Sapna Rani (Final Report) 2030352

A REPORT
ON
SUMMER TRAINING
Exercise in lieu of Industrial Training
Submitted by
Sapna Rani
GCT-2030352
Submitted in partial fulfilment for award of BE

in Chemical Technology
Under the Guidance of

Dr. H.R Ghatak
Department of Chemical Engineering

Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology
Longowal-148106
(Punjab) July 2021
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Summer Training Report entitled which is submitted
by Sapna Rani (2030352) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of BE in Department of Chemical Engineering of SLIET, Longowal, is
a record of the candidate own work carried out by him/her under my
supervision.
July 2021 Supervisor:
Dr. H R Ghatak
Professor
(Dept. of Chemical Eng.)

SLIET, Longowal- 148106
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With the blessings of Almighty God, I have been able to complete our summer training work
of BE in Chemical Technology. I am indebted to all who have contributed in taking up the
summer training work as part of the BE program and I express my gratitude to all of them
from core of my hearts.
I would be failing in my duty if I don’t thank Dr. H.R Ghatak, Professor, Department of
Chemical Engineering at SLIET, Longowal for his constant support throughout my work and
guiding and motivating me by his constant words of encouragement and whole-hearted
support.
I also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of our faculty coordinator Dr.
Amit Rai, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering at SLIET, Longowal for
his full support and assistance during the development of the training.
We express our deepest thanks to Dr. Avinash Thakur, Head, Department of Chemical Engineering at
SLIET, Longowal for giving necessary advices, guidance and arrange all facilities to make my summer
training easier. We take this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully.
I also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty
members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the
development of my training. Last but not the least, I acknowledge our friends for their
contribution in the completion of the training.
CONTENT:
Activity References Report No. of Marks Activity Report
Submission Hrs. allocated Days Submissi
conside on day
red
1 Explore the websites of Internet/ Summarize 3 hrs. 3 Day Day 2
the reputed chemical websites of administrative 1
industries (at least 05 specific structure and
nos.) and for Career, chemical functions of
Jobs, Employability industries chemical
assessments for Websites: industries
Chemical Engineers TCSiON;
AICTE; any
other
2 #1. Identify the suitable Google; 04 page summary 3 hrs. 4 Day 2- Day 4
opportunities for youtube report for #1 3
Chemical Engineering etc. And
Graduates 20 pages of job
i. Employment advertisements
(Industry/service for #2
sector) ii. Self-
Employment (Start-
up/business
opportunity/ setting
up of small plant) iii.
Higher studies
#2. Job advertisements
for Freshers Chemical
Engineering Graduates
posted in the past 5
years (at least 20 nos.)
3 Study of NBA attributes -do- 04 pages report 2 hrs. 3 Day 1- Day 3
for Engineers and 2
evaluate yourself
(pointwise)
4 A Preparation of -do- Powerpoint 3 hrs. 4 Day 4- Day 6
powerpoint presentation of 5
presentation on hard 12-16 no. of
skills and soft skills slides
required by chemical
engineers based on
NBA attributes for
engineering graduates
B Online designated Talks Will be 2 pages summary 6 hrs. 10 - On the
by Experts OR any suggested/ report for each day next
online training sessions arranged talks to talk
online by
departmen
t
C Online course on To be One page 20 hrs. 16 Day 1- Day 15
Soft/Life Skills for arranged Summary of each 14
engineers by day program
departmen
t
5 Study about any specific • Website Detailed report 24 hrs. 30 Day 4- Day 12
chemical industry (of of 11
any lead industrial selected
group): industry
• History • Website
• About industry of
• Vision, Mission, related
philosophy ministry
• Administration • Google
• Organization Chart • Youtube
• Financial Aspects • E-Books
• H.R. functions & And any
contact details related
• Raw materials, source
Products and Note:
Processes Faculty
• Sections/ mentors
Departments of will ensure
Industry that the
• Process flow students
diagram must
• Unit Operations/ understand
Processes details the
• Apply Material and application
energy balance over of Material
the process and Energy
balance.
6  Safety measures -do- -do- 8 hrs. 10 Day Day 15
12-14
• Environmental
Issues
• Energy sources &
energy conservation
7 Study the guidelines/ https://ww Analyze campus 5 hrs. 10 Day 6- Day 10
protocol issued by w.cdc.gov/ living after 9
WHO/ICMR/ any other coronavirus COVID-1
agency / 2019- lockdown like in
Your ideas on ‘Campus ncov/preve academics, hostel
Living after nt- etc. Analyze for
Lockdown Period of gettingsick/ industry
COVID-19’ social- 6-8 pages report
And also suggestions for distancing.
industries html
WHO/ICMR
website
8 A small project related Websites 5-8 pages brief 6 hrs. 10 Day 8- Day 15
to chemical engineering for report 14
at domestic level innovation
(Working model/ projects
software/ Improvement Faculty
in any domestic gadget mentors
or process/ product will ensure
development) through
online
class and
monitoring
Report
For
Exercise in Lieu of Industrial Training
B.E. (Chemical Engineering) 2nd Year (GCT/19)
(01 July , 2021 to 14 July, 2021)
Activity No. – 0 1
Title of Activity - Explore the websites of the reputed chemical industries (at least 05 nos.)
and for Career, Jobs, Employability assessments for Chemical Engineers .
Duration of activity – Day 1

Date of Submission:- 2nd July 2021
Submitted by:
Name –Sapna Rani
Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352
Faculty Mentor/ Supervisor- Dr. H.R Ghatak
Name of Faculty Coordinator (Summer Training) – Dr. Amit Rai

Sant Longowal Institute Of Engineering and Technology
Longowal , District Sangrur , Punjab – 148106
Five Chemical Industries : -
1. Atul Limited :
Founded by Mr. Kasturbhai Lalbhai on September 5, 1947 in
India, Atul Ltd is an integrated chemical company.
Location - Valsad , Gujarat
Product - Caustic soda , Hydrochloric acid
Career - plant Operator , Sales head in chemical
industry.
2 . BASF India Limited :

BASF is multinational chemical company and the largest chemical
Producer in the world.
Location – Ludwigshafen , Germany
Product – Acrisio , Acrobat , Adexar
Career – BASF’s goal is to form the best team by recruiting top talent
And providing it’s employees with first – class training and career
Development opportunities to help them maximize their potential.
3. GHCL Ltd :
GHCL was incorporated on 14th of October 1983.
Location - Noida , Ahmedabad
Product - Detergent , Sodium bicarbonate Career
- HR Philosophy , Internship.
4 . Tata Chemicals Ltd :

Estimated in 1939 in Mithapur.
Location – Gujarat.
Product - Soda ash , Sodium bicarbonate , caustic soda Career
- project manager , supervisor.
5 . IOCL :-
Indian Oil corporation limited (IOCL) , Indian Oil is an government
owned Oil and gas corporation .
LocatIon – Barauni.
Product - Petroleum , diesel and naphtha Career
- Project manager , Unit incharge.
Career as a Chemical Industries : -
Chemical engineering is one of the emerging careers that
deal with designing and supervision of chemical reactions in
an industry for the purpose of energy production or human
development. In the current scenario, chemical engineering
is significant as there is a global shift towards renewable
resources such as hydroelectric and solar. These fields
require innovation and development to make sure that these
resources can meet our energy needs. The major
responsibility of the chemical engineers is to apply the
principles of physics, chemistry, mathematics and biology to
solve the problems that involve the production or use of
chemicals, drugs, food and many other products. The design
equipment and processes for large-scale manufacturing and
direct facility operations.
Job Roles For Chemical Engineers :-
1. Analytical Chemist
2. Energy manager
3. Environmental Engineer
4. Material Engineer
5. Mining Engineer 6. Production manager
7. Lecturer .
Employment Sector/Industry for
Chemical Engineer : -
1. Oil refineries
2. Gas and Oil extraction
3. Power generation industries,
4.Pharmaceuticals,
5.Fine and heavy chemical industries,
6. Agrochemical industries
7.Fibres and Polymer Industries
8.Beverage Industries
9.Universities, Colleges and Schools.
Administrative structure of chemical

Industries: -
1.Production
2.Quality Control
3.Quality Assurance
4.Warehouse
5.Engineering
6.Report
7.HR Admin
8.Accounts & Finance
9.Production
All the above departments HODs report to Plant Head. But it is
important to note that there is Administrative and functional
Reporting. Like All HODs report to Plant Head but their functional
reporting remains at corporate level i.e. to VP(HR)
GI Directors
G2 GM to VPs G3
AGM and DGM
G4 Managers and Sr. Managers
G5 Assistant Managers to Deputy Managers
G6 Executives,
Engineers and Assistant
Engineers G7 All staff up to Sr. Officers G8 Workers i.e. Electricians,
Attendants, Operators.
Function for Chemical : -

1. Chemical industries are very important for the economy of any
country.
2. Chemical industries supply the farmers pesticides and
fertilizers which are essential for crop growing.
3. It's also contributes indirectly to almost every sector to
every economy.
4. Chemical industry contribute to agriculture and food
self sufficiency of every country.
Reference :
1 . https://www.collegedekho.com/careers/chemical-engineer
2 . www.chemanager-online.com/
Report
For
(01 July , 2021 to 14 July, 2021)
Title of Activity – 1 . Identify the suitable opportunities for chemical
Engineering Graduates.
2 . Job advertisement for Freshers chemical Engineering Graduates
posted in
the post 5 years.
Duration of activity – 2-3 days
Date of Submission – 04 July ,
2021 Submitted by:
Name –Sapna Rani
Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352

1 . Identify the suitable opportunities for
chemical Engineering Graduates:
• Employment (Industry/service sector)
• Self employment
• Higher studies
Employment (Industry/service sector):

Employment in service sector:
The chemical sector encompasses a wide variety of process and job
roles. It covers a huge range including food , detergents , solvents ,
point , cosmetics , petrochemicals, metal refining and much more.
Chemical engineers work in the office as well as laboratories.
The Industries that employ chemical engineers are follow as:
1. Architectural, engineering and related services.
2. Basic chemical manufacturing.
3. Health care Industries.
4. Food manufacturing units.
5. Scientific research and development services.
6. Health and energy manufacturers.
7. Biotechnology.
Employment in Industry :
There are a wide range of industries that utilize chemical engineers,
including pharmaceutical, energy and information technology. These
roles will involve developing existing process and creating new
methods for altering materials. There are also other sectors and
careers which utilize the skills developed in a chemical engineering
degree, including quality assurance , manufacturing and consultancy.
Self employment for chemical Engineers

