AF@MIQI K_AF@TIATY_I
Okabgrnumd
- Af`mk anvirs mikrcy ;/;1 ne tfi ckmd krik ne tfi wfnci wnrcd.
- Lnumtk`mnus w`tf ixtims`vi eirt`ci vkcciys `m tfi l`ddci, grikt pck`ms kmd fkronurs tfkt prnlntid
lkr`t`li anmtkat.
- T`loir ks tfi pr`ma`pkc ou`cd`mg lktir`kc, anlo`mi w`tf or`ab.

Ou`cd`mg typis
@lpir`kc Kraf`tiaturi
- usukccy k wkccid a`ty tfkt anmtk`ms ou`cd`mgs tfkt wiri znmid kaanrd`mg tn tfi`r eumat`nms kmd
`lpnrtkmai2 imtrkmai `s ernl snutf kmd pr`vkti kriks `mtimdid enr tfi rnykc ekl`cy `s sit okab ekr
mnrtf wfiri`m imtry `s enro`ddim w`tfnut kutfnr`ty
Tilpci Kraf`tiaturi
- Tilpcis wiri ou`ct nm tfi lnst ekvnurkoci s`ti kaanrd`mg tn eimg sfu`

_ic`g`nus Kraf`tiaturi
- Af`misi ric`g`nus kraf`tiaturi anms`sts lk`mcy ne tilpcis ne Ouddf`sl, Cklk`sl, @sckl`sl, kmd
Tkn`sl.
- Tfiy d`eeir kaanrd`mg tn tfi d`eeirimt ric`g`nus dnatr`mis kmd riqu`rilimts ne uskgis.
Zkgndks
- Lnst typ`akc Af`misi ou`cd`mg usukccy natkgnmkc `m pckm, ndd muloir ne stnr`is, usukccy 0 nr ;1
stnriys kmd ripiktid rnnes, f`gfcy ancnurid kmd w`tf up turmid ikvis, scnpis tn ikaf stnriy
Trkd`t`nmkc fnusis
- Enccnws k syllitr`akc pckm typ`akc tn kcc ou`cd`mgs

-nwmir‐s
Ou`ct krnumd k anurtykrd
znd`ka pckmmid eriquimtcy nm k mnrtf-snutf kx`s, out afkmgis kaanrd`mg tn tfi
s`gm dilkmds
s`gm dilkmds
Zk`cnus
- Lnmulimtkc gktiwkys fkv`mg k trkoiktid enrl ne stnmi
s tnmi nr wnnd anmstruat`nm w`tf n
nmi,
mi, tfrii nr
e`vi npim`mgs kmd netim oncd prnhiat`mg rnnes
Or`dgis
-  Qtnmi kraf or`dgi
-  Arnss or`dgi
-  X`gzkg or`dgi
-  Zkv`c`nm or`dgi

Ou`cd`mg ixklpci
 

Enro`ddim A`ty - sirvid ks tfi fnli ne ilpirnrs kmd tfi`r fnusifncds ks wicc ks tfi airilnm`kc kmd
pnc`t`akc aimtri ne Af`misi gnvirmlimt enr kclnst 9:: yikrs.
- wks dis`gmid tn oi tfi aimtri ne tfi kma`imt, wkccid a`ty ne Oi`h`mg.
Tilpci ne fikvim - nmi ne tfi ckrgist tilpci anlpcixis `m af`mk & k pkrkd`gl ne kraf`tiaturkc
okckmai & sylonc`sl.

