PORTABLE PURE SINE WAVE INVERTER

A MINI PROJECT 1 REPORT

Submitted by

SAIVIGNESH M
BALAJI S
DIVAKAR A
RAGUL D

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

E.G.S. PILLAY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

NAGAPATTINAM-611002

NOVEMBER 2021

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled, “PORTABLE PURE SINE

WAVE INVERTER” is the bonafide work of SAIVIGNESH.M (Reg. No.
E17EER045), BALAJI.S (Reg. No. E17EER008), DIVAKAR.A (Reg. No.
E17EER015) and RAGUL.D (Reg. No. E17EER036) who carried out the project
work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. V.MOHAN M.E., Ph.D., Dr.T.SURESH PADMANABAN M.E., Ph.D.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College
Nagapattinam-611 002
Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College
Nagapattinam-611 002

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is our indeed responsibility to express our heartfelt gratitude to our

founder Chairman Late Chevalier Dr.G.S.PILLAY. We would like to be
obedient for our chairman Mrs.S.JOTHIMANI AMMAL G.S.PILLAY a
goodhearted, vital of our institution. We would like to thank our honourable
Secretary Chevalier S.PARAMESVARAN, M.Com., FCCA (London) for
having a great dream to serve for the nation by educating the rural community
with the help of their institution. We also express our sincere thanks to our
Principal Dr.S.RAMABALAN M.E., Ph.D., for providing us with the
necessary facilities to carry out this project work.

We are very much honoured and would like to profound our deep grateful
to our Head of the dept. Dr.V.MOHAN, M.E., Ph.D., for his expert, sincere
and valuable guidance to us. We all are must to express our sincere thanks to
our project coordinator Dr.T.SURESH PADMANABHAN, M.E., Ph.D., for
his full support and motivation given to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our project guide

Dr.V.MOHAN, M.E., Ph.D., for his wide knowledge, serious research
attitude and enthusiasm in work deeply impressed and made us to complete this
project to the at most satisfaction of our superiors in a stipulated period.

We express our hearty render and thanks to all the staff members and
technical assistants of the Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for
their timely assistance. Our humble gratitude and thanks to our parents and
friends who have supported and helped us to complete the project work

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 ABSTRACT
Energy crisis are of special attention in today's world. The unending usage
of non-renewable energy sources will bring an end to the limited resources in near
future. In order to preserve the resources, several alternative renewable sources
have been in use these days. The power generated from the renewable sources, like
solar energy, produces is a DC power which can be stored in batteries. This DC
power needs to be converted to AC power as most of the appliances used in our
daily life are dependent on AC power. To overcome this obstacle, DC-AC Inverter
took birth.

Inverter s can be categorized into three groups: Square wave, modified sine
wave and pure sine wave. Considering power wattage, efficiency and harmonic
content, pure sine wave inverters has proved to have the best quality among the
three types. The control circuit for pure sine wave inverter produces sinusoidal
pulse width modulation. There are two basic topologies to generate pulse width
modulation Topology 1: Analog Control circuit and Topology 2: Microcontroller
based control circuit.

In this project, DC-AC pure sine wave Inverter using the Analog control
circuit (Topology 1) has been implemented.

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 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
COVER PAGE i

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE ii

ACKNOWLDGMENT iii

ABSTRACT 04

LIST OF FIGURES 07

1 INTRODUCTION 08

2 HISTORY 09

3 TYPES OF INVERTER 11

3.1 SQUARE WAVE INVERTER 11

3.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE INVERTER 11

3.3 PURE SINE WAVE INVERTER 11

4 TOPOLOGIES OF PURE SINE WAVE 12

INVERTER 12
4.1 TOPOLOGY-1

4.2 DESIGN METHOD OF PSWI 13

5 BLOCK DIGRAM 13

6 BATTERY 14

6.1 SERIES CONFIGURATION 15

6.2 PARALLEL CONFIGURATION 15

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7 SINE WAVE GENERATOR 15

8 FILTER 17

9 CIRCUIT PROTECTION AND SNUBBER 18

10 APPLICATIONS 19

10.1 DC POWER USAGE 19

10.2 UNINTREPTABLE POWER SUPPLY 19

10.3 ELECTRIC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL 19

10.4 REFREGERATION COMRESSOR 19

10.5 POWER GRID 20

10.6 INDUCTION HEATING 20

10.7 ELECTROSHOCK WEAPONS 21

10.8 MISCELLANEOUS 21

11 IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN 22

12 RESULT 23

13 CONCLUSION 24

14 REFERENCES 24

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
HEADINGS
NO. NO.
12 PULSE-LINE COMMMUTATED INVERTER
1 09
CIRCUIT
2 TYPES OF INVERTER OUTPUT 12
3 PWM OUTPUT 13
4 BLOCK DIGRAM 14
5 BUBBA OSCILATOR CIRCUIT 16
6 OUTPUT OF BUBBA OSCILATOR CIRCUIT 17
7 FILTER CIRCUIT 18
8 IMPLEMENTATION 22
9 RESULT 23