Graduates includes:
1 . Start manufacturing plastics.
2. Agro chemical manufacturing.
3. Chemical engineering consultancy.
4. Start a recycling business.
5. Product/process development business.
6. Biodiesel production.
7. Start a water treatment plant.
8. Start manufacturing plastics.
9. Insecticide formulation business.
10. Manufacture cleaning chemicals.
11. Start a recruitment service.
12. Start a training institute .
Self employment (start-up):

There are not many purely chemical engineering based 'start
up' but there are a few in the areas of sustainability.
Renewable energy, rural development, research and
development, pharmacy that are indirectly connected with
chemical Engineering. Some great ideas of industries we can
start up : industries we can start your business in:
• Food production.
• Petrochemical.
• Industrial chemicals.
• Biotechnology and pharmaceutical products.
Self employment (Business opportunity):

There are numerous opportunities of self employment in
trade and business. One can start a business by setting a
shop or even by starting as a vendor. The activities of trade
men are stocking, distribution of one’s choice;
depending upon his capability and resources.
Self employment (Small scale setup):
Indian chemical industry is expected to register a growth of (8-9)% in
the next decade. It is also expected to double. Its share in the global
chemical industry to (5-6)% by 2021. Individuals from the chemical
Engineering field or having experiences in chemical Product,
manufacturing are now thinking of initiating by a small scale venture
in chemical manufacturing.
Higher studies :
Chemical Engineering is a study of physical science and life sciences
with the application of mathematics and economics. There is a great
scope for the aspirants with a B. Tech in chemical Engineering degree
with wide variety of higher study options and also a lot of job
opportunities in India as well as abroad.
Qualification criteria for higher studies
after B. Tech in chemical Engineering:
The candidate should possess at least 55% marks in B. Tech in
chemical Engineering in order to pursue a higher studies like Master
of Technology (M. Tech) and Master of Business Application ( MBA) ,
the candidate should score a minimum marks in the common
entrance exam conducted by various authorities including Graduate
Aptitude test in engineering (GATE) and common Aptitude test (CAT)
respectively. Some of the universities and colleges conduct separate
entrance exam for admission into various post entrance exam for
admission into various post Graduate courses after chemical
Engineering.
Higher study options after B. Tech in

chemical Engineering:
• Master of Technology in chemical Engineering.
• Master of Engineering in chemical Engineering.
• Master of Technology in Bio Mineral Processing.
• Master of Technology in chemical synthesis and
process Technologies.
• Master of Technology in chemical Technology.
• Master of Technology in Dyestuff Technology.
• Master of Technology in Fibers and Textile processing Technology.
• Master of Technology in Polymer science.
• Doctor of philosophy in Bio process Technology.
• Doctor of philosophy in chemical Engineering.
• Doctor of philosophy in Dyestuff Engineering.
• Post Graduate Diploma in chemical Engineering.
• Master of Business Administration.
2 . Job advertisement for Freshers
chemical Engineering Graduates posted in
the past 5 years:
Company Location Post
name
Bright Future solution Ahmedabad Quality (QA- Qc)
controls
Nirma Ahmedabad Quality inspector
Thermax Pune, India Marketing Head
GAIL (India Limited) New Delhi Executive Trainee
Rajat Minerals Mumbai Senior Engineer

Seven Hyderabad Bio Tech (R&D)
Consultancy
Guljag Industries Jodhpur , Project manager
Limited Rajasthan
Netzi Broad Noida Quality product
band service controller
Pvt.Ltd
Shree cement Beawar GET
JOGI SAFE TECH Surat Quality controller
Pvt. Ltd
Hindustan petroleum Mumbai, India Product
Development
Tata Chemicals Mumbai R&D
Divya placement Faridabad Design Engineer
consultants
Joy Chemicals Vapi , Gujarat Product
Development Executive
Raphe Mphibr Noida Quality control

Pvt. Ltd Executive
Aura Hyderabad Industrial
Laboratories Pvt. Ltd Engineer
Arth Manpower Gurgaon Chemical

consultants Research
Associate
Shiva Global New Delhi Project manager
Environmental Pvt. production/
Ltd Manufacturing
Vednata Mumbai Trainee
Aluminium Limited
SOPHR Solution Bharuch , Technician

Mumbai
Reference :
• https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/services-
sectorgenerates-more-employment-than-any-other
sector/article30019899.ece
• http://entrance-exam.net/higher-studies-after-Btech-in-
chemicalengineering /.
Report
For
(01 July , 2021 to 14 July , 2021 )
Activity No. – 03
Title of Activity – Study of NBA attributes for Engineers and evaluate yourself (pointwise)
Duration of activity - 1 - 2 days
Date of Submission:- 3rd July 2021
Submitted by:
Name –Sapna Rani
Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352
Longowal , District Sangrur , Punjab - 148106

National Board of accreditation ( NBA):
The National Board of Accreditation (NBA) was set-up in September
1994 by the AICTE to assess the qualitative competence of the
programs offered by technical and professional educational
institutions from diploma level to post-graduate level in engineering
and technology, management, pharmacy, architecture and related
disciplines, which are approved by appropriate statutory regulatory
bodies.
NBA came into existence as an independent autonomous body with
effect from 7th January 2010 with the objectives of assurance of
quality and relevance to technical education, especially of the
programs in technical disciplines, i.e., Engineering and Technology,
Management, Architecture, Pharmacy and Hospitality etc., through
the mechanism of accreditation of programs offered by technical and
professional institutions. The Memorandum of Association and Rules
of NBA were amended in April 2013, to make it completely
independent of AICTE, administratively as well as financially.
Objectives :
1 . To conduct evaluation of self-assessment of technical
institutions and/or programs offered by them on the basis of
guidelines, norms and standards specified by it.
2 . To contribute to domain of knowledge in quality
parameters assessment and evaluation.
3 . To access and credit the engineering education program at
diploma , degree and post Graduate level.
4 . To promote excellence through a benchmarking process.
Which is helpful in determining whether and not an institution is able
to achieve its mission and broad goal and in interpreting the results
of the outcomes assessment process.
NBA attributes for Engineers :
1 . Engineering knowledge :
Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization for the solution of
complex engineering problems.
2 . Problem analysis :
Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
3 . Design/development of solutions :
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for public health and safety, and cultural,
societal, and environmental consideration.
4 . Conduct investigations of complex

problems:
That require consideration of appropriate constraints/requirements
notexplicitly given in the problem statement. (like: cost, power
requirement,durability, product life, etc.).
5 . Modern tool usage:
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modelling
to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the
limitations.
6 . The engineer and society:

Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues and the consequents
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7 . Environment and sustainability:

Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8 . Ethics :
Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9 . Individual and team work :

Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10 . Communication:
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with t h e society at large, such as, being
able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11 . Project management and finance :
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work,
as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments .
12 . Life-long learning :
Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context
of technological change.
Myself evolution for NBA attributes :

1 . I have an ability to apply knowledge for mathematics , science
and engineering.
2 . I have an ability to design and conducts experiments as well as
analyze and interpret data.
3 . I have a quality to function on multidisciplinary team.
4 . I have an ability to design a system component or process to
meet desired need within realistic constraints such as economic ,
environmental, social political , ethical , health and safety
manufacturability and sustainability.
5 . I have an ability to identify formulates and solve engineering
problems.
6 . I have an ability to understand the professional and
ethical responsibilities.
7 . Little bit knowledge to understand the impact of engineering
solution in a global , economic and environmental.
8 . I have quality and an ability to communicate effectively.
9 . I have the knowledge of contemporary issues.
10 . I have the knowledge for the recognition of the need and
an ability to engage in life- long learning.
Reference :
1 . National Board of Accreditation". www.nbaind.org. Retrieved
3 October 2017.
2 . "Program Accreditated by NBA". www.nbaind.org. Retrieved
3 October 2017
3 . National Board of Accreditation, India. Accreditation manual
for UG engineering programmers (Tier-1). 2013.Google Scholar.
Report
For
(01 July , 2021 to 14 July , 2021 )
Activity No. – 4A
Title of Activity – preparation of Power point presentation on hard skills and
soft skills required by chemical engineers based on NBA attributes for engineering graduates.
Duration of activity - 4-5 days
Date of Submission – 06 July , 2021
Submitted by:
Name –Sapna Rani
Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352

Longowal , District Sangrur , Punjab - 148106
Soft skills for chemical Engineers :
Technical skills are not enough for chemical engineers to be successful in
the workplace. Engineers interact with a range of disciplines (e.g.,
operators, managers, scientists, customers), present findings to
management, and manage projects. As a chemical engineer, you will likely
find yourself at some point in your career leading team meetings,
mentoring junior associates, negotiating with vendors, participating in
brainstorming sessions, and summarizing your experiments or trials in
reports. These are just a few of the many engineering roles that require so
called soft skills.
Soft skills Attributes :-

The term soft skills refers to nontechnical proficiencies. As the name implies
soft skills are not rigidly defined but often include communication ( verbal and
written) teamwork and collaboration, leadership creativity , and adaptability.
Soft skills classified under personal
attributes comprise of the following :-
1 . Optimize
2 . Emotional intelligence
3 . Responsibility
4 . A sense of humour
5 . Integrity
6 . Time management
7 . Creativity
8 . Motivation
Soft skills classified under interpersonal

attributes comprise of the following: -
1 . Empathy
2 . Leadership
3 . Communication
4 . Good manners and etiquette
5 . Sociability
6 . The ability to teach
7 . Problem solving
Communication skills :-
Communication soft skills are the tools you use to clearly and effectively
converse with others, set expectations and work with others on projects.
Teamwork : -
Most employees are part of a team/department/division, and even those who
are not on an official team need to collaborate with other employees. You may
prefer to work alone, but it’s important to demonstrate that you
understand and appreciate the value of joining forces and working in
partnership with
others to accomplish the company’s goals. This shows that you possess the soft
skills necessary to engage in productive collaboration.
Problem solving skills :-

Many applicants try to minimize problems because they don’t
understand that companies hire employees to solve problems.
Glitches, bumps in the road, and stumbling blocks are all part of the
job and represent learning opportunities. The ability to use your
knowledge to find answers to pressing problems and formulate
workable solutions will demonstrate that you can handle – and excel
in – your job. Discussing mistakes and what you learned from them is
an important part of building a soft skills resume.
Flexibility/ Adaptability :-
In the 21st century, companies need to make rapid (and sometimes
drastic) changes to remain competitive. So they want workers who
can also shift gears or change direction as needed. As organizations
have become less hierarchical and agile over the last decade, it’s
more important than ever for employees to be able to handle many
different tasks and demonstrate a willingness to take on
responsibilities that might lay outside their area of expertise.
Hard skills for chemical Engineers :