Grikt Wkccgimirkccy
lktir`kcs, ne Af`mk -ou`ct
k sir`is ne km
kcnmg enrt`e`akt`nms
ikst-tn-wistlkdi
c`mi ne stnmi,
karnss tfior`ab, tklpid
f`stnr`akc ikrtf, onrdirs
mnrtfirm wnnd, kmd ntfir tn
ne af`mk
prntiat tfi Af`misi stktis kmd ilp`ris kgk`mst tfi rk`ds kmd `mvks`nms ne tfi vkr`nus mnlkd`a
grnups ne tfi Iurks`km stippi.
Qnurai8 fttp8//www.af`mkf`gfc
fttp8//www.af`mkf`gfc`gfts.anl/gri
`gfts.anl/griktwkcc/
ktwkcc/

HKZKMIQI K_AF@TIATY_I
K_AF@TIATY_I
- Anlpnsid ne sivirkc `sckmds surrnumdid oy ond`is ne wktir (sik ne hkpkm-wist kmd pka`e`a naikm-
ikst)
- Tfi lnumtk`ms ne hkpkm anmtk`m ;:% ne tfi wnrcd‐s lnst kat`vi vncakmnis
vncakmnis  
Kraf`tiaturkc afkrkatir
- Q`lpc`a`ty, ksyllitry, sims`t`v`ty tn mkturkc imv`rnmlimt kmd tfi usi ne mkturkc lktir`kcs
- _istrk`mid kraf`tiaturkc trkd`t`nm `m lkrbid anmtrkst tn km ixuoirkmt trkd`t`nm afkrkatir`zid oy
lnmulimtkc`ty kmd usi ne oncd ancnrs
- Trkd`t`nmkc Hkpkmisi kraf`tiaturi `s ne t`loir anmstruat`nm kmd usis nmcy pnst kmd c`mtic systil
Ou`cd`mg typis
Zkckais kmd lkms`nms
- @lpir`kc pkckai wiri s`lpci typi, anms`st`mg ne k pr`ma`pkc fkcc hn`mid oy anrr`dnrs tn tfrii sipkrkti

pkv`c`nms enr tfi ekl`cy ne tfi ilpirnr

Tilpcis kmd sfr`mis
Akstcis
- Lnst prnl`mimt struaturi
-  Lnumtk`mtnp akstci
-  Ecktckmd lnumtk`m akstcis
-  Ecktckmd akstcis
-  Wktir akstcis
Fnusis
- Ou`ct oy iriat`mg wnndim anculms nm tnp ne k eckt enumdkt`nm lkdi ne pkabid ikrtf stnmis -
icivktid nm grnumd kmd ck`d fnr`znmtkc wnndim ecnnr oikls
o ikls
 

Tik fnusis
- anlpnsid ne twn icilimts8
;. Ou`cd`mg `tsice
?. Gkrdim
Tnr``
- Gkti w`tfnut dnnrs lkrb`mg tfi imtrkmai ne k Qf`mtn sfr`mi
Zkgndk
Ntfir struaturis
Bkbu ‑ `mtr`akticy kmd ickonrkticy dianrktid gkrdim pkv`c`nms
p kv`c`nms
Qfnsn`m ‑ triksuri fnusi wf`af akm oi enumd `m Ouddf`st tilpcis kmd gnvirmlimt fnusis
stnrifnusis ‑ icivktid
Mnf tfiktirs
Quln r`mgs ‑ w`tf rk`sid pcktenrl konut 9.4:l `m d`klitir

Lirafkmt fnusis
Ekrlfnusis
Ou`cd`mg ixklpcis
Tndk`h` tilpci
- ckrgist wnndim struaturi `m tfi wnrcd
F`lih` akstci
-f`cctnp Hkpkmisi akstci anlpcix
Qnurai8  fttps8//www.drnponx.anl/s/kh9?auc9rnph;v4/hkpkmisi%?:kraf`tiaturi^pr`mt.dnax>
Qnurai8 fttps8//www.drnponx.anl/s/kh9?auc9rnph;v4/hkpkmisi%?:kraf`tiaturi^pr`mt.dnax>dc<:
dc<:

BN_IKM K_AF@TIATY_I
Okabgrnumd
- Lnumtk`mnus ckmd w`tf d`virsi gincngy (rnabs, grkm`ti kmd ntfir litklnrpf`a)
- Mn w`di kccuv`kc pck`ms kmd nmcy ;/9 ne tfi ckmd `s krkoci
Kraf`tiaturkc afkrkatir
- Mkturi ks tfi lnst eumdklimtkc `mecuimai ne kraf`tiaturi
- Ou`cd`mg `s tn oi siim ks viry strnmg fnr`znmtkccy rktfir tfkm virt`akccy
 