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 1 INTRODUCTION

The output of battery source is a 12 volt DC and the required AC volt for
AC appliances is a 220V AC (50 Hz). The function of inverter is to convert 12 DC
to 220V AC which should have pure sine wave oscillation at 50 hertz like the
ordinary household electrical outlet. The method that we are applying in my
project is, converting the low voltage DC power to AC, and then using a
transformer to boost the voltage to 220V AC. And also another thing that the
available inverter in market mostly not meant for portable but in our project it is
portable one.
A power inverter, or inverter, is a power electronic device or circuitry that
changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output
voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the
specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is
provided by the DC source.
A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of
mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static
inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process. Power inverters are
primarily used in electrical power applications where high currents and voltages
are present; circuits that perform the same function for electronic signals, which
usually have very low currents and voltages, are called oscillators. Circuits that
perform the opposite function, converting AC to DC, are called rectifiers.

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 2 HISTORY
2.1 EARLY INVRTERS
From the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century, DC-
to-AC power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor-
generator sets (M-G sets). In the early twentieth century, vacuum tubes and gas-
filled tubes began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely used
type of tube was the thyratron.
The origins of electromechanical inverters explain the source of the term inverter.
Early AC-to-DC converters used an induction or synchronous AC motor direct-
connected to a generator (dynamo) so that the generator's commutator reversed its
connections at exactly the right moments to produce DC. A later development is
the synchronous converter, in which the motor and generator windings are
combined into one armature, with slip rings at one end and a commutator at the
other and only one field frame. The result with either is AC-in, DC-out. With an
M-G set, the DC can be considered to be separately generated from the AC; with a
synchronous converter, in a certain sense it can be considered to be "mechanically
rectified AC". Given the right auxiliary and control equipment, an M-G set or
rotary converter can be "run backwards", converting DC to AC. Hence an inverter
is an inverted converter.
2.2 Controlled rectifier inverters
Since early transistors were not available with sufficient voltage and current ratings
for most inverter applications, it was the 1957 introduction of
the thyristor or silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) that initiated the transition
to solid state inverter circuits.

FIG.1-12-pulse line-commutated inverter circuit

The commutation requirements of SCRs are a key consideration in SCR circuit

designs. SCRs do not turn off or commutate automatically when the gate control
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signal is shut off. They only turn off when the forward current is reduced to below
the minimum holding current, which varies with each kind of SCR, through some
external process. For SCRs connected to an AC power source, commutation occurs
naturally every time the polarity of the source voltage reverses. SCRs connected to
a DC power source usually require a means of forced commutation that forces the
current to zero when commutation is required. The least complicated SCR circuits
employ natural commutation rather than forced commutation. With the addition of
forced commutation circuits, SCRs have been used in the types of inverter circuits
described above.
In applications where inverters transfer power from a DC power source to an AC
power source, it is possible to use AC-to-DC controlled rectifier circuits operating
in the inversion mode. In the inversion mode, a controlled rectifier circuit operates
as a line commutated inverter. This type of operation can be used in HVDC power
transmission systems and in regenerative braking operation of motor control
systems.
Another type of SCR inverter circuit is the current source input (CSI) inverter. A
CSI inverter is the dual of a six-step voltage source inverter. With a current source
inverter, the DC power supply is configured as a current source rather than
a voltage source. The inverter SCRs are switched in a six-step sequence to direct
the current to a three-phase AC load as a stepped current waveform. CSI inverter
commutation methods include load commutation and parallel capacitor
commutation. With both methods, the input current regulation assists the
commutation. With load commutation, the load is a synchronous motor operated at
a leading power factor.
As they have become available in higher voltage and current ratings,
semiconductors such as transistors or IGBTs that can be turned off by means of
control signals have become the preferred switching components for use in inverter
circuits.
2.3 Rectifier and inverter pulse numbers
Rectifier circuits are often classified by the number of current pulses that flow to
the DC side of the rectifier per cycle of AC input voltage. A single-phase half-
wave rectifier is a one-pulse circuit and a single-phase full-wave rectifier is a two-
pulse circuit. A three-phase half-wave rectifier is a three-pulse circuit and a three-
phase full-wave rectifier is a six-pulse circuit.
With three-phase rectifiers, two or more rectifiers are sometimes connected in
series or parallel to obtain higher voltage or current ratings. The rectifier inputs are
supplied from special transformers that provide phase shifted outputs. This has the

