OB Quiz Chap 6

1. What is perception? Discuss the factors that influence perception.

Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. There are 3 factors that
influence perception
1. Characteristics of the Perceiver
- This includes attitudes, motives, interests, experience, expectations. Several
characteristics of the perceiver can affect perception. When an individual looks at a
target and attempts to interpret what he or she, that interpretation is heavily
influenced by personal characteristics of individual perceiver.
2. Characteristics of the Target
- This includes novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity, similarity.
Characteristics in the target that is being observed can affect what is perceived.
Physical appearance plays a big role in our perception of others. Extremely
attractive or unattractive individuals are more likely to be noticed in a group than
ordinary looking individuals.
3. Characteristics of the Situation
- This includes time, work setting, social setting. The situation in which the
interaction between the perceiver and the target takes place has an influence on the
perceiver's impression of the target.

2. Discuss the attribution theory.

The attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we
attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That
determination, however, depends largely on three factors: (1) distinctiveness, (2)
consensus, and (3) consistency. First, distinctiveness refers to whether an
individual displays different behaviors in different situations. A behavior high in
distinctiveness is more likely to be given an external attribution. Second, if
everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the
behavior shows consensus. A behavior high in consensus is more likely to be
considered an externally caused behavior. Third, the more consistent the behavior,
the more we are inclined to attribute it to internal causes.

3. What is selective perception?

The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests,
background, experience, and attitudes is known as selective perception. Individuals
engage in selective perception because it is impossible for them to assimilate
everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli. However, they do not
choose randomly. Rather, they select according to their interests, background,
experience, and attitudes. Selective perception allows them to speed-read others,
but not without the risk of drawing an inaccurate picture. Seeing what they want to
see, they can draw unwarranted conclusions from an ambiguous situation.

4. What is bounded rationality? How is it related to decision making?

The capacity of the human mind for formulating and solving complex problems is
far too small to meet the requirements for full rationality. Thus, individuals operate
within the confines of bounded rationality. They construct simplified models that
extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
Individuals can then behave rationally within the limits of the simple model. Once
the limited set of alternatives is identified, the decision maker will begin reviewing
it. But the review will not be comprehensive. Instead, the decision maker will
begin with alternatives that differ only in a relatively small degree from the choice
currently in effect. Following along familiar and well-worn paths, the decision
maker proceeds to review alternatives only until he or she identifies an alternative
that is good enough. The first alternative that meets the "good enough" criterion
ends the search. Thus, the final solution represents a satisficing choice rather than
an optimum one.

5. Explain the effect of gender on decision making.

Research on rumination offers insights into gender differences in decision making.
Rumination refers to reflecting at length. In terms of decision making, it means
overthinking problems. Twenty years of study find women spend much more time
than men analyzing the past, present, and future. They're more likely to
overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once
made. This can lead to more careful consideration of problems and choices.
However, it can make problems harder to solve, increase regret over past decisions,
and increase depression. Women are nearly twice as likely as men to develop
depression.