Ou`cd`mg typis
Trkd`t`nmkc fnusis
Fkmnb ‑ k trkd`t`nmkc kraf`tiaturkc styci ne bnrik.
Anurtykrd fnusi pckm ‑ typ`akc ckynut ne trkd`t`nmkc bnrikm fnusis2 mnrlkccy anms`stid ne k anurtykrd
nr grnup ne anurtykrds krnumd wf`af rnnls kmd ntfir spkais wiri grnupid tn lkbi tfi d dwicc`mg
wicc`mg
anlpcix
F@QTN_@AKC IUIMTQ
;. Z_I-F@QTN_@A AYCTY_IQ
Z@T FNYQIQ ‑ w`tf fikrtfs, stnrkgi p`ts kmd spkai enr wnrb`mg kmd sciip`mg
CNG FNYQIQ ‑ cky`mg cngs nm tnp ne nmi kmntfir, `mtirst`ais oitwiim cngs wiri e`ccid w`tf acky tn
biip tfi w`md nut
ICIUKTID FNYQIQ ‑ nr`g`mkccy stnrkgi fnusis
?. TF_II B@MGDNLQ (1_D ‑ 4TF AIMTY_P 556)
- Q@CCK, BNGY_PN KMD ZKIBAFI
- Enrtriss kraf`tiaturi ou`ct fnr`znmtkccy kmd virt`akccy kcnmg `mac`mi scnpi
- Ouddf`st tilpcis fkv`mg 1 FKCCQ ; ZKGNDK styci
- Divicnplimt ne pkgndk dis`gm kmd anmstruat`nm litfnd
- Nosirvktnr`is kmd rnykc gkrdim nm pkckais - tnlo kraf`tiaturi tfkt wiri lnmulimtkc `m sakci kmd
fkd lurkcs tfkt rieciat tfi kraf`tiaturi ne tfi spia`e`a pir`nd
- Lkturid aucturi ne Tkmg Dymksty `m Af`mk
1. BN_PN 0;6 ‑ ;10?
TILZCIQ ‑ `mecuimaid oy Tkmg kraf`tiaturi `m Af`mk tfkt divicnpid tfi orkabit`mg systils w`tf
struts ZKGNDKQ ‑ k miw `dik ne natkgnmkc pkgndk ernl Af`mk lkdi ne t`loir kmd wnnd
4. AFNQNM ;10? - ;607
ANMEYA@KM@QL ‑ divicnplimt ne a`v`c sirv`ai, Anmeua`km safnncs kmd kakdil`as kmd Anmeua`km
sfr`mis2 ixira`si prkat`akc`ty, erugkc`ty kmd fkrlnmy w`tf mkturi
9. ANCNM@KC ZI_@ND - Hkpkmisi kttilptid tn ripckai Bnrikm w`tf Hkpkmisi kraf`tiaturkc trkd`t`nm
kmd ocnabid enri`gm dis`gm lnvilimts
5. LNDI_M ZI_@ND
ZI_@N D - Klir`akm kraf`tiaturi kssulid suprilkay
QZN_TQ K_AF@TIATY_I ‑ ;065 dur`mg tfi Ks`km gklis wfiri `mtirmkt`nmkc kraf`tiats tnnb pkrt nm
divicnplimts ne ou`cd`mg dis`gm did`aktid tn fnusi d`eeirimt spnrts d`sa`pc`mis
 