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effect of phase multiplication. Six phases are obtained from two transformers,
twelve phases from three transformers and so on. The associated rectifier circuits
are 12-pulse rectifiers, 18-pulse rectifiers and so on...
When controlled rectifier circuits are operated in the inversion mode, they would
be classified by pulse number also. Rectifier circuits that have a higher pulse
number have reduced harmonic content in the AC input current and reduced ripple
in the DC output voltage. In the inversion mode, circuits that have a higher pulse
number have lower harmonic content in the AC output voltage waveform.

3 TYPES OF INVERTER:
3.1 Square wave Inverter:
Square wave inverters were the first invented inverter. Square wave inverter
has had odd number of harmonics and can hardly be used to AC appliances except
some lights and fans which eventually reduce their life time. This is cheapest
inverter. The green colour line shown in figure: 2 illustrates the output of the
square wave inverter.
3.2 Modified sine wave Inverter:
Modified sine wave is more like the square wave which has less harmonic
distortion compared to square wave. The harsh corners from the square wave were
eliminated to transform it to a modified sine wave. This type of inverter mostly
exits in today's market. Although it is less harmful to devises compared to the
square wave, it still heats up the coil in filter due to large amount of harmonic
distortion and dissipates power. The blue colour line in figure (2) shows the
modified sine wave.
3.3 Pure sine wave inverter:
Unlike square wave and modified sine wave, pure sine wave inverters
maintain the best quality due to the least number of harmonic distortions present in
it. Usually sine wave inverter are more expensive but it allows to us use all AC
appliances and reduces the humming noise of inductive loads. The red colour line
represents the sine wave with respect to the other two, in figure (2)

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 FIGURE 2: TYPES OF INVERTER’S OUTPUT
WAVEFORM
4 TOPOLOGIES OF PURE SINE WAVE INVERTER
Pulse width modulation is widely used as a source of powering alternating current
(AC) devices with available direct current (DC) source. Variation of duty cycle of
the PWM signal to provide de voltages across the load in a specific pattern will
appear to the load as ac signal. The pattern at which the duty cycle of a PWM
Signal varies can be implemented using simple analog components or a digital
microcontroller. There are two basic topologies to generate sinusoidal PWM that
controls that output of the inverter. The two topologies are,
4.1 TOPOLOGY 1:
Analog Control Circuit In this type of control circuit, the SPWM is generated by
comparing a sine wave with a high carrier frequency (Triangular wave or saw tooth
wave) with sine wave as the reference voltage. Figure () shows how SPWM is
produced by comparing sine wave with triangular wave. This type of topology,
analog components is used to generate the sine wave and carrier wave and compare
them with analog comparator.

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 FIGURE 3: Pulse width Modulation

4.2 Design Method of pure sine wave inverter (Topology 1)

The implementation of pure sine wave inverter can be complex when thought of as
a whole but when broken into smaller projects and implementing them
individually, it becomes easier. the following sections describes how the individual
blocks like Oscillator section, carrier wave generator and switching circuit was
implemented and how the blocks were joined together.
5 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Our project consists of analog circuitry (resistors, capacitor, diode, variable
resistors) as well as discrete components (Integrated circuits-LM348, TL084,
MC3302), MOSFET driver (IR-2101), MOSFETs and step up transformer. That is
all required to construct a sin wave to generate 220V AC sine wave across a load.
The block diagram (Figure I) illustrates the various parts or blocks of the project.
The three basic blocks to control the circuit are the Six volt reference, sine wave
generator and triangle wave generator. When these blocks are implemented with
comparator, and other small circuitry, they control the pulse width modulated

13
(PWM) signals that are fed into two MOSFET drivers. The comparator circuit also
produces square waves that are fed into other MOSFET drivers which determine
the polarity of the final output sin wave. The PWM signals fed into the MOSFET
Driver performs the level translation to drive four N-Channel MOSFETs in an H-
Bridge configuration. From here, the signals from the N-Channel MOSFETs are
passed through a low pass filter so that the output is a pure sin wave of 12V P-P
with 50 hertz frequency. Then the signal will be boosted up to 220 V AC using a
step-up transformer.