Hard skills are learned abilities acquired and enhanced through
practice, repetition, and education. Hard skills are important because
they increase employee productivity and efficiency and subsequently
improve employee satisfaction. However, hard skills alone don't
translate into business success as employees also need to employ
other skills, such as soft skills, that contribute to customer
satisfaction.
Some of the most common examples of

hard skills include:
1 . A degree (or other academic qualification) 2
. An industry specific certification.
3 .Coding ability.
4 . Foreign language skills.
5 .Typing speed.
6 . marketing.
7 . Bookkeeping.
8 . skills.
Hard skills vs. Soft skills :-
Importance of Skills in the Workplace :-

Both hard skills and soft skills are important in the workplace, and
the top skills employers look for will depend on what the employer is
seeking for a particular position.
The main difference between hard skills and soft skills is that hard
skills can usually be taught in a series of concrete steps. From an
instructor’s or a manager’s perspective, teaching someone how
to code is a more easily defined process than teaching them to
listen and communicate effectively with a client.
Soft skills can’t be learned by rote, and they involve
emotional intelligence and empathy, which often makes them
more complicated to impart to a student.
The bottom line is that both hard and soft skills are important to
career readiness. Once you have both, you’ll be able to do
your job well in the real world, where it’s essential to know
what you’re talking about—and be able to talk about it so that
other people can understand.
Reference:-
1 . https://www.aiche.org/resources/publications/cep/2017/april/soft-
skillschemical-engineers
2 . https://www.thebalancecareers.com/what-are-soft-skills-2060852
Report
For
(01 July , 2021 to 14 July, 2021)
B.E. (Chemical Engineering) 2nd Year (GCT/19
Activity No. – 4 b
Title of Activity – Online designated Talks by Experts OR any
online training sessions .
Duration of activity – On the day next to talk
Date of Submission – 0 8 July , 2021
Submitted by:
Name –Sapna Rani
Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352

Online designated talk by experts or any
online sessions.
Webinar by Talent serve

• Carving your career.
• From the perspective of the corporate world
Speakers :
1 . Yatin Mohan
2 . Vijaya Bachhav
3 . Anish Chaurashiya
Effect of covid on employment:

Change in market capitalization % from till may.
1. Pharma and biotech 28%.
2. Telecom 15%.
3. Energy sutilites 13 %
4. Consumer Durables -14%
5.Automative -24%
6.Barking -39%
7. Indian unemployment rate back down after covid
19 average unemployment rate in India (2016 –
2020) May 2016: - 9.7%
July 2017:- 3.4%
Jun2020 :- 8.5%
Career Trends in India 2021 : -

• Freelance content creators ( Podcaster , creative writers).
• Social media and digital marketing roles (social media marketing).
• Marketing roles (Brand associate ).
• Specialized Engineering roles.
• Finance roles (Equity Trader , Treasurer).
• Education roles (Academic advisor officer).
• E – commerce roles.
• Health care roles.
• User Experience designer roles.
Resume Building :-
• Mention all the things in reverse chronological order. Ex:- For
education you can start with your bachelor’s degree , followed up
by 12th and 10th.
• Your resume should always be specific, honest and should display
your strength at its best .
• When you make resume define your self in one word. Always
support your self and your strength through out the resume with
the best adjective to describe you.
• Never lie on your resume.
What makes a great interview?

• Research the company.
• Know the vision and mission of the company.
• Go through their jobs cription.
• Hear them out :-
Listen to them GH entirely and abroad their question so that you can
come up with a good response.
• Be Friendly :-
Interviews are grueling enough lighten the mood by maintaining a
warm stone and listening to your interviewer intently.
• Answer truthfully :-
If you’re applying for a job, you’re let the interviewer known your
strong points , but be truthful when they ask about your weak points.
• Don’t Overall yourself: -
Remember that if you’re going to be hired, you will have to prove
everything you said in your interview.
• Be yourself.
Reference :
1 . ://www.betterteam.com/how-to-be-a-good
interviewer#:~:text=What%20makes%20a%20good%20intervie
w,welcoming%2C%20conversational%2C%20and%20considerat
e.
2 https://www.accurate.com/blog/7-most-popular-jobs-
in2021/
Report
For
(01 July , 2021 to 14 July, 2021)
Activity No. – 4 C
Title of Activity – Online course on Soft/Life Skills for Engineering.
Duration of activity – 1-14 days
Date of Submission:- 15 July 2021
Submitted by:
Name –Sapna Rani
Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352

Summary 01 :
Communication skills : -
It is an act of sending information from one person to another. We
should communicate because it gives, information, persucde ,
express keyed, form social bonds share feelings.
• Communication can be:-

Verbal , non verbal, visual, written.
• Types of buriers to communication:-

Physical, cultural, gender, psychological, language, perceptual.
• Paralanguage:-
Tone, clarity, pace, volume.
• Verbal Communication:-
It refers to our use of words or production of spoken language
to send an intentional massage to a listener.
• Effective communication a rise whenever and non verbal

communication work together.
Summary:-02
Introduction to PowerPoint presentation:-
PowerPoint presentation is a simple way to commutation
information or media through a rises of slides.
Before creating a presentation we should go through 5 ways:-
• What
• Who
• Why
• Where
• When
Importance point to remember:-

• Keep the number of slides to the minimum.
• Use a single word or sentence.
• The size and front types should be readable.
• Avoid all upper case. Background should be simple.
• Use images to simplify content.
• Check the tone, pace,samp; volume of your voice.
• Remember to give credit to the author.
• Includes for where relevant.
• Have an interactive introduction.
Summary : 03
Introduction to Good communication
skills:-
Type of skills:-
• Hard skills
• Soft skills
Hard skills :-
Its are tangible, hard skills are not common to all sectors of the work.
It can be identified only by certification and degree.
Soft skills+ Technical skills =successful career.
Soft skills :-
Soft skills are a set of personal qualities, attitude and samp;, people
skills. Soft skills are people skills that are difficult to quantify samp
measure. These skills help you to maintain healthy relationships.
“Soft skills get little respect, but will make or break your
career”.
• Soft skills includes:-

Communication skills, time management, heighten skills, thinking,
self confidence, business etiquette;8001 setting team work.
Summary: 04
Gain Guidance from career Gurus:-
In this module we learn:-
Clarity of thoughts. Early preparation, compelling, resume, Assess
samp visibility of skills, cracking Interview. Industry relevant skills,
Build up of our network. Nowadays, job market is highly competitive
students need holistic strategy to prepare gain access to the best
opportunities in the corporate would and get a head start in our
career.
There are mainly 6 keys pillar to get a head start which are listed
above in this paragraph.
• Clarity of thoughts means to set clear goals, achieve clear

miles tones. We need to ensure our clearity of thoughts such
as: what should be our dream corporated to join; what is our
passion in life?
• Getting visibility and samp; access means or options should
exist or created with given constraints to gain visibility. Getting
visibility and samp; access include job fair and networking. If
we join job portal help us with good access to corporated and
we should need to always keep our resume updated.
• Acquaring industry relevant skills means to build is
competency and skills through training. This means we have to
get a professional training based on our proficiency. We need
to identify best certification in our area and look for outcome
linkage interview calls/corporate who accepts the certification.
• Our resume is the first impression on company to we have
resume a best practices on creating a winning resume. Our
resume should be of 1-2 pages and the design of resume
• should be simple because recruiters spends than less a minute
on a resume. We should mention our all skills, personal details
samp; objective in our resume. We always need to give correct
details in our resume.
• Cracking a interview is a major part of an job with cracking
interview the recruiter would not be hire us reach about the
company, prepare for about and practice hard.
“These all are 6 pillar to get head start and these will help to
achieve goals in our life and help to get a good job.
Summary: 05
Importance of resume:-
Resume has the power to get you an interview for your dream job
organization use the resume to shortlist potential candidates’. It
speaks to our passion and the career use want to follow. Our resume
is the virtual us.
• Resume is categorized into three types:-

1 . Chronological resume
2 . Functional resume
3 . Combine resume
Importance of cover letter :-

A cover letter is read before our resume is read. So, it gives an initial
Impression of us. The cover letter tells the employer the job roles
that we are interested in cover letters express the points that our
resume a might not cover.
Many employees believes that an impressive cover letter can be a
better indicator than a well structured resume.
Importance of Guidance:-
• Cover letter should be short.
• Resume should be crispand to the point.
• Cover letters include the job title samp; formatting of the
Letter.
• Do not lie anything in the resumes.
Summary: 06
Group Discussion:-
In this module we learnt about:-
• Why samp; how a group discussion is conducted

• Activity participate in a group discussion.
• Use of same effective phrase in group discussion.
What is group discussion?
It is a positive exchange of views on a particular topic. It is not
debate. It is time bond and open to all present in the group. It is not
completion or an argument where anyone the person wins. It is
often used as a mass grading process. All the participants in group
discussion are expected to present their views.
Why is group discussion conducted?
A group discussion is primarily conducted to check our inter personal
skills, such as:-
• Our communication
• Our ability to work in a team
• Our listening skills
• Our ability to express out point of view
• Our ability to handle criticism.
Point to be remember in group discussion:-

• Clarity
• Body language
• Tone of voice
• Appropriate language
• Courtesy
• Confidence
Summary :07
Ace corporate interviews:-
Interview :- An interview is essentially a structured conversion where
one participant ask questions and other provided insure .
The Interview preparation must include these following 4 steps:-
• Prepare
• Practice
• Present
• Participate
Preparation for an effective interviews includes:-
• A good assessment of yourself.

• Researching the organization.
• Updating your resume.
• Preparing list of commonly asked questions.
• Understanding the values details.
In this module we learnt :-
• The importance of an interview.