Typ`akc spkais nm trkd`t`nmkc bnrikm fnusis

;. Kmafki ‑ `mmir rnnl did`aktid enr wnlim cnaktid tnwkrds tfi wist ne tfi fnusi
?. Qkrkmgafki ‑ spkai risirvid enr tfi fikd ne tfi ekl`cy (lkci)2 ditkafid ou`cd`mg sirvid ks
riaipt`nm krik, guistrnnl kmd study krik
1. Bium ‑ skrkmgokmg ‑ usid oy tfi icdist liloir ne tfi ekl`cy
4. Dkiafinmg ‑ anllumkc krik wfiri lilnr`kc sirv`ais, widd`mgs kmd ntfir airilnm`is kri ficd
9. Mulkru ‑ okcanmy2 pr`lkr`cy usid oy k lkci ekl`cy fikd ks spia`kc pckai tn griit kmd imtirtk`m
guists
5. Tnimlkru ‑ virkmdk2 mkrrnw wnndim pnraf rumm`mg kcnmgs`di tfi ixtir`nr ne rnnls
7. Hinmghk ‑ pnraf2 usukccy ou`ct `m km krik w`tf k grikt v`iw
6. Oyincdkmg ‑ sipkrktid fnusi
0. Afndkmg ‑ fnusi enr umlkrr`id dkugftirs
;:. Qindkmg ‑ fnusi enr umlkrr`id snms
;;. Gwkmgafki ‑ wkrifnusi ou`cd`mg2 usid tn stnri vkr`nus tf`mgs `macud`mg tfi ennd kmd grk`ms
;?. Ou-inb ‑ b`tafim2 ou`ct cnwir tfkm tfi rist ne tfi fnusi
Qnurai8 fttps8//www.drnponx.anl/s/4z:ad;`o4yxqtdc/BN_IKM%?:K_AF@TIATY_I^Z_@MT.dnax>dc<:
fttps8//www.drnponx.anl/s/4z:ad;`o4yxqtdc/BN_IKM%?:K_AF@TIATY_I^Z_@MT.dnax>dc<:

K_AF@TIATY_I
K_AF@TIATY_I @M QNYTF KQ@K
Okabgrnumd
- Tfi kraf`tiaturi ne @md`k `macudis prisimt dky @md`k, Zkb`stkm, Okmgckdisf kmd Qr` Ckmbk.
- Tfisi anumtr`is cktir nm gnt sipkrktid oy pnc`t`akc onumdkr`is, out st`cc sfkri anllnm aucturkc
fir`tkgi.
- Tfi d`virs`ty ne @md`km aucturi `s riprisimtid `m `ts kraf`tiaturi.
- @md`km kraf`tiaturi anlpr`sis k ocimd ne kma`imt kmd vkr`id mkt`vi trkd`t`nms, w`tf ou`cd`mg typi,
enrls kmd tiafmncng`is ernl Wist, Aimtrkc Ks`k, kmd Iurnpi.
- @md`km kraf`tiaturi fks `mecuimaid tfi surrnumd`mg rig`nms ne tfi wnrcd, ispia`kccy tfi ikstirm ks`k,
dui tn tfi sprikd ne `diks w`tf Ouddf`sl.
- Ikrcy @md`km kraf`tiaturi `s tfi stnry ne fnw pnwireuc kmd pnpuckr ric`g`nms aiciorktid tfi`r oic`ies
tfrnugf lnmulimtkc dis`gm.
- Lnri tfkm fkce ne tfi anumtry c`is `m trnp`a akmair
- Ou`cd`mgs kri ou`ct tn kdkpt tn tfi ac`lkti
Kraf`tiaturkc afkrkatir
 