FIGURE 4: BLOCK DAIGRAM

6 BATTERY
The runtime of an inverter powered by batteries is dependent on the battery power
and the amount of power being drawn from the inverter at a given time. As the
amount of equipment using the inverter increases, the runtime will decrease. In
order to prolong the runtime of an inverter, additional batteries can be added to the
inverter.
When attempting to add more batteries to an inverter, there are two basic options
for installation:

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6.1 Series configuration
If the goal is to increase the overall input voltage to the inverter, one can daisy
chain batteries in a series configuration. In a series configuration, if a single battery
dies, the other batteries will not be able to power the load.
6.2 Parallel configuration
If the goal is to increase capacity and prolong the runtime of the inverter, batteries
can be connected in parallel. This increases the overall ampere-hour (Ah) rating of
the battery set.
If a single battery is discharged though, the other batteries will then discharge
through it. This can lead to rapid discharge of the entire pack, or even an over-
current and possible fire. To avoid this, large paralleled batteries may be connected
via diodes or intelligent monitoring with automatic switching to isolate an under-
voltage battery from the others.

7 SINE WAVE GENERATOR

For sine wave generator block, we have used Bubba Oscillator. The Bubba
Oscillator is a circuit that provides a filtered sin wave of any frequency based on
the configuration of resistors and capacitors. The Bubba oscillator is a phase-shift
circuit which requires a 45 degree phase-shift in order to function. The four OP-
AMP when placed in series, produces a total 180 degree phase-shift. The biggest
advantage of Bubba Oscillator is that that frequency stability holds while still
giving a low distortion output. The RC filter used after each OP-Amp provides
clear and stable signals. The four identical RC filters phase-shifts the signal to 45
degree each. This causes a 180 degree phase shit which is then returned to a zero
phase shift with the inverting amplifier across the first OP-AMPS.

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FIGURE 5: Bubba oscillator circuit

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 Figure 6: output of Bubba oscillator circuit

8 FILTER:
A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low-frequency signals but attenuates of
signals with frequencies higher than the cut off frequency. The actual amount of
attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter. It is sometimes called a
high-cut filter, or treble cut filter when used in audio applications. A low-pass filter
is the opposite of a high-pass filter, and a band-pass filter is a combination of a
low-pass and a high-pass. In this experiment, a LC low pass filter was used which
extracts the high frequency carrier wave from the original signal.

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 Figure 7: Filter circuit

9 CIRCUIT PROTECTION AND SNUBBERS
An important feature of an electrical device is its ability to protect itself from an
increase in the likelihood of damage to the electrical system. In the case of power,
the internal equipment may cause special problems because the inductor cannot
stop the current, it must be dampened or changed so that the current try not to flow
through the open switch. If not dampened surges can cause problems in the
MOSFETs used to generate sine wave output; when the MOSFET is placed inside
the load still wants to push the current through the switch, as it has nowhere else to
go. This action can cause the generator to put in too much stress, the high dV/dt,
dI/dt, V and I interfering with these problems can cause MOSFET to malfunction.
To prevent this problem snubber circuits can reduce or eliminate significant
interruptions and currents. Creation of only resistor and capacitor placed
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throughout each switch allows a single current or voltage source to be removed by
a voltage regulator and to protect the load from damage. The snubber can be
optimized by extending the zener diode so that all currents larger than the resistor-
capacitor snubber cannot be passed over to the ground by the zener diode.

10 APPLICATIONS
10.1 DC power source usage
An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries or fuel
cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular
it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce
DC at any desired voltage.
10.2 Uninterruptible power supplies
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC
power when mains power is not available. When mains power is restored,
a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.
10.3 Electric motor speed control
Inverter circuits designed to produce a variable output voltage range are often used
within motor speed controllers. The DC power for the inverter section can be
derived from a normal AC wall outlet or some other source. Control and feedback
circuitry is used to adjust the final output of the inverter section which will
ultimately determine the speed of the motor operating under its mechanical load.
Motor speed control needs are numerous and include things like: industrial motor
driven equipment, electric vehicles, rail transport systems, and power tools. (See
related: variable-frequency drive ) Switching states are developed for positive,
negative and zero voltages as per the patterns given in the switching Table 1. The
generated gate pulses are given to each switch in accordance with the developed
pattern and thus the output is obtained.
10.4 In refrigeration compressors
An inverter can be used to control the speed of the compressor motor to
drive variable refrigerant flow in a refrigeration or air conditioning system to
regulate system performance. Such installations are known as inverter
compressors. Traditional methods of refrigeration regulation use single-speed
compressors switched on and off periodically; inverter-equipped systems have

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a variable-frequency drive that control the speed of the motor and thus the
compressor and cooling output. The variable-frequency AC from the inverter
drives a brushless or induction motor, the speed of which is proportional to the
frequency of the AC it is fed, so the compressor can be run at variable speeds—
eliminating compressor stop-start cycles increases efficiency.
A microcontroller typically monitors the temperature in the space to be cooled, and
adjusts the speed of the compressor to maintain the desired temperature. The
additional electronics and system hardware add cost to the equipment, but can
result in substantial savings in operating costs.