• The skills and expertise an interview requires.
• The engagement rules of a face to face; interview.
• To answer the interview questions effectively.
• The do ‘s samp; don’t of an effective interviews.
• To develop a good opening and closing strategy.
• To recognize your strength & samp; weakness.
Summary :08
Learn corporate etiquette:-
In this module we will learn :-
The importance of business etiquette. The basic rules of business
etiquette. To follow the right business attire. To follow cubicle
etiquette. To practice the do's and don’t of internet and
meeting etiquette. Business etiquette one follow these rules to
maintain a pleasant work environment. This is done by being
courtesies to co- worker, respecting them and valuing their time.
Basic rules for etiquette and being

countries are:-
• Business cards are used to build your contact list.
• Always maintain a distance of an arm or more when interacting
with an acquaintance.
• Introduce the person who is new to the group.
• In a meeting, do listen to the speaker carefully.
• Keep your voice low about audible.
• Maintain your personal hygiene.
• Don’t interrupt a person while speaking.
• Using foul language is not good.
There are also some etiquette likes:-
• Cubicle etiquette
• Internet etiquette • Meeting etiquette.
Summary :09
Introduction to email:-
What is an email?
Email is the short from for electronic mail. It is the information sent
electronically between two or more people over a network. It
involves a sender and Samp ; receiver.
In this module we have learnt:-
• To write an email using the structure of an email. • To write

an effective subject line and samp ; text.
• To use a few opening so samp; closing phrases.
• To use correct spelling samp; grammar.
• To do's samp; don’t of email writing.
• To follow your company’s email policy.
Summary : 10
Learn corporate telephone etiquette:-
Learn corporate telephone etiquette you will learn that what you
say, how much you say and how you say plays as important role in
the impression you create on the listener. Through this module you
will learn important guidelines to be followed for effective corporate
telephonic communication.
In this module we learnt how to create first impression?
It is the popular belief, that the first impression is a reflection of you
and the work you do. It is an art which can be mastered to build
strong, customer relationships.
How to leave a good first impression

remember APPEND
• Be alert.
• Be pleasant
• Be expressive
• Be natural
• Be distinctive
Do in telephone etiquette
• Identify yourself to the caller at the beginning of the call.
• Answer the call within 2 rings, with a smile.
• Help the caller by providing correct information or transferring
the call to the correct person.
• Be courteous and respectful to the caller.
• Use considerate phrases.
• Be as helpful as you can.
• Ask the helpful as you can.
• Give due importance to the call.
• Take permission before placing the call on hold.
Don’t of telephone etiquette:-

• Don’t bluff.
• Don’t speak negatively.
• Don’t sound weary.
• Don’t be impatient and rude.
• Don’t leave the caller on hold for long.
• Don’t speak to someone else.
Summary :11
Understanding accounting:-
The world of knowledge is infinite, which means that is no end to
leaning, unlearning new skills that are in sync that with the changing
times. The same is in the case of accounting, where managerial
accountant need to have varied basic accounting skills and need to
keep themselves abreast of the new developments in the domain.
However, there are certain jargon, buzzwords and basic accounting
skills that are considered as a prerequisite to becoming a
successful management.
Following is the list of few skills or technical expertise that every
management accountant should be well vessels with. 1 .
Interpersonal skills:-
There is a misconception that the accountants work involves Purley
number crunching. An accountant should also possess great
interpersonal skills as empthy, management, negotiation skills etc.
• Taxation
• Analysis
• Accounting basis.
Summary : 12
Gain foundational skills :-
The foundational skills for effective communication are much
more complex than simply being able to understand others
and express yourself clearly. Being able to listen, self-
owerness, understanding other person.
“Foundation skills are the fundamental, portable skills that
are essential to conveying and receiving information that is
critical to training and work place success. These skills are
foundation for supporting additional operations/task and
learning”.
Summary : 13
Artificial intelligence:-
In this course we will learn about artificial intelligence practical
impact of artificial intelligence. Intelligence behaviour,
intelligence successful artificial intelligence system.
Approach to artificial intelligence, some typical AI problems.
Artificial intelligence refer to the stimulation of human
intelligence in machine that are programmed to think like
humans and mimic their actions.
Limited of AI :-
To day successful artificial intelligence system operate in well
defined domain, employ narrow. Specialized knowledge. Common
sense knowledge needed in complex .
Some typical AI person problem:-
Intelligent entities or agent need to be able to both mundane
and expert task. It has been easier to mechanize many of high
level task we usual associate with the intelligent in people:-
Symbolic integration, playing chess, proving the eorem. Some
intelligent behaviour:-
• Perception
• Reasoning
• Learning
• Understanding language.
Summary :14
Understand artificial intelligence:-
With the evolution of AI , computer system can finish or argument
assignment that would need human intelligence at a much more
significant scale than we would execute. Overselves in domain that
incorporates speech recognization , decision making and visual
perception.
Public speaking has long viewed an art, as has communication in
general.
AI in workplace communication:-
With the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning.
We are about to being a new era for interactions in the work
environment. Such rising technologies are creating existing
opportunities leading in an ecosystem where virtual robot, voice
assistant will serve in collaboration with human to streamline both
communication and operations.
Reference:-
1 . https://in.indeed.com/career-advice/resumes-
coverletters/communication-skills
2 . https://education.microsoft.com/en-us/resource/a2500c7b
3 . https://www.tcd.ie/equality/listen-speak-
heard/effectivecomm/intro/
Report
For
Title of Activity – Study about any specific chemical industry.
Duration of activity – 4 to 11 days
Date of Submission:- 12th July 2021
Submitted by:
Name –Sapna Rani
Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352

Sant Longowal Institute Of Engineering and
Technology
ONGC (Oil and natural gas corporation):
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is an Indian government-owned crude oil
and natural gas corporation. Its registered office is in New Delhi. It is under the ownership
of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. It is the largest oil and gas
exploration and production company in the country, and produces around 70% of India's
crude Oil (equivalent to around 57% of the country's total demand) and around 84% of
its natural gas.[5] In November 2010, the Government of India conferred the
Maharashtra status to ONGC.
In a survey by Government of India for fiscal year 2019–20, it was ranked as

the largest profit making PSU in India. It is ranked 7th among the Top 250 Global
Energy Companies by Platts
ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by Government of India. It is involved in
exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India, and
owns and operates over 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in the country. Its
international subsidiary ONGC Videsh currently has projects in 17 countries.
History:-
Foundation to 1956:-
Before the independence of India in 1947, the Assam Oil Company in the
northeastern and Attock Oil company in the north-western part of the
undivided India were the only oil-producing companies, with minimal exploration
input. The major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to be unfit for
the development of oil and gas resources.
After independence, the Central Government of India realized the importance
of oil and gas for rapid industrial development and its strategic role in
defense.
Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy Statement of 1948, the
development of the petroleum industry in the country was considered to
be of utmost necessity.
Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of
hydrocarbon resources of India. In Assam, the Assam Oil Company was
producing oil at Digboi (discovered in 1889) and Oil India Ltd. (a 50% joint
venture between Government of India and Burmah Oil Company) was
engaged in developing two newly discovered large fields Naharkatiya and
Moraan in Assam. In West Bengal, the Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project (a
joint venture between the Government of
India and Standard Vacuum Oil Company of USA) was engaged in exploration work.
The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore
remained largely unexplored.
In 1955, the Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas
resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector
development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up
towards the end of 1955, as a subordinate office under the then Ministry of
Natural Resources and Scientific Research. The department was constituted with a
nucleus of geoscientists from the Geological Survey of India.
A delegation under the leadership of the Minister of Natural Resources visited

several European countries to study the status of the oil industry in those countries
and to facilitate the training of Indian professionals for exploring potential oil
and gas reserves. Experts from Romania, the Soviet Union, the United States and West
Germany subsequently visited India and helped the government with their
expertise. Soviet experts later drew up a detailed plan
for geological and geophysical surveys and drilling operations to be carried out in the
2nd Five Year Plan (1956–61).
In April 1956, the Government of India adopted the Industrial Policy Resolution,
which placed Mineral Oil Industry among the schedule 'A' industries, the
future development of which was to be the sole and exclusive responsibility
of the state
Soon, after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it became
apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with its limited
financial and administrative powers as a subordinate office of the
Government, to function efficiently. So in August 1956, the Directorate was
raised to the status of a commission with enhanced powers, although it
continued to be under the government. In October 1959, the commission was
converted into a statutory body by an act of the Indian Parliament, which
enhanced powers of the commission further. The main functions of the Oil
and Natural Gas Commission subject to the provisions of the Act were "to plan,
promote, organize and implement programs for development of Petroleum
Resources and the production and sale of petroleum and petroleum products
produced by it, and to perform such other functions as the Central
Government may, from time to time, assign to it ". The act further outlined the
activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its mandate.
1961 to 2000:-
Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the country's limited
upstream sector into a large viable playing field, with its activities spread throughout
India and significantly in overseas territories. In the inland areas, ONGC not only
found new resources in Assam but also established new oil province in Cambay
basin (Gujarat), while adding new petroliferous areas in the Assam-Arakan Fold
Belt and East coast basins (both onshore and offshore).[10] ONGC went offshore
in the early 1970s and discovered a giant oil field in the form of Bombay High,
now known as Mumbai High. This discovery, along with subsequent discoveries
of huge oil and gas fields in Western offshore changed the oil scenario of the
country. Subsequently, over 5 billion tonnes of hydrocarbons, which were
present in the country, were discovered. The most important contribution of
ONGC, however, is its self-reliance and development of core competence in E&P
activities at a globally competitive level.[10]
ONGC became a publicly held company in February 1994, with 20% of its equity
were sold to the public and eighty per cent retained by the Indian
government. At the time, ONGC employed 48,000 people and had reserves and
surpluses worth ₹104.34 billion, in addition to its intangible assets. The
corporation's net worth of ₹107.77 billion was the largest of any Indian
company.
In 1958 the then Chairman, Keshav Dev Malaviya, held a meeting with
some geologists in the Mussoorie office of the Geology Directorate where he
accepted the need for ONGC to go outside India too in order to enhance Indian
owned capacity for oil production. The argument in support for this step, by LP
Mathur and BS Negi, was that Indian demand for crude would go up at a faster
rate than discoveries by ONGC in India.
2001 to present:-
In 2003, ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), the division of ONGC concerned with
its foreign assets, acquired Talisman Energy's 25% stake in the Greater Nile Oil
project. In 2006, a commemorative coin set was issued to mark the 50th
anniversary of the founding of ONGC, making it only the second Indian
company (State Bank of India being the first) to have such a coin issued in its
honour.
In 2011, ONGC applied to purchase 2000 acres of land at Dahanu to process
offshore gas. ONGC Videsh, along with Statoil ASA (Norway) and Repsol SA
(Spain), has been engaged in deep-water drilling off the northern coast of Cuba
in 2012. On 11 August 2012, ONGC announced that it had made a large oil
discovery in the D1 oilfield off the west coast of India, which will help it to raise
the output of the field from around 12,500 barrels per day (bpd) to a peak
output of 60,000 bpd.
In November 2012, OVL agreed to acquire ConocoPhillips' 8.4% stake in the
Kashagan oilfield in Kazakhstan for around US$5 billion, in ONGC's largest
acquisition to date. The acquisition is subject to the approval of the
governments of Kazakhstan and India and also to other partners in the Caspian
Sea field waiving their preemption rights.
In January 2014, OVL and Oil India completed the acquisition of Videocon Group's ten
percent stake in a Mozambican gas field for a total of $2.47 billion.
In June 2015, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) gave a Rs27bn ($427m)
offshore contract for the Bassein development project to Larsen & Toubro (L&T. In
February 2016, the board of ONGC approved an investment of Rs. 5,050 crore in
Tripura for drilling of wells and creation of surface facilities to produce 5.1 million
standard cubic feet per day gas from the state's fields.
On 19 July 2017, the Government of India approved the acquisition of Hindustan
Petroleum Corporation by ONGC.
About the company:-

