System in Guwahati

Industrially the area is poised to grow. At present most of the industries are
managing water requirement by their own mechanism. No specific data show declining
water level trend in the area due to industrialization, however pockets of depression may
exist. There is no regulatory measure is in place. Large scale water pollution may take
place as there is not much control on effluent discharge.

10
 Guwahati Municipality Area North Guwahati T.C.

80,000 1,800

70,000 1,600

1,400
60,000
1,200

Households
50,000
Househols

1,000
40,000
800
30,000
600
20,000
400
10,000
200
0
0
Dugwell

Tap

Handpump

Tubewell

Spring

Any other

River, Canal

Tank, Pond, Lake

Tap

River, Canal

Dugwell

Handpump

Spring

Tank, Pond, Lake

Tubewell

Any other
Fig. 5. Distribution of Source of Fig. 6. Distribution of Source of
drinking water in Guwahati drinking water in North
Municipality area Guwahati (Town Committee)
area

Infrastructural water supply is of utmost importance in any urban setup. With the
growth of a city/urbanization, infrastructure grows in a planned as well as unplanned
fashion, partly out of social development strategy partly by shear need of it. The word
infrastructure broadly includes development of schools, academic institutions, hospitals
etc., development of related facilities e.g. Fire fighting capacity, road cleaning, petrol
pumps, public transport, port facility (harbour, airport, etc.), location specific non-civilian
infrastructures and development of large scale housing facility etc. However in Greater
Guwahati area, no infrastructural supply exists except some schools and Govt. hospitals
and mostly met with own initiatives. No fire fighting capacity excluding surface ponds
and nalas or own initiatives.

Water related problems

The area faces several problems with respect to groundwater condition. They are
water logging, Pollution from sewerage, unplanned abstraction, high iron (Fe) content in
groundwater etc. All the problems, except the high Fe content of groundwater, can be
related with rapid urbanization process.

11
 In last decade the area saw an unprecedented population growth 153.75%. Being
the gateway of north-eastern India, Guwahati city is poised to grow. However, the present
momentum of developmental activity is outpacing the growth rate of the city.
Developmental activity for various purposes is resulting into filling up of marshy lands
and agricultural lands as well as cutting of hill slopes. This is chocking the natural
drainage network of the area and converting the entire area prone to water logging, as
well as increasing the risk of slope failure. Unplanned groundwater abstraction in the area
may also affect the groundwater flow regime. Artificially created cone of depressions by
large scale pumping may change the flow patterns.

By disturbing the natural flow pattern, sewerage and garbage disposal are also
becoming burning problems for the city, which may also act as sources of pollution for
groundwater. There is significant effect of land fill sites on ground water quality. As
these landfills are subject to leaching by percolating water, the drained output called
leachet is known to be containing large number of inorganic and organic contaminants,
which ultimately pollute the ground water. It has been estimated for Guwahati, with its
near 1 million population, about 190 metric tonnes of solid waste are generated daily.
Hence the annual waste generation is ~70000 tonnes. Water table being shallow in
Greater Guwahati area, pollutants may easily reach the flow regime. However due to the
presence of high gradient of flow and continual flushing by river Brahmaputra, problems
are not severely felt till date.

It has been estimated that in Guwahati, about 70-90% of the total consumption of
water is discharged as waste water. Most of the city’s waste water is in the form of
sanitary sewerage and domestic sewerage together with liquid waste from commercial
establishments like hotel/restaurant, hospital/health care units. The sewerage flows to the
river Brahmaputra, initially through drains and then through tributary rivers like Bharalu,
Khanajan etc. Treated effluents from refinery are directly discharged in to the river
Brahmaputra through an underground tunnel.

12
 Ganeshguri-Hengrabari Rd. Hill-slope cutting (Lalmati area)
after 72hrs of raining

Apart from anthropogenic problems, geogenic problems such as high Fe of

groundwater is also present in the area. The area is underlain by granitic rocks.
Weathering of these rocks under tropical humid climate resulted in to generation of thick
pile of ferruginous laterites. Hence the groundwater of the area is generally show high
iron content. Recently, sporadic high F content has been reported from few localities of
Greater Guwahati area. Study indicated that groundwater from granular formation
contain fluoride within permissible limit. Sporadic high F content has been observed in
groundwater from fractured formation of and indicated its relationship with underlying
fractures pattern; however more elaborate study is required in this regard.

Recommended Strategy

In the face of increased urbanization, abstraction and pollution related problems

indicate different direction of work, hence highlighting the need for proper micro level
planning. Authors emphasize that there should be planned withdrawal of Ground water in
controlled condition under an umbrella of legal framework with strict water related laws
in place to achieve sustainability. In Greater Guwahati area, though major industries treat
effluents, in absence of stringent laws, all industrial effluents may not be sufficiently
treated due to economical factors. As mentioned earlier, domestic liquid wastes are
directly discharged to the river. Seeing the growth pattern of the area, the authors feel that

13
long-term and short-term policy formulation for effluent treatment is a must for the area
on immediate basis.

In view of the above, general guidelines for developmental works has been
summarised in Table 3. However the suggestions are general and should be site-specific
before commencement of any work.

Table 3. Recommended Development aspects

Development Type
Septic Tank System
Dug Well (Domestic Purpose)
Hand Pump (Domestic Purpose)
STW (Irrigation Purpose)
DTW (Irrigation & Community
Supply Purpose)
Land-Fill Site
Sewarage line
Non operating wells and
Dugwells
Underground Water Reservoir
Underground Reservoir for
Petroleum products
Suggestions
Grouted chambers, raised tile bed
~15-20m away from septic tank system and landfills
~15-20m away from septic tank system and landfills,
should be taping 25-30m bgl zone
Should be one in 0.5 ha, taping atleast 30m bgl zone
Not much effect, except spacing should be
maintained
Must be avoided in highly vulnerable areas. Site
selection should consider groundwater flow
directions, depth to groundwater level, recharge-
discharge relationship, underlying geological
material
Must be lined. Should have proper gradient to avoid
clogging.
Should be filled with sand and clay
Should be ~15-20m away from septic tank system
and landfills. Periodical checking for leakage
Should be avoided. Must be kept ~30-50m away
from potable water sources. Should be grouted.
Should be periodically checked for leakage.

For efficient working of neighbouring wells without causing mutual interference

during pumping, some control on ground water development should be employed. The
spacing between two adjacent tube wells should be kept at two times the radius of
influence, as estimated, on the basis of field tests. The spacing recommended between
adjacent pumping wells is given in Table 4.

On the other hand, though the plains of the Greater Guwahati area have sufficient
groundwater in storage, in hilly parts, the situation is different and the citizens face acute
water crisis. Spring development may be a viable solution in those areas, as several

14
springs are present in Greater Guwahati area. Typically these springs are perennial with
average monsoon discharge of 0.8 lps. However average daily discharge is 70m3 which if
stored properly can serve about 150 households with 100 lpcd. Hence, spring
development may be a viable solution for alleviating water scarcity in higher reaches. If
augmented with rainwater harvesting structures, they will provide good quality, potable
water round the year. Springs are also less liable to human contamination as they are
situated at higher altitude. Water distribution under gravity would also eliminate the cost
of pumping.

Table 4. Recommended depth and spacing for abstraction structures

Recommendations
Abstraction Supporting
Yield Purpose Optimum
structure Household/ Spacing
Depth
Command Area

Dug well < 50 lpm Domestic 5 - 15 m 1 - 3 hh 10 – 20 m

Handpump < 50 lpm Domestic 10 - 20 m 2 - 5 hh 20 - 30 m

Domestic 20 - 30 hh
Shallow tube well 150 – 500 lpm
20 -40 m 150 - 200 m
(Granular Formation) Avg. 200 lpm
Irrigation 3 - 5 ha

Domestic 300 - 400 hh

Deep tube well 100 – 3000 lpm
80 - 90 m 1500 - 2000 m
(Granular Formation) Avg. 650 lpm
Irrigation 25 - 50 ha

Domestic 75 – 85 m 120 - 150 hh

Deep tube well 9 – 1500 lpm
105 - 130 m Site specific
(Fractured Formation) Avg. 215 lpm
Irrigation 195 - 215 m 5 - 10 ha

ha: Hectare; mcm: Million Cubic Meter; hh: Households;

Average household size in Greater Guwahati area is 4.29 persons;

High iron in groundwater of the area is effectively reduced by use of domestic

sand filters. Oxidation and use of alum may further enhance the process of reduction of
Fe content within permissible limits. In view of fluoride threat, groundwater from wells
tapping fractured formation must be chemically analysed.

15
 References

Devi, S. (1998) Hydrogeological Condition and Ground water Development Potentialities

in Greater Guwahati with special emphasis on Drinking Water Requirement; AAP
1997-98; Unpub. CGWB Report; NER; 23 P.

Goswami, D. N. D. (1960) Geology of Assam; Gauhati University Publication;

Guwahati; 161 P.

Gogoi, U. (1995) Ground water resources and development prospects in Kamrup district,
Assam; Unpub. CGWB Report; NER; Technical Series D; No. 34; 28 P.

Pathak, B., Rao, M. V., Sarmah, S. K., and Sharan, R. B. (1998) Geophysical studies in
Beltola-Satgaon urban area, Guwahati, Kamrup district, Assam; Proc. Regional Sem.
on Dev. of Geol. Res. In N.E. India; Guwahati University; Guwahati; pp. 393-403.

Prasad, K. K. (1975) Ground water resources of Assam with special reference to planning
and development for irrigation purposes; Technical bulletin of CGWB; Series A; No.
B.

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