10.5 Power grid

Grid-tied inverters are designed to feed into the electric power distribution system.
[12]
 They transfer synchronously with the line and have as little harmonic content as
possible. They also need a means of detecting the presence of utility power for
safety reasons, so as not to continue to dangerously feed power to the grid during a
power outage.
Synchronverters are inverters that are designed to simulate a rotating generator,
and can be used to help stabilize grids. They can be designed to react faster than
normal generators to changes in grid frequency, and can give conventional
generators a chance to respond to very sudden changes in demand or production.
Large inverters, rated at several hundred megawatts, are used to deliver power
from high voltage direct current transmission systems to alternating current
distribution systems.
10.6 Induction heating
Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to higher frequency for use
in induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power.
The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power. Due to the
reduction in the number of DC sources employed, the structure becomes more
reliable and the output voltage has higher resolution due to an increase in the
number of steps so that the reference sinusoidal voltage can be better achieved.
This configuration has recently become very popular in AC power supply and
adjustable speed drive applications. This new inverter can avoid extra clamping
diodes or voltage balancing capacitors.
There are three kinds of level shifted modulation techniques, namely:

 Phase Opposition Disposition (POD)

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 Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD)
 Phase Disposition (PD)
10.7 Electroshock weapons
Electroshock weapons and lasers have a DC/AC inverter to generate several tens of
thousands of V AC out of a small 9 V DC battery. First the 9 V DC is converted to
400–2000 V AC with a compact high frequency transformer, which is then
rectified and temporarily stored in a high voltage capacitor until a pre-set threshold
voltage is reached. When the threshold (set by way of an airgap or TRIAC) is
reached, the capacitor dumps its entire load into a pulse transformer which then
steps it up to its final output voltage of 20–60 kV. A variant of the principle is also
used in electronic flash and bug zappers, though they rely on a capacitor-
based voltage multiplier to achieve their high voltage.
10.8 Miscellaneous
Typical applications for power inverters include:

 Portable consumer devices that allow the user to connect a battery, or set of
batteries, to the device to produce AC power to run various electrical items
such as lights, televisions, kitchen appliances, and power tools.
 Use in power generation systems such as electric utility companies or solar
generating systems to convert DC power to AC power.
 Use within any larger electronic system where engineering need exists for
deriving an AC source from a DC source.

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 11 Implementation

Figure 8: Implementation

After successfully completing the task of individual sections on different

breadboard, they were joined together accordingly. The left most bread board
shows the circuit implementation of Bubba Oscillator was which gave a sine wave
oscillation which was amplified later. On the second breadboard, the carrier wave
generator was implemented which produced triangular wave. The third section is
the comparator circuit which produced a SPWM and Square wave. These signals
were fed to the MOSFET Drivers implemented on the fourth breadboard. The
MOSFET driver drives the High side N channel MOSFETs in H-Bridge Switching
circuit that was constructed on the fifth breadboard which produced a bipolar
SPWM that was filtered using LC filter on the 5th breadboard. Finally the output
of the filter circuit was the result and goal of implementing the design.

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12 RESULT

Figure 9: Result
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 13 CONCLUSIONS
The goals of this project were to produce a pure sine wave DC-AC inverter
that would at 50Hz, 220v RMS with 500 watt output and also it would be in
cheaper manner fairly efficient. Taking a look at these goals and the end result it
can be said that they were met, the circuitry & total cost around rupees 4500/-
when compared to the market available inverter with same specifications is around
rupees 10000 to 15000. This cost includes the portable case, inverter and battery.

This project is stepping stone for cheaper and efficient pure sine wave
inverter. However it needs most improvement in closed loop operations, advanced
protection system and higher power backup time. Simple additions to this system
could greatly improve the performance of this project.

14. REFERENCES

[1] Xiaoling Zhang, Hui Li, “Robot Control Based on Voice Command”,
International Conference on Automation and Logistics, pp. 2490-2494, 2008.

[2] Othman M.K. Alsmadi, Anas A. Al Jallad, Zaer S. Abo-Hammoud, and Fares J.
Al Majali, “ArduinoBased Automatic Safety Vehicle Control”, 2nd ICRSET
pp.140, March 21-22, 2014, Dubai (UAE).

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