DBMS & SQL Commands

DataBase: A database is an organized collection of interrelated data.

Database Management System: A database management system is a

software package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance,
and use of a database.
A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same
database.

Well known DBMSs include Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server,
Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro, and SQLite.

Data can be organized into two types:

• Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount
of data.
• Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a common field.
Relational is suitable for medium to large amount of data.

Database Servers:
Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases
and run only the DBMS and related software.

Typically databases available on the database servers are accessed through command line or
graphic user interface tools referred to as Frontends.

RDBMS( Relational database management system )

Data in a relational database management system (RDBMS) is organized in the
form of tables( in rows & columns).

Tables:
A table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of vertical
columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows.

A table has a defined number of columns, but can have any number of rows.

Each row is identified by the values appearing in a particular column

identified as a unique key index or the key field.

This unique field is called the Primary Key (PK). A primary key is a
unique value that identifies a row in a table.

When primary key constraint is applied on one or more columns then it is

known as Composite Primary Key.

Primary Key (PK) value shouldn’t be repeated and not be NULL

NULL – is used to represent absence of data

Foreign key
A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together. This is sometimes also
called as a referencing key.

A Foreign Key is a column or a combination of columns whose values match a

Primary Key in a different table.( Means Foreign key is the Primary Key of
Another Table)

The relationship between 2 tables matches the Primary Key in one of the tables
with a Foreign Key in the second table.

Columns or Fields or Attributes:

A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of the
table

Rows or Records or Tuples:

A row also called a Record or Tuple represents a single, data item in a table.
In simple terms, a database table can be visualized as consisting of rows and
columns or fields.
Data types:
Datatypes are used to identify which type of data (value) we are going to
store in the database.

Data types in OpenOffice base are broadly classified into five

categories
• Numeric Types
• Alphanumeric Types
• Binary Types
• Date time
• Other Variable types
Numeric Types:
Numeric data types are used for describing numeric values for the field
used in the table of a database.
Numeric data types in a database can be used for storing information
such as mobile number, roll number, door number, year of school
admission, true or false statements, statistical values, etc.
Ex:
BOOLEAN
INTEGER
DECIMAL
FLOAT
DOUBLE
Alphanumeric Types:
Numeric data types are used for describing numeric values as well as
alphabets for the field.
Ex:
CHAR, VARCHAR

Binary Types:
Binary data types are used for storing data in binary formats. Binary data
types in a database can be using for storing photos, music files, etc. In
general, files of any format can be stored using the binary data type.
Ex:
BINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY

Date time:
Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for the
field used in the table of a database.
Date time data types in a database can be used for storing information
such as date of birth, date of admission, date of product sale, etc.
Ex: DATE, TIME

SQL (Structured Query Language):

SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data
in databases.
SQL is designed for managing data held in a relational database
management system (RDBMS)

SQL Commands:
The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are
CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP. These
commands can be classified into the following groups based on their
nature −

DDL - Data Definition Language

DDL is used to define the structures like schema, database, tables,
constraints etc.
Ex:
1. CREATE - Creates a new table, a view of a table, or other object in
the database.
2 ALTER - Modifies an existing database object, such as a table.
3 DROP - Deletes an entire table, a view of a table or other objects in
the database.

DML - Data Manipulation Language

DML is used to manipulate data. Examples of DML are insert, update and
delete statements.
Ex:
1 SELECT - Retrieves certain records from one or more tables.
2 INSERT - Creates a record.
3 UPDATE - Modifies records.
4 DELETE - Deletes records.

How to create database:

Syn: create database dbname;

Ex: create database KVMLK;

How to see existing databases

Syn: show databases;

How to Change database:

Syn: use dbname;

Ex: use KVMLK;
Now KVMLK database will be opened where you can create tables

How to see existing tables in the database

Syn: show tables;

It shows existing table names in the current database

How to create Table:

Syn:
Create table Table_Name( col_name1 datatype, col_name2 datatype,…….col_name_n
datatype );

Ex:
Create table student( rno int, name varchar(20), marks float);

How insert data into tables:

Syn:

Insert into Table_Name values( val_1,val_2,val_3……val_n);

Ex:
Insert into student values(3,”RAVI”, 45);

Above command is used insert values for all columns in the table

or
Syn:
Insert into Table_Name( col_nam_1,col_name_2…..) values(val_1,val_2,…);
Ex:
Insert into student (rno,marks) values (10,47);

Above command is used to insert data for specific columns in the table

How to see/ retrieve the data from tables:

Syn:
Select * from Table_Name;
Ex:
Select * from student;

Above command displays all columns & rows from the table
Syn:
Select col_1,col_2,….col_n from Table_Name;
Ex:
Select rno,marks from student;

Above command displays specific columns & all rows from the table

DISTINCT

This keyword is used to eliminate duplicate/redundant rows in the output

Syn:

Select distinct(col_name) from Table_Name;

Ex:

Select distinct(name) from items;

DESC

Is used to display the structure of table

Syn:

Desc Table_Name

Ex:

Desc items;

Alias NAME:

To give different names to the column while showing output

Syn:

Select col_nam as “Alias_Name” from Table_Name;

Ex:

Select name as “Item_NAME” from items;

WHERE

Is used to place conditions on rows

It filters rows based on the given condition

Ex:
Select * from items where name=”pen”;
Select * from items where price>10;

While placing a conditions on rows we can use

Relational Operators: > , < , >= , <= , = , !=
Logical Operators: and ( && ) , or ( || ) , not (!)
Ex:
select * from items where code<20 and code>15;

How Check NULL Values:

Syn:

Select * from Table_name where Col-Nam IS NULL;

Ex:

Select * from ITEMS where price IS NULL;

select * from items where price IS NOT NULL;

BETWEEN

Is used to place condition based on range

Syn:

Select * from Table_Name where Col_Nam BETWEEN Val1 and Val2 ;

Ex:
select * from items where code BETWEEN 15 and 20;

IN
Is used to place condition based on list values specified
Syn:

Select * from Table_Name where Col_Nam IN ( val1, val2,..) ;

Ex:
select * from items where code IN (15,20);

LIKE

To place condition based on pattern match

% - any number of characters

 _ - any one character

To display names of items which are starting with alphabet P

Order By:

To display table data in either ascending or descending order based on specific column

SyN:

Select * from Table_Name order by Col_Nam ASC/DESC;

Ex:
Select * from items order by price;

Create table from existing table

Create table Table_Name AS select * from Table_Name where condition;

Insert Data from existing table

Insert into Table_Name select * from Table_Name where condition;

UPDATE

To modify data in the table

Syntax:

Update Table_Name SET col_nam_1=val, col_nam_2=val,.. where condition;

DELETE

To delete specific rows from the table

Syn:

Delete from Table_Name where condition;

DROP

To remove or delete table from the database

Syn:

Drop table Table_Name;

ALTER

To change the definition of the table like

- Add / delete column
- Add /remove constraints
- Re-define column like change name , data type, size

Syn:

Adding New Column:

Alter table Table_Name Add New_col Data_Type Constraint;

Removing Column from table:

Alter table Table_Name drop column_Name;

Change Column Name

Alter table Table_Name Change Old_col_Name New_Col_Name datatype;

Changing DATA Type or Constraints

Alter table Table_Name MODIFY Col_Nam New_DT New_Constraint ;