Ouddf`st kraf`tiaturi - Ouddf`st tilpcis kri kcc dis`gmid enr anmgrigkt`nmkc usi (lnmkstir`is,
liit`mg fkccs –afn`tyks“ kmd stupk kri kcc
kri kcc pckmmid tn kaanllndkti ckrgi grnups ne wnrsf`ppir
F`mdu kraf`tiaturi - struaturkc systil wks issimt`kccy trkoiktid2 stnmi `s tfi oks`a rkw lktir`kc2
anmstruat`nm wks akrr`id nut w`tf l`m`lkc nr mn lnrtkr
- dianrkt`nm wks eumdklimtkc tn `md`km kraf`tiaturi kmd `s siim `m tfi lyr`kd ditk`cs ne e`gurid
saucpturi ks wicc ks `m kraf`tiaturkc icilimts
Hk`m kraf`tiaturi
- rnab-aut sfr`mis2 cktir tilpcis wiri trkd`t`nmkc stnmi ou`cd`mgs, arnwmid w`tf k dnli kmd sp`ri,
w`tf p`cckrid pnrt`anis2 f`gfcy nrmklimtid w`tf fulkm kmd km`lkc enrls
@sckl`a kraf`tiaturi
- ornugft oy tfi lngucs `m tfi ;:tf aimtury2 e`rst lnsquis wiri ou`ct `m dicf` kmd khlir `m tfi ;?t
aimtury w`tf krakdid prnt`anis, l`mkrits, pn`mtid krafis, stuaan wnrb, ecnrkc pkttirms sit `m
ginlitr`akc erkliwnrb
- tfi kraf kmd dnli oigkm tn oi usid kmd tfi lnsqui nr lksh`d oigkm tn enrl pkrt ne tfi ckmdsakpi
Ou`cd`mg ixklpcis

Ouddf`st Qtruaturis
;. Qtupks ‑ nr`g`mktid ks prif`stnr`a our`kc lnumds tn fncd tfi rilk`ms ne fncy lim kmd mnocis2 anucd
oi km katukc tnlo, pckai
p ckai nvir rilk`ms ne tfi ouddfk nr fncy ouddf`st `md`v`dukcs nr anucd kat ks k
sylonc tn anllilnrkti k skarid pckai2 sylonc ne m`rvkmk (tfi gnkc ne ouddf`sl)2
?. U`fkrk ‑ lnmkstir`is anms`sts ne k qukdrkmgci surrnumdid oy k virkmdkf nm tn wf`af npim s`lpci
squkri aiccs
1. Afk`tyk ‑ pckai ne wnrsf`p2 kssilocy fkcc, ouddf`st sfr`mi nr prkyir fkcc w`tf k stupk kt nmi imd.
4. On trii sfr`mis ‑ (ouddfk wks oic`ivid tn fkvi kaf`ivid imc`gftimlimt wf`ci lid`tkt`mg umdir k
okykm nr on trii)
9. Zrikaf`mg fkccs
5. Tnrkmks ‑ gktiwkys usukccy usid nm stupks cnaktid nm akrd`mkc pn`mts2 ykfsf`/ykbsfk ‑ gnddiss ne
eirt`c`ty tfkt gukrds tfi tnrkmk
7. Qtklofk nr cktf ‑ k lnmulimtkc p`cckr stkmd`mg erii w`tfnut kmy struaturkc eumat`nm, w`tf a`rauckr
nr natkgnmkc sfkets
F`mdu Qtruaturis
Gkrok gr`fk ‑ nr tfi wnlo afkloir2 enrls tfi aimtrkc enaus fnus`mg tfi di`ty ne tfi tilpci kmd `s
prnv`did w`tf k pksskgi krnumd2 slkcc `m sakci wfim anlpkrid tn tfi wfnci tilpci anlpcix2
@sckl`a struaturis
;. Lnsqui - lusc`l aimtir enr wnrsf`p

- Qirvis ks k gktfir`mg pckai enr prkyir, tikaf`mg kmd kcsn kats ks k tnwm fkcc
 

- Ysukccy kx`kc kmd `s nr`imtid tnwkrds liaak (@sckl‐s

(@sckl‐s lnst fncy s`ti)
Qnurai8 fttps8//www.drnponx.anl/s/5lwlhsbkkyz?1;4/@MD@KM%?:K_AF@TIATY_I^pr`mt.pde>dc<:
fttps8//www.drnponx.anl/s/5lwlhsbkkyz?1;4/@MD@KM%?:K_AF@TIATY_I^pr`mt.pde>dc<:

K_AF@TIATY_I @M QNYTF IKQT KQ@K

Okabgrnumd

- Ecnur`sfid `m acikrid v`cckgis `m dimsicy enristid tirrk`m.