• Oil and natural gas corporation limited (ONGC) is an Indian
multinational oil and gas company head quartered in Dehradun ,
India.
• It is one of the largest Asia-based oil and gas exploration and
production companies.
• Produces around 77% of India’s crude oil (equivalent to around 30% of the
country’s Total demand) and around 81% of its natural gas
• ONGC has been ranked 357th in the fortune global 500 list of the world’s
biggest corporation for the year 2012.
• It is also among the top 250 global energy company by platts.
Administration of ONCG:-
ONGC is a public sector undertaking (PSU) and governed by the
Department of public Enterprises (DPE) and its polices formulated by internal
management and hence there is no arrangement for consultation with the
members of the public prior to formulation of its internal policies. However,
internal policies of the company are formulated complying with the policy of
government applicable provisions of the constitution, statutes, rule and
Regulation etc.
Vision , Mission ,
philosophy Philosophy
Vision:-
To be global leader in integrated energy business through sustainable growth, knowledge excellence and
exemplary governance practices.
Mission:-
World class:-
 Dedicated to excellence by leveraging competitive advantages in R&D and technology with involved
people.
 Imbibe high standards of business ethics and organizational values.
 Abiding commitment to safety, health and environment to enrich quality of community life.
 Foster a culture of trust, openness and mutual concern to make working a stimulating and challenging
experience for our people.
 Strive for customer delight through quality products and services.
Integrated in Energy Business:-

 Focus on domestic and international oil and gas exploration and production business opportunities.
 Provide value linkages in other sectors of energy business.
 Create growth opportunities and maximize shareholder value.
Dominant Indian Leadership:-

 Retain dominant position in Indian petroleum sector and enhance India's energy availability.
Organizational Structure:-
Organizational level and the span

of management:-
• ONGC , like most of the organization follow a mixed
balanced organizational span depending on the number of
subordinates.
• At the executive level ONGC follows a wide span while at the mid –
level and lower level it follows the narrow span.
Organizational span at the executive level:-
Organizational span at mid level:-
Departmentation At Top level :-

Departmentation at mid level:-
Financial aspects of ONGC :-
Particulars 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015

(Rs. Cr)
Net sales 96165.8 109627. 84963.0 77698.4 77542.7 82870.9
4 76 8 8 2 6
Operating 41809.2 57977.3 44871.1 38626.8 36022.8 37825.9
profit 3 0 1 0 9 8
Other 6105.03 7265.26 7883.55 7676.34 7009.35 5367.22
income
Interest 2823.68 2492.14 1508.47 1221.74 1324.13 2.79
Depreciati 18616.8 15456.1 14470.1 12189.5 11099.9 11267.9
on 6 1 7 4 2 6
Profit 20368.6 40029.0 28892.4 25215.5 23598.8 26555.2
Before tax 9 5 7 2 4 3
Tax 6924.15 13264.4 8947.21 7315.54 7458.91 8822.28
5
Profit after 13444.5 26764.6 19945.2 17899.9 16139.9 17732.9
tax 4 0 6 8 3 5
Share 6290.15 6290.15 6416.63 6416.63 4277.76 4277.76
capital
Reserve 188047. 195499. 186968. 179421. 161496. 140323.
94 42 05 76 92 22
Net worth 194338. 201789. 193384. 185538. 165774. 144600.
09 57 68 38 68 98
Loans 51909.9 45372.5 47838.3 20314.4 18926.7 26820.1
5 6 6 4 5 6
Gross 142376. 130079. 124949. 108810. 96368.3 18124.2
Block 70 84 17 95 6 8
Investment 72429.9 84881.5 85730.8 54149.7 39831.0 18124.2
9 4 0 5 3 8
Cash 968.23 504.06 1012.70 9510.78 9956.64 2760.07
Debtors 4777.39 8439.96 7772.64 6476.21 5431.42 13578.2
7
Net 9893.45 5294.64 480.25 11940.1 16695.5 26515.9
working 2 0 1
capital
Operating 43.48 52.89 52.81 49.71 46.46 45.64
profit
margin
(%)
Net profit 13.98 24.41 23.48 23.04 20.81 21.40
margin
(%)
Earning 10.69 21.27 15.54 13.95 18.86 18.83
per share
rRs)
Dividend 100.00 9595.18 7764.12 151.00 170.00 190.00
(%)
Dividend 7233.67 9595.18 7764.12 9517.99 5919.92 8127.72

payout
H.R Function of ONGC:-

Needless to emphasize this was made possible by the men and
women behind to machine. Over 18,000 technically competent
experienced scientists, engineers and specialist professionals,
mostly from distinguished universities/ Institution of India and
abroad from the case of our executive profile. They include
geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, drilling Engineers,
reservoir engineers, petroleum engineers. Production engineers,
engineering and technical services providers , financial and human
resources experts and IT professionals.
H. R vision:-
To build and nature a world class human capital for leadership in
energy in energy business.
H. R Mission:-
Adopt and continuously innovate best in class H.R practices to support
business leaders through engaged, empowered and enthused
employees.
H. R Objectives:-
• Enrich and sustain the culture of integrity,
belongingness, teamwork, accountability and
innovation.
• Enhance employees competencies continuously.
• Build joyous work place.
• Promote high performance work systems.
• Upgrade and innovate HR practices, system and producers to
global benchmarks.
• Promote work life balance.
• Measure and audit HR performance.
• Promote work life balance, Integrate the employee family into
the organizational fabric.
• Indicates a sense of corporate social responsibilities
among employees.
Measuring HR performance:-
HR parameters have been incorporated in the MOU by ONGC
since 1994-95 , to systematically and scientifically evaluate
effectiveness of HR systems, which enables and facilities time
bond initiatives.
HR parameters of MOU for 2009-2010:-
• Mentoring and coaching
• HR audit
• Engagement survey
• Continuous professional education credits course of
finance executive of ONGC.
A Motivated Team:-
HR policies at ONGC revolve around the basic tent of creating a
highly motivated, vibrant and self driven team. The company cares
for reach and every employee and has in built system to
recognize and reward them periodically. Motivation plays an
important role in HR development. In order to keep its employees
motivated the company has incorporated scheme such as reward and
recognition scheme, grievance handling scheme and suggestion
scheme.
Transforming the organization:-

ONGC has undertaken an organization transformation exercise in
which HR has taken a lead role as a change agent by evolving a
communication strategy to ensure involvement and participation
among employees in various work center. Exclusive workshops and
interaction/ brainstorming sessions are organized to facilitate
involvement of employees in this project.
Participate culture:-
ONGC has been one of the few organization where this method has
been implemented. It has had a positive impact on the overall
operations since it has led to enhanced efficiency and productivity
and reduced wastages and costs.
Women Empowerment:-
Women Empowerment constitute about 5% of ONGC work
place. Various programs for empowerment and development,
including programs on gender sensitization are organized
regularly.
Contact Details of ONGC :-

SI. Name Design Location Landlines Email
No. ation
01. John DGM(H ONGC , 02762262247 Wesley jb@ongc
Wesle R) KDM Mobile no. co.in
yB Bhavan 9428518687
paLvasana
Mishna
384003
02 S. K GM ONGC Avani 0792366426/2 Chaturved@ong
Chatur (HR) Bhavan 3290329 c.co.in
vedi chankheda
Ahmedabad
380005
03. Vijay CGM ONGC , 04368238186 Vijayraj_ir@ongc.
Raj (HR) cauvery co.in
,assists
Nervily office
complex
karaqikal
609604
04 Anil CGM ONGC, 04368235052 Kumar_anil13@o
Kumar (HR) Godavari , ngc.co.in
Bhavan, Base
company,
Rajahmudry
53306
05 Georg GM(HR ONGC, 02227221927 N/A

e ) Dronagiri
Willia Bhavan MR,
m uran Dist
kerket Raigned
ta 400702
06 Sanjay CGM ONGC, 03772252115 goal_sanjay@on

goal (HR) 785695, gc.co.in
ASSESSMEN
T,Nazra
07 N. CGM ONGC, 04428573740 mani_n@ongc.co
Mani (HR) Thalamuthu .in
Natarajan
Building
CMDA
600008
08 A Aru CGM ONGC , 08842374105 arunugan_a@on
magma (HR) 2 gc.co.in
FLOOR
South block
kakinada
533003
09 Assim GM(HR ONGC 03762361525 66626@ongc.co.i
Kumar ) ,A&AA Mobile no. n
Basin, johrat 9410397704
785704
10 N. K DGM ONGC , 3rd 02226274307 Sudhakaran_nk@
Sudha- (HR) floor Mobile no. ongc.co.in
kar 9969223277
Mumbai
400051
11 Rajan DGM ONGC, 01126752176 asthana@ongc.c
asthan- (HR) Hazira plant co.in
a p.o ONGC
Nagar surat
394518
12 Ajay GM(HR ONGC DDU 02612875684 ekka_ak@ongc.c
Kumar ) Bhawan 5 , o.in
Ekka new Delhi
100070
13 H. GM ONGC , - h_behra@ongc.c
Behra (HR) Makarplant o.in
road
Vadodara
390009
14. Alok GM(HR ONGC , 50 03323012623 baxla_alok@ong
Kumar ) JL Nehru c.co.in
baxla road Kolkata
700071
15 U. K CGM ONGC 03812363444 yukaypee@ongc.

