BMULT3507 • CONCEPT OF MODELLING

CHAPTER

Introduction To 3D Model

Faculty of Information and Communication Technology

Objectives
* Understand the underlying components of a
3D polygonal model

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Topics covered
• 3D model
• Industrial uses
• 3D in virtual space
• Projections
• Rendering

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 What is a 3D model?
• Generally ( but not absolutely ) a 3D
polygonal representation of an object
usually displayed with a computer or via
some other video device.
• Usually created by software apps 3D
modelers e.g. 3DS MAX, Maya, Softimage,
LightWave, Rhino, AutoCAD, etc.
• Can be created by hand or algorithmically.
• Generally virtual in form but not
necessarily so.
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3D model

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Industrial uses
• Architecture – for buildings, landscaping
proposals
• Games – content creations
• TV & films – CG characters & props for
animation
• Medical – detailed models of organs
• Engineering – design aids
3D in virtual space
• 1 vertex is a point in 3-dimensional space
• 2 vertices connected by straight line =
edge
• 3 connected vertices = 3 edges = triangle
(simplest polygon in Euclidean space)
Introduction to 3D
• Coordinate System (2D, 3D)
• Vertex, Faces and Objects
• Concept of wire frame, surface & solid
modeling
• Perspective projection
• Orthographic projection
• Axonometric projection
• Oblique projection
Solid Modeling
• Solid modeling (or modelling) is the unambiguous
representation of the solid parts of an object, that is,
models of solid objects suitable for computer processing.
It is also known as volume modeling.
• Other modeling methods include surface models (used
extensively in automotive and consumer product design
as well as entertainment animation) and wire frame
models (which can be ambiguous about solid volume).
• Primary uses of solid modeling are for CAD, engineering
analysis, computer graphics and animation, rapid
prototyping, medical testing, product visualization and
visualization of scientific research.
Solid Modeling
Projection
Perspective Projection
• Perspective in the graphic arts, such as drawing,
is an approximate representation, on a flat
surface (such as paper), of an image as it is
perceived by the eye. The two most
characteristic features of perspective are:

– Objects are drawn smaller as their distance from the

observer increases
– The distortion of items when viewed at an angle
(spatial foreshortening)
Orthographic projection
• Orthographic projection is a means of
representing a three-dimensional (3D)
object in two dimensions (2D).
• It uses multiple views of the object, from
points of view rotated about the object's
center through increments of 90°.
• Equivalently, the views may be considered
to be obtained by rotating the object about
its center through increments of 90°.
Orthographic projection

Perspective projection Orthographic projection

Axonometric projection
• Within orthographic projection, there is an ancillary
category known as pictorials. Pictorials show an image of
an object as viewed from a skew direction in order to
reveal all three directions (axes) of space in one picture.
Orthographic pictorial instrument drawings are often
used to approximate Graphical Perspective projections,
but there is attendant distortion in the approximation.
Because pictorial projections innately have this distortion,
in the instrument drawing of Pictorials, great liberties
may then be taken for economy of effort and best effect.
• The three types of axonometric projections are isometric
projection, dimetric projection, and trimetric projection.
Typically in axonometric drawing, one axis of space is
shown as the vertical.
Axonometric Projection

• In axonometric projection the plan view of

the building is placed on the drawing table
with its side inclined from the horizontal at
any angle.
• Usually 30°, 45° or 60° is chosen since
those are the angles of the set squares.
• All vertical lines of the building remain
vertical and are drawn to the scale of the
plan view.
Axonometric
projection
Oblique Projection
• Oblique projection is a simple type of
graphical projection used for producing
pictorial, two-dimensional images of three-
dimensional objects.
Example
Isometric Projection

• With isometric projection, horizontal lines

of both front view and side view of the
building are drawn to 30° from the
horizontal using dimensions to scale.
• Vertical lines remain vertical and the same
scale is used.
• Curved and slanted lines are developed by
working within lightly sketched squares or
rectangles, which are erased after use.
Isometric Projection
Oblique Projection
• An oblique projection starts with a front
view of the building. The horizontal lines in
the adjacent side are then draw to an
angle, usually 30° or 45°, from the
horizontal.
• The dimensions on the adjacent side are
made equal to 0.8 of the full size if 30° is
used or 0.5 if 45° is used.
• Curved and slanted lines are constructed in
the same manner as in isometric
projections.
Oblique Projection
Difference
• Perspective drawing and orthographic
projection are two very different methods
of showing the same object.
• In perspective, top, the cylinder's circular
top appears to be an ellipse.
• Orthographic projection in mechanical
drawing shows an object's true shape.
Oblique projection
3D Rendering
• 3D Rendering - 3D Rendering is the process of
producing an image based on three-dimensional data
stored within a computer.
• 3D rendering is
– a creative process
– similar to photography or cinematography
– lighting and staging scenes
– producing images
– Imaginary
– almost infinite amount of creative control over what
appears in the scene, and how it is depicted.
End of Lecture