- Wnnd kmd oklonn
o klonn wiri usid tn ou`cd fnusis kmd sfr`mis, kmd tn akrvi krt`st`a nohiats
- Lnst `lpnrtkmt struaturis
s truaturis kri pk`mtid w`tf or`cc`kmt ancnrs
LPKMLK_ (OY_LK)
Tfi kraf`tiaturi ne lykmlkr (kcsn akccid ourlk) anlpr`sis vkr`nus struaturis wf`af rieciat tfi
`mecuimai ne mi`gfonr`mg mkt`nms kmd lndirm`zkt`nm tfrnugfnut f`stnry. Tfi lnst prnl`mimt
lnmulimts tfrnugfnut lykmlkr's f`stnry `macudi ouddf`st pkgndks kmd tilpcis, or`t`sf ancnm`kc
ou`cd`mgs, kmd lndirm-dky dicnplimts.
Ou`cd`mg typis

;. Zkgndk
ric`as tfkt(stupk) - tf`sernl
kri f`ddim snc`dv`iw
struaturi akmmnt our`id
`m anmtk`mirs oi imtirid kmdanri
kt tfi`r kri sk`d
nr `mtn anmtk`m
a nmtk`m
tfi wkccs. skarid ouddf`st
?. Tilpci
K. Npim aimtrkc skmatukry
O. Qnc`d anri r`mgid oy k anrr`dnr
A. Anlo`mkt`nm ne tfi twn
1. Lnmkstiry
4. Ancnm`kc ou`cd`mgs
9. _nykc pkckais
5. Ourlisi fnusi - _k`sid nm enur pnsts kmd fks k anmariti oksi. Lkdi ckrgicy ne oklonn. Eckttimid
p`iais ne oklonn lkdi `mtn ckrgi pck`tid siat`nms kri usid tn lkbi tfi wkccs.
Mntkoci ixklpcis
;. Qfwidkgnm pkgndk
?. Qucklkm` tilpci
1. Kmkmdk tilpci
4. L`mgkckdiz` pkgndk
@MDNMIQ@K
- Wkrl, ful`d ac`lkti, mnt luaf rk`m mnr fikt2 wit kmd dry siksnm nmcy
 

- Tfiri `s mn stkti ne ric`g`nm out 69% ne tfi pnpuckt`nm `s lnscil. Lnmulimtkc ric`g`nus struaturis
kri Ouddf`st
- _k`m enrist prnduai pkcls kmd d`ptirnakrps2 lnmsnnm enrists y`icd t`loir, ruooir, oklonn kmd
rkttkm
Ou`cd`mg typis

;. Trkd`t`nmkc @mdnmis`km fnusi

Cnmg fnusi - trkd`t`nmkc dwicc`mg wf`af `s gimirkccy rk`sid nm st`cts, netim sfictir`mg km imt`ri ackm
?. Tilpci kraf`tiaturi - sfr`mis kri imacnsid2 w`tf ec`gft ne
n e stips kcc grnupid tngitfir
Mntkoci ixklpcis
;. Onrnoudur (6:: kd) - lnst nutstkmd`mg Ouddf`st lnmulimt `m Ks`k
?. Qf`vk tilpci ne cnrn dhnmgrkmg kt prklokmkm (0:: kd)
AKLOND@K
- Aklond`k c`is kt tfi eirt`ci pck`ms ne tfi Libnmg _`vir, kmd `s onumdid nm tfi mnrtf oy Ckns kmd
Tfk`ckmd kmd nm tfi snutf oy tfi guce ne Q`kl
- Typ`akc lnmsnnm typi ac`lkti w`tf dry kmd rk`my siksnms2 ixtrilicy f`gf ful`d`ty
- Enrist kri snurais ne fkrd wnnd, tfi pr`ma`pkc ou`cd`mg lktir`kc
- Grkm`ti kmd skmdstnmis kri tfi af`ie ou`cd`mg stnmis2 acky `s usid enr ecnnr kmd rnne`mg t`cis
- Ouddf`sl kmd Orkflkm`sl kri tfi dnl`mkmt ric`g`nms
Kraf`tiaturkc afkrkatir
;. Qtruaturkc systil
- Znst kmd oikl anmstruat`nm
- Qtnmi wiri ck`d `mtn pns`t`nm ks rkw auois ‑ mn lnrtkr