Pande- (HR) Badarghat co.in
y Agartala,
799014
Raw materials of ONGC:-

ONGC to produce petroleum products like petrol diesel, kerosene,
naphtha and cooking GasLPG.
Product of ONGC:-
ONGC supplies crude oil, natural gas and value added products to
major Indian Oil and gas refining and marketing companies. Its
primary Product crude oil and natural gas are for the Indian market
products and services.
Production of ONGC:-
Constant efforts by ONGC, one of the leading upstream petroleum companies in India, on the production
front have yielded meaningful results.
Its strong production growth of 4 to 5 per cent is essential for ONGC to maintain its leadership in
India’s hydrocarbon space and provide the country hydrocarbon security. With 4 to 5 per cent growth, ONGC
aspires to increase its share in India’s hydrocarbon consumption from the current 22 per cent to 27 per
cent by 2030.
Through Energy Strategy 2040, ONGC has set a target to double its Oil and Gas production from its domestic,
as well as overseas fields by the year 2040. ONGC also plans to expand its refining capacity three-fold alongside
diversification into renewables.
The strategy document outlines Vision 2040 for ONGC, which could help the group to achieve the following:
• 3 times revenue distributed across E&P, Refining & Marketing and other business.
• 4 times current PAT with 10% contribution from non-Oil & Gas business.
• 5~6 times current market capitalization

Production process of ONGC :-
Step 01:-
A Geologist and Geophysics was conducted by sub surface team
for the searching of reservoir rock which are tracked in mother
earth.
Step 02:-
Once the servay is done, an accurate estimation is done based
on the data available.
Step 03:-
• Vertical oil and well drilling.
• Directional Oil well drilling.
Step 04:-
Once the drilling is completed, tubing pipe is used to extract
crude oil and other hydrocarbon from the earth.
Step 05:-
The crude oil extract from well is transferred to ONGC (Group
Gathering Section) for separation of natural gas from crude oil.
Step 06:-
The mixture of crude oil and water is transferred to CPF
(Control processing facilities).
Step 07:-
The crude oil after processing in CPF is ready for sale which is
transferred to refineries such as IOCL, BPCL , and HPCL through
pipeline.
Section/ Department of the ONGC Industry:
Various sections in the Finance Department:

• Central accounts sections, sale
accounting asset accounting and
skills cost accounting.
• Cash & Bank section.
• Personal claim section
• Pre- audit sections contractual,
supplies payment.
• Budget section
• Miscellaneous payment section.
Function of various sections:-

• Central account section:-
This section is responsible for preparing
the trading a/c , profit & loss a/c &
balance sheet for the respective financial
year. This section is responsible for the
following functions:-
• Maintain of company as a whole
at headquarters and it at
representative assets.
• Submission of the data for
the preparation of income tax
return.
• Area wise account • Producing properly
account
• Interunit transection.
2 . Cash & Bank
section:-
• This section is a responsible for the
receipt & payments either in cash or in
cheque or by any other form.
• Four major activities performed by
cash & section:- 1 . Receipts:-
Revenue received by the selling of
the product produced by ONGC is
received by the cash & bank
section.
2 . Payments:-
Payments to different sections are made
by the cash and bank section.
3 . Fees and Deposits:-

Various fees for issuing tender forms
to our supplier are collected by cash
and bank section.
Management information systems:-

1 . Bank reconciliation statement (BRS):-
A BRS is the result of comparison
between bank balance as per bank
book maintained.
2 . Cash Forecast:-
In the company like ONGC has no problems of cash at all.
3 . MIS:-
This section takes care of any payment due to the
employee & make arrangements for its.
A . Increment:-
Date of increment 1st January of each year.
B . Allowances:-
• Deamess allowance
• Drilling allowance
• Operational allowance
C . Fringe Benefits:-
• Holiday home
• Traveling allowance
5 . Sales Accounting section:-

• Role of this
section:- 1 .
Billing
2 . Receipts
3 . Payments of statutory liabilities.
4 . Finalization of quarterly balance
sheet. 5 . MIS.
Process flow diagram of ONGC:-

Unit operations/, processes
details of ONGC:-
1 . GSU (Gas sweetening unit):-
To remove lethal hydrogen sulphide from sour
gas. Design of GSU:-

Sour gas from slug catcher is distributed to GSU trains, which
comes in center current contact with lean amine
solutions in adsorption column.
2 . Dew point depression unit (DPU):-

The purpose is to remove hydrocarbon condensate from
the sweetened and dehydration gas by chilling to avoid
hydrate formation in long distance HBJ pipeline.
3 . Condensation Fractionation unit

(CFU);-
The unit at removal of H2S and recovery of LPG and NGL from
the sour hydrocarbon condensate separated in the slog
catcher.
4 . Caustic Wash unit (CWU):-

The LPG from CFU contains up to 20ppm H2S which has to
be removed to less than the permissible limit of 4ppm in CFU
before it is sent storage in Horton spheres.
5 . GDU (Gas Dehydration Unit):-

To remove water vapours from sweet gas with the help
of tri ethylene glycol solutions.
6 . Kerosene Recovery Unit:-

NGL produced from CFU is given value addition in KRU by
way of producing aromatic rich naphtha (ARN) , superior
kerosene oil (SKO) heavy cut (HC) and/ or high speed
diesel (HSD).
7 . Sulphur Recovery Unit :-

The purpose is to convert acid gas liberated from GSU
into elemental sulphur from environment production.
Material and energy balance over

the process:-
In a process operation; material quantities as they pass through processing operations
can be described by material balances. Such balances are statements on the conservation
of mass. On the similar line, energy quantities can also be described by energy balances,
which are statements on the conservation of energy. If there is no accumulation, what
goes into a process must come out. This is true for batch operation and also equally true
for the continuous operation over any chosen time interval.
Material and energy balances are very important in an industrial process. Material
balances are fundamental to the control of processing, particularly in the control of
yields of the products. The first material balances are determined in the exploratory
stages of a new process, improved during pilot plant experiments when the process is
being planned and tested, checked out when the plant is commissioned and then refined
and maintained as a control instrument as production continues. If there is any change
in the process, the material balances need to be determined again.
The increasing cost of energy has caused the industries to examine means of reducing
energy consumption in processing. Energy balances are used in the examination of the
various stages of a process, over the whole process and even extending over the total
production system from the raw material to the finished product.
The mass and energy going into any operation unit must balance with the
mass and energy coming :-
The law of conservation of mass leads to what is called a mass or a material balance.
Mass In = Mass Out + Mass Stored
Raw Materials = Products + Wastes + Stored Materials.
∑MR = ∑MP + ∑MW + ∑Mg where ∑ (sigma denotes
the sum of all terms) and:

∑MR = ∑MR1 + ∑MR2 + ∑MR3 + ∑MR4 = Total raw material
∑MP = ∑MP1 + ∑MP2 + ∑MP3 + ∑MP4 = Total product
∑Mw = ∑MW1 + ∑MW2 + ∑MW3 + ∑MW4 = Total waste products
MS = ∑MS1 + ∑MS2 + ∑MS3 + ∑MS4 = Total stored products
If there are no chemical changes occurring in the plant, the law of

conservation of mass will apply also to each component, so that for
component A:
MA in entering materials = MA in the exit materials + MA stored in plant.
For example, in a plant that is producing sugar, if the total quantity of sugar going into
the plant is not equalled by the total of the purified sugar and the sugar in the waste
liquors, then there is something wrong. Sugar is either being burned (chemically
changed) or accumulating in the plant or else it is going unnoticed down the drain
somewhere.
In this case:
MA =MAP +MAW +MAU
where MAU is the unknown loss and needs to be identified. So the material
balance is now:
Raw Materials = Products + Waste Products + Stored Products + Losses
where losses are the unidentified materials. Just as mass is conserved, so is energy
conserved in food-processing operations. The energy coming into a unit operation can be
balanced with the energy coming out and the energy stored.
Energy In = Energy Out + Energy Stored
∑ER + ∑EP + ∑EW y + ∑EL + ∑ES where
∑ER = ER1 + ER2 +ER3 + ER4 … = Total Energy Entering
∑EP = EP 1 + EP2 + EP3 … = Total Energy Leaving with Products
∑EW = EW1 + EW2 + EW3 + EW4 … = Total Energy Leaving with Waste Materials
∑EL + EL1 + EL2 EL3 + EL4 … = Total Energy Lost to Surroundings
∑ES = ES1 + ES2 + ES3 + ES4 … = Total Energy Stored
Energy balances are often complicated because forms of energy can be inter converted,
for example mechanical energy to heat energy, but overall the quantities must balance.
Reference:-
1 . https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation 2
. https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/en/aboutongc/vision-
and-mission/
3.https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/en/sustainability/energ
y-center/organizational-structure/organization-structure/
Report
For
(01 July , 2021 to 14 July, 2021)
Activity No. – 06
Title of Activity – Safety measure, Environmental issues, energy source
used and energy saving aspects.
Duration of activity :- 12 – 14
days Date of Submission:- 15
July 2021 Submitted by:
Name –Sapna
Rani Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352
Name of Faculty Coordinator (Summer Training) – Dr. Amit Rai.

• Offer Training and Resources:-
Don’t assume employees know what to do to prevent or
respond to chemical spills.Trained all incoming employees
thoroughly on standard operating procedures, covering a variety
of chemicals.
•
 Label everything clearly:-
Potentially save a life by properly labelling all chemical containers.
Chemicals often look like, even to expert container
labelling everyone should easily see chemical hazards on the
exterior of the container.
•
 Safety check emergency:-
The occupational safety and health Administration guidelines require
equipment to be on hand and functioning in building that
store or handle chemicals.
• Cleanliness is next to safety: -

Keep work stations clean and organized to prevent accidents. Wet
floors promotes falls. Cluttered work areas encourage inadvertent
spills or mixing. To reduce clutter , keep excess chemicals in their
original containers until headed workers must also have access to
a place to leave work clothes at work prevent workers from
taking home potentially contaminated clothes for cleaning.
•
Keep safety gear in sight: -

To keep employees away from chemical exposure. Safety gear
needs to be worm when in the area. Teach all employees about
the Location of Google, respirator and gloves. Encourage to
chemicals can occur when safety gear is neglected. Making it
easier to access safety equipment will ensure workers use it.
Environmental issues :
The need for a multi dimensional approach in
environmental safety, health and management. Environmental
issues are diverse and result from different factors and
situations. Multi dimensional approach to compact on
environmental perturbation with respect to the presenting.
Noxious factors , such as toxic diverse anthropogenic
activities. The contained success of certain environmental
programmers in the developed parts of the world and the
containing refinement of our environmental objectives in a
contextual designed sustainable development , coupled with
significant additional knowledge in environmental planning and
management have all led to the decision for a global concerted
effort to maintain and sustain our environment for the health
and safety of present and future generations. Chemical
Industries and other interests because they lock the will and
dedication to realise
•
that economic and environment management as well as
health and safety are inextricably linked. Environmental
pollution and control in chemical process industries covers
different types of pollution in chemical and allied industries,
the extent and their nature, source of pollution their adverse
effects and their control and remedial measures.
Energy sources and energy conservation
:-
Energy sources that can be replenished over and over again, they are
never depleted. Some examples include hydropower, solar, arind,
tidal, geothermal energy from inside the earth, biomass from
plants and nuclear fusion.Energy conservation is the effort made to
reduce the consumption of energy by using less achieved either by
using energy more efficiently by reducing the amount of service
used. Energy conservation is a part of the concept of Eco
sufficiency. ECMs in building reduce the need for energy services
and can result in increased environmental quality, national security.
It is at the top of the sustainable energy cost by preventing future
resources depletion.Energy can be conserved by reducing wastage and
losses, improving efficiency through technological upgrades and
improved operation and maintenance.On a global level energy use
can also be reduced by the stabilization of population growth.
Reference :-
1 . https://www.recruiter.com/training.html
. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues
Report
For
(01 July , 2021 to 14 July, 2021)

Title of - Study the guidelines/ protocol issued by WHO/ICMR/ any other
agency Your ideas on ‘Campus Living after Lockdown Period of
COVID-19’ And also suggestions for industries .
Duration of activity – 6-9 Days
Date of Submission – 10 July ,
2021 Submitted by:
Name –Sapna Rani
Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352
Name of Faculty Coordinator (Summer Training) – Dr. Amit Rai.

Activity – study the guidelines issued by
WHO. You ideas on ( campus living after
lockdown period of COVID 19 and also
suggestions for industries.
About Corona-virus :-
Corona virus disease (COVID 19) is an infections disease caused by
a newly discovered corona virus.Most people who fall sick with
COVID 19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover
without special treatment.The virus that causes COVID 19 is mainly
droplets
generated when an infected person caughs , sneezes or exhales . These
droplets are too heavy to hang in the air , and quickly fall on floors
or surfaces You can be infected by breathing in the virus if you are
within close proximity of someone who has COVID 19 or by touching
a contaminated surface and then your eyes , nose or mouth .
The risk of transmission of COVID 19 in health and social institutions

with large vulnerable populations is considered high . The impact
of
transmission in health and social instituents can be mediated by the
application of effective infection prevention and control and surge
capacity.
• Symptoms of Corona virus :-

COVID 19 affects different people in different ways.Most infected
people will develop mild to moderate illness and recover without
hospitalization.
Most Common Symptoms :-

• Fevers
• Dry cough
• Tiredness , Aches and pains
• Difficulty breathings
• Sore Throat
Less Common Symptoms :-
• Aches and pains
• Sore throat
• Diarrhoea
• Conjunctivitis
• Headache
• Loss of taste or smell
• A rash on skin or discoloration of fingers.

Serious Symptoms :-
• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
• Chest pain or pressure.
• Loss of speech or movement.
Seek immediate medical attention if you have serious symptoms. Always

call before visiting your doctor or health facility. People with
mild symptoms who are otherwise healthy should manage their
symptoms at home.On average it takes 5 – 6 days from when
someone is infected with virus for symptoms to show, however it
can take up to 14 days.
Common Symptoms : -
• Fever :- (83 – 99)%
• Loss of Appetite : - (40 – 84)%
• Fatigue : - (44 – 70)%
• Loss of smell : - (13 – 15)%
• Shortness of breath :- ( 31 – 40)%
• Cough : - (59 – 82)%
• Coughing up sputum: - (28 – 33)%
• Muscle aches and pain : - ( 11 – 35 )%
Guidelines issued by WHO :-

Protecting yourself and other form the spread COVID 19.
• Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol based

hand rub or wash them with soap and water.
• Maintain at least 6 feet distance between yourself and others.
• Avoid going to crowded places.
• Avoid touching eyes , nose and mouth.
• Make sure you , and the people around you, follow good
respiratory hygiene. This means covering your mouth and nose
with your bent elbow or tissue. When you cough or sneeze. Then
dispose of the used immediately and wash your hands.
• If you have fever, cough and difficulty, breathing, seek
medical attention, but call by telephone in advance if possible
and follows the direction of your local health authority.
• Stay home and self solate even with minor symptoms such as
cough, headache, mild fever, until you recoverer.
• Keep it up to date on the latest information from trusted sources,

such as WHO or your local and national health authorities.
• To protect yourself and other again COVID 19 clean your

hands, frequently with safe alcohol based hand
sanitizers.
Preventive Measures :
People can takes the following everyday actions to help protect
themselves and other form this illness.
• Hand washing.
• Avoiding touching with Face.

• Limiting contact with other.
• Stay 6 feet away everyone.
• Avoid crowed places.
• Avoid close contact with sick person.
• Cover your cough sneeze.
Prevention of COVID 19 when the

college response after the lockdown
ends :
• When students come from outside, check their body
temperature, if maximum then the normal transfer them to
isolation room.
• Make mandatory of use mask for students in academic area and

hostel for all time.
• Use of sanitizer or soap, when staff and students enter in

academic block and hostels.
• The staff must check the body temperature of students

enters in academic blocks and hostels.
• Its is mandatory for all the students who are coming to college
and their age is above 18 years to take the first does of
corona virus vaccine.
• Whenever possible, classes can be held outside to maintain

social distancing as much as possible.
• Avoid gathering in campus.
• The class strength should be divided into 50% and make

alternate teaching day for each group.
• College should have designated rooms for isolating students with

fever.
• Avoid to enter to other rooms in hostel only allotted students are

enter to their room.
• Beds in hostel should be kept at 3 – 4 feet distance for each other.
• In mess the students are call by floor wise for

dinner/lunch/breakfast for avoid gathering.
• The hostel as well as room should be sanitize regularly.
• The mess are cleaned properly.
• The mess should provide high immune food.

• No one should be allowed to enter in campus and universities
without mask.
• In college campus the social distancing should must be followed.
• In hostel bathroom should be clean properly.

Prevention of COVID 19 when the
Industries reopen after lockdown
period :-
Due to several weeks of lockdown and the closure of industries
units during the lockdown period. In order to minimize the risk to
encourage successful restart of the industrial units.
The following guidelines are being issued : -
• Ensure 24 – hour sanitization of the factors premise :-
Factories need to maintain a sanitization routine every two- three

hours especially in the common areas that includes lunch
rooms.
• Entrance health checks : -
Temperature checks of all employees to be done twice a day.
• It is mandatory for all the staff, workers working in the industry to

take at least one does of the vaccine.
• Provisions of hand sanitizes and mask to all employees.Providing

gloves, masks and hand sanitizers to be done at all factories
and manufacturing units.
• COVID 19 health and prevention staff education onsafety

steps to taken from entry to exist in the factory. Step to take
precaution at personal level.
• Physical distancing measure.
• Cleaning is mandatory.
• Thermal screening.
• Working in shifts:
Factories that work 24 hours at full production capacity should consider

one hour gap between shifts.
Reference:-
1. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-
coronavirus2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-
disease-covid19
2. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-new-ugc-
rulesout-who-can-return-to-college-and-when-
6966227/lite/#aoh=16260196671403&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.g
Report
For
Exercise in Lieu of Industrial
Training
B.E. (Chemical Engineering) 2nd
Year (GCT/19)
(01 July , 2021 to 14 July, 2021)
Activity No. - 08
Title of Activity -A small project related to chemical engineering at domestic level (Working
model/ software/ Improvement in any domestic gadget or process/ product development) .
Duration of activity – 8- 14 Days

Date of Submission :- 15th July 2021
Submitted by:
Name –Sapna Rani
Class – GCT
Reg. No. – GCT/2030352
Name of Faculty Coordinator (Summer Training) – Dr. Amit Rai .
Longowal , District Sangrur , Punjab – 148106S

Project Name :- Bio Gas Plant:
Introduction:-
• Biogas is formed by the natural degradation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions.
• Microbially production of biogas is an important part of the global carbon cycle.
• Every year 590- 800 million tons of methane are released into the atmosphere.
• Biogas contains 50 to 70% methane and 30% carbon dioxide.
What is Biogas?
Biogas is a Flammable gas that accrues from the fermentation of biomass in biogas plants. Biogas
typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter and is a type of
biofuel.
Anaerobic digestion is a natural form of waste-to-energy that uses the process of

fermentation to breakdown organic matter. Animal manure, food scraps,
wastewater, and sewage are all examples of organic matter that can produce biogas
by anaerobic digestion. Due to the high content of methane in biogas (typically
5075%) biogas is flammable, and therefore produces a deep blue flame, and can be
used as an energy source.
How is biogas Generated?

Biogas is practically produced as landfill gas (LFG) or digester gas. Biogas can beHurgas is practically
produced as landill gas (LPG) or digester gangs can be produced using anaerobic digesters. These
plants can be fed with merge crops such as maizeslager biodegradable water including sewage
sludge and food waste During the process, an an-tight tank transfers biomass waste into methane
producing renewable energy
Landfill gas is pastured by wet organic waste decomposing under in a landfill. The water is averred
and mechanically comprised by the weight of the material that is deposited from above. This
material presents aygon exposure thus allowing anamhic mimibes to thieve. The gas builds up.
What is Biogas plant?

A biogas plant is the name often given to an androbic digester that the farm waters of energy crops
Biogas can be produced using anaerobic digester A big plant consists of the following things
Concrete tank (digester)-The bio wastes are collected here Floating cover-It is placed over the tank
and it keeps on rising as the gas keeps on increasing in the tank An outlet-The outlet is necked pipe
through which the gas is illected and further used. Slurry collector-Here cow dung is added which
contains bacteria methanogens, which is present in the rumen part of the stomach of cattle, that act
on the bio wastes and produce.
Methane gas :-
1 . collector the spent slurry is removed through this and can be used an fertiliar or various
purposes.
STEPS IN BIOGAS GENERATION :-

There four key biological and chemical stages of anaerobic
• Acidogenesis
• Methanogenesis
• Hydrolysis
• Acetogenesis
Hydrolysis:- most cases, biomass is made up of large organic polymer. For the bacteria
in anaerobic digesters to access the energy potential of the material, these chains must first be
broken down into their smaller constituent parts. These constituter parts, or monomers, such as
readily available to other bacteria. The process of breaking the chains and dissolving the smaller
molecules into solution is called Hydrolysis.
Therefore, hydrolysis of these high-molecular-weight polymeric components is the necessary first

step in anaerobic digestion Through hydrolysis the complies organic molecules are broken down into
simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids Acetate and hydrogen produced in the first stage can be
used directly by methanogens. Other molecules, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAQ with a chain
length greater than that of acetate must first he catabolized compounds that can be directly used by
methanogen.
Acidogenesis:-
biological process of Acidogenesis might in further breakdown of the remaining components by
acidogenic (fermentative) bacteria Here, VFA aw created, along with ammonia, carbon dioxide, and
hydrogen sulphide, well as other by-products. The process of Acidogenesis is similar to the way milk
sours.
Methanogenesis :
The terminal stage of anaerobic digestion is the biological process of Methanogmesis Here,
methanogens here the intermediate products of the preceding stages and convert them into
methane, carbon dioxide, and water. The components make up the majority of the biogas emitted
from the stem Methanogenesis is sensitive to both high and low pH and occurs between p165 and
pls. The remaining, indigestible material the microbes cannot use and any dead bacterial remain
constitute the digested.
Acitogenesis:-
The third stage of anaerobic digestion is acetogenesis. Here, simple molecules created through the
acidogenesis phase a further digested by acetogen to produce largely acetic acid, as well as carbon
dioxide and hydrogen.
TEMPERATURE :-
The two conventional operational temperature levels for anaerobic digester are determined by the
species of methanogens in the digester.
• Mesophilic digestion takes place optimally around 30 to 38 °C, are at ambient temperature
between 2 and 45 °C, where mesophiles are the primary microorganisms present .
• Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 "degree centigrade elevated
temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.
METHANOGENS :-
Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic by-product in
anoxic conditions. They are classified as archaea , a group quite distinct from bacteria. They
are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas and in the guts of
animals such as ruminants and humans, where they are responsible for the methane
content of belching in ruminants and Flatulence in humans. Methanogen are usually coccoid
(spherical) or ,( rod shaped) .There are over 50 described species of methanogens, which do
not form a monophyletic group, although all methanogen belong to Archaea. Methanogens
are anaerobic organisms and cannot function under aerobic conditions. They are very
sensitive to the presence of oxygen even at trace level. Usually, they cannot sustain oxygen
stresses for a prolonged time.
TYPES OF BIOGAS PLANT :-

Classification of big plants depends upon the plants design and mode of working :-
1. Movable type drums plant
2. Continuous type plant
1. Batch type plant
Batch type Biogas Plant :-

Batch type his plants are appropriate where daily applies of raw .waste materials are
difficult to be obtained. A batch loaded digester is filled to capacity sealed and given
sufficient retention time in the digester. After completion of the digestions, the residue is
emptied and filled again. Gas production is uneven because bacterial digestion starts slowly,
peaks and then tapers off with growing consumption of volatile did This difficulty can
overcome by having minimum two digesters so that at least one is always in operation. This
problem can also minimize by connecting bunch loaded digester in series and fed at
different times that adequate biogas is available for daily use The salient features of batch-
fed type biogas plants are :- 1 . Gas production in hatch type is uneven.
2 . Batch type plants may have several digesters for continuous supply of occupying
mom space.
3 . This type of plants require large volume of digester therefore, initial cost
become high
4 . This plant needs addition of fermented slurry to start the digestion process.
Continuous Type Biogas plant:-

In continuous type biogas plant, the supply of the gain continuous and the digester is fed
with biomass regularly. Continuous i plants may be single stage, double stage or multiple
stages Digestion of waste materials in a single chamber or digester is called single stage
process, in two chambers or digester is called multi stage process in double stage process ,
acidogenic and methanogenic stage are physically separated into two chambers. These
plants are economic , simple and easy to operate. These plants are generally for small and
medium size biogas plants
The important features of continuous type biogas plants :- 1 . Gas
production
2 . Retention period is less
3 . Less problems as compared to batch type.
4 . Small digestion chambers are required.
Movable Drum Type Plants :-

This also known as floating dome type biogas plants. The conventional movable drum type
comprises a masonry digester with an inlet on one side
for finding slurry and an outlet on the other side for removing digested slurry. The gas collects in a
steel gasholder which is inverted over the slurry and moves up and down depending upon
accumulation and discharge of gas guided by a central guide pipe. This movable gas holder is made
of steel.
Advantages:-
1 . Constant gas pressure

2 . No problem of gas leakage
3 . Higher gas Production B) Scum problem in less.
RAW MATERIAL FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION :-
Agricultural residues from both the agricultural and agro industry abound and are usually treated as
waste materials and not a potential resume Biomass is any material originating from living organism
consisting of carbon and hydrogen that can be combusted or burned. Agricultural wasted such as
manure and faces also is biomass and can be harnessed to gene ethane gas, a useful gas that can be
used for energy production Biogas can be produce from matures of cattle slurry and pressed sugar
cane stalk with and without urea.
Quality of Biogas:-
Every day, BIOGAS used for power generation and heat transfer robs the client if valuable dollars
due to the improper treatment of gas Crude BIOGAS, like crude oil, cannot be used as a fuel without
at at some minimal form of refinement
Each BIOGAS has its own "Signature”
• Methane Gas Content • Non-Methane Gm Fraction

• Moisture Content.
• Sulphur Species Content
• Volatile Organic Contaminants
What are siloxanes?

Siloxanes are organosilicons added to many personal care products and are present in almost all
biogas These siloxanes are fanned from the anemic decomposition of materials only found in soaps
and detergent.
Application of Biogas :-
Biogas is a renewable sources of energy, Since it is cleaner and greener and friendly it is used for a
variety of purposes. Biogas production units provide a decentralized fuel supply and waste
management system, both of which are becoming increasingly attractive particularly in rural areas of
developing countries.
Biogas and rural people:-

Biogas technology is a particularly useful system in the Indian rural economy, and can fulfil several
end uses The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and khadi and Village Industries
Commission (KVIC) introduce biogas technology in rural India. It is known as "gobar gas" in rural
India. Due to huge availability of cow dung in rural areas it is growing as a huge source of energy Due
to less cost of biogas plant it can set up in every household and the people get various benefits from
it.
1. PERSONEL USE
The people get manure and gas for their personal use like lighting and cooking .Child education
improve as they are no longer needed in collection and process of fire wood and the mother can
spare time on child education. Soil fertility increases as the humus in the forms of organic fertilizers.
Women empowerment is seen as she generates income equalling the family income per year.
2. INDUSTRIES-Small-scale industries are also made possible from the sale of surplus gas to the
provision of power for a rural -based industry, therefore, biogas may also provide the user with
income generating opportunities. The
gas can also be used to power engines, in a dual fuel mix with petrol and diesel, and can aid in
pumped irrigation systems.
3 . WASTE MANAGEMENT :- A village level, Taluk and District levels, the waste management is
effectively carried out by optimum utilization of bas-waste for producing biogas. In addition, the
spending by local self-government is drastically cut down by using the Bio-waste for producing
biogas and thereby contributes for better environment.
4 . INCOME & EMPLOYMENT GENERATION :-

By introducing the digester at individual households, ample employment is generated for villagers,
income by way of sale of Biogas, sale of residuals etc.
Economics :-
Biogas plant can be set up at individual level also It is within the range of farmer family. However
setting up of big biogas plant takes about 3 lakh which can be regained within few years by selling of
the generated Raw materials am also easily available and prices.
Scope of the Technology:-

Enriched biogas made moisture free by passing it through filters, after which it is compressed up to
200 bar pressure using a three stage gas compressor. Compressed gas is stored in high pressure steel
cylinders as used for CNC There is large potential of this technology in buses, tractors, can, auto
rickshaws irrigation pump sets and in rural industries. This will help to meet energy demand for rural
masses thus reducing burden of petroleum demand, moving towards energy security and will
improve economic status by creating employment generation in rural area.
Problems Faced in India :-
• People often throw away the bio wastes along with other wastes unknowingly.
• If operational shortcomings are often reported the setup of the system is not appropriate to
the farmer.
• People are still dependent on chemical fertilizer and fill .
• Due to less availability of cow dung it is still not used in urban areas.
• Often due to less knowledge the plant gives rise to breeding grounds for mosquitoes and
pathogen.
RECOMMENDATION :-
Biogas plant is better thin landfill as there is no chance of leakage. The main task of a biogas
engineer is to design and construct a user-friendly biogas unit . A well designed biogas unit is easy to
maintain. The case of maintenance ensure constant attention by the farmer.
CONCLUSION :-
With the increasing demand of energy in demand has also increased. Many Biogas plants have been
set up in the rural and urban areas by the municipality Biogas will soon replace fossil fuels as a
source of energy. With this global warming and greenhouse effect will also reduce in the coming
years. As we head into the 21 century, awareness and education will most aurally continue to be the
most important ways to spread use of biogas.

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Sapna Rani (Final Report) 2030352

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A REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment for award of BE

Under the Guidance of

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Sapna Rani (2030352) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

award of BE in Department of Chemical Engineering of SLIET, Longowal, is

a record of the candidate own work carried out by him/her under my

July 2021 Supervisor:

(Dept. of Chemical Eng.)

Duration of activity – Day 1

Name of Faculty Coordinator (Summer Training) – Dr. Amit Rai

Department of Chemical Engineering

2 . BASF India Limited :

4 . Tata Chemicals Ltd :

Administrative structure of chemical

Function for Chemical : -

Department of Chemical Engineering

Employment (Industry/service sector):

Self employment for chemical Engineers

Self employment (start-up):

Self employment (Business opportunity):

Higher study options after B. Tech in

Rajat Minerals Mumbai Senior Engineer

Raphe Mphibr Noida Quality control

Arth Manpower Gurgaon Chemical

SOPHR Solution Bharuch , Technician

Department of Chemical Engineering

Sant Longowal Institute Of Engineering and Technology

Longowal , District Sangrur , Punjab - 148106

NBA attributes for Engineers :

4 . Conduct investigations of complex

6 . The engineer and society:

7 . Environment and sustainability:

9 . Individual and team work :

Myself evolution for NBA attributes :

B.E. (Chemical Engineering) 2nd Year (GCT/19)

(01 July , 2021 to 14 July , 2021 )

Title of Activity – preparation of Power point presentation on hard skills and

Duration of activity - 4-5 days

Date of Submission – 06 July , 2021

Name –Sapna Rani

Reg. No. – GCT/2030352

Faculty Mentor/ Supervisor- Dr. H.R Ghatak

Name of Faculty Coordinator (Summer Training) – Dr. Amit Rai

Department of Chemical Engineering

Soft skills Attributes :-

Soft skills classified under interpersonal

Problem solving skills :-

Hard skills for chemical Engineers :

Some of the most common examples of

Hard skills vs. Soft skills :-

Importance of Skills in the Workplace :-

Department of Chemical Engineering

Webinar by Talent serve

Effect of covid on employment:

Career Trends in India 2021 : -

What makes a great interview?

Department of Chemical Engineering