?. Dianrkt`vi systil
- Ancnrid skmdstnmi enr tilpci wkccs
- Wkccs kri dianrktid w`tf oks ric`ie
r ic`ie dip`at`mg grikt okttcis
Mntkoci ixklpcis
;.  Kmgbnr wkt
?.  Kmgbnr tfnl
TFK@CKMD
- Trnp`akc ac`lkti w`tf nmcy twn siksnms2 dry kmd rk`my
Ou`cd`mg typis
 

;. Trkd`t`nmkc Tfk` fnusi - dis`gmid tn biip nut d`riat sumc`gft kmd rk`m, kmd tn pirl`t ks luaf
vimt`ckt`nm ks pnss`oci
?. Tfk` ric`g`nus struaturis
-  Ont
-  Zrkafid` nr pfrk afid`
-  Zfrk skt
-  Lnmdnp
-  Qkck
-  But`
Mntkoci ixklpcis
;. Tfi grkmd pkckai
?. Wkt pfn ‑tilpci ne tfi riac`m`mg ouddfk
1. Wkt pfrk ‑ tilpci ne tfi ilirkcd ouddfk

U@ITMKL
Tfi prnaiss divicnplimt ne U`itmkl‐s kma`imt kraf`tiaturi `s ricktid w`tf tfi mkturkc imv`rnmlimt

kmd sna`n-ianmnl`akc
c`bi pkckais, s`tukt`nm.
cnakc lktir`kcs—
lktir`kcs Ernl
— suaf slkcc lnmulimts
ks oklonn, tnstnmi
wnnd, kmd tfi anlpc`aktid kmd grkmd`nsi
kmd cktir, or`ab, ou`cd`mgs
airkl`a, kmd t`ci—
t`ci—
wiri usid. Tfi systils ne p`cckr, erkli, kmd oikl kri st`pucktid `m tirls ne rkt`n, anrrickt`nm kmd
d`lims`nm. Lkmy ou`cd`mgs fkvi oiim ristnrid lkmy t`lis, snli kri st`cc bipt `m tfi nr`g`mkc enrl,
kmd snli kri l`xid dui tn tfi `mtirmkc nr ixtirmkc ekatnrs.
Ou`cd`mg typis
;. _ic`g`nus kraf`tiaturi ‑ `macudis pkgndks, tnwirs, tilpcis kmd tnlos.
?. Tilpcis - fnmnr`mg pckais ne tkn`sl. Tfi pckais kri netim afnsim tn oi ricktid tn tfi cigimd ne
supirmkturkc gnd nr pinpci. Tfi nutir kraf`tiaturi `s oks`akccy s`l`ckr tn tfi pkgndk out tfi `mmir
fnmnr`mg anmtimt kmd dianrkt`nm `s d`eeirimt.
1. Tnlo kraf`tiaturi
4. Fnusi kraf`tiaturi - trkd`t`nmkccy v`cckgi fnusis kri lkdi w`tf ikrtfim wkccs, k oklonn erkli kmd
k tfktafid rnne.
Mntkoci ixklpcis
;. @mdipimdimai pkckai
?. Zris`dimt`kc pkckai
1. Nmi p`cckr pkgndk
Qnurai8
fttps8//www.drnponx.anl/s/lya:b0muxctkgs5/QNYTF%?:IKQT%?:KQ@K%?:;^pr`mt.dnax>dc<: