Chapter 5 Review

Vocabulary Section 5.2

Match each word to the sentence where it best
photon orbital
fits.
frequency quantum state
Section 5.1 wavelength quantum theory
energy level the Pauli exclusion
ion isotope
Planck’s constant principle
radioactivity nucleus
atomic mass unit mass number 10. There can be a maximum of 8 electrons in the
second ______________.
atomic number decay
11. The ______________ tells us how often a wave
orbit moves up and down per unit time.
1. An atom may have more than one _____________ 12. Chemists use ______________ to describe
if it can have different numbers of neutrons. phenomena that occur at subatomic scales.
2. The mass of one carbon atom is 12.011 ________ 13. ______________ allows us to find particle’s
______. frequency based on its its energy.
3. Most of the mass of an atom is located in the 14. A short ______________ indicates a higher
______________. energy wave.
4. In an atomic model, a/an ______________ is the 15. According to ______________, two electrons can
imaginary path an electron travels around the never be in the same quantum state.
nucleus. 16. Each ______________ can only hold one electron.
5. During ______________, an element 17. A/An ______________ describes where you are
spontaneously changes into a new element. likely to find an electron.
6. The ______________ tells us what kind of 18. The smallest quantity of light possible is called
element an atom is. a/an ______________.
7. A/An ______________ is an atom (or small
molecule) that has an unequal number of protons
and electrons. Section 5.3
8. ______________ is when the nucleus of an atom
spontaneously changes and energy is released. electron configuration principle quantum
spectrum number
9. The ______________ of an atom describes the
number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. spectrophotometer
19. The ______________ of visible light spans from
about 400 nm to 750 nm.
20. The ______________ of an atom describes how
the electrons are organized among the orbitals.
21. The ______________ tells us the quantum state
and energy of a particular electron.
22. Light measurements can be done using a/an
______________.

162 A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY

 Section 5.4
electromagnetic spectroscopy
spectrum
speed of light
electron volt
23. The ______________ includes low energy
radiowaves, as well as high energy gamma rays.
24. The ______________ refers to the time it takes for
electromagnetic radiation to travel through a
vacuum.
25. A/An ______________ is a very small unit of
energy that can be used to describe light energy.
26. Using ______________, astronomers can
determine the composition of distant stars.
Conceptual Questions
Section 5.1
27. Draw a time line showing the development of
atomic theory starting with Democritus and
ending with Heisenberg. Be sure to mention the
person, a date, and their contribution to our current
knowledge of the atom.
28. Give at least two experiments that support the idea
that everything is made from atoms, and explain
why.
29. Which parts of Dalton’s atomic theory are now
known to be untrue?
30. What was the first subatomic particle to be
discovered?
31. Describe the connection between cathode rays and
electrons.
32. Explain how J. J. Thomson determined that
cathode rays are made from tiny, negatively
charged particles.
33. Given Rutherford's results, why did he determine
the nucleus of an atom was small, dense and
positively charged?
34. From what particles are atoms constructed, and
where are they located in the atom?
A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY
35. Which subatomic particle has almost no mass
relative to the others: the proton, the neutron or the
electron?
36. Why do we need to use probability maps like the
orbital picture to show where the electron is? Why
can’t we say the electron orbits the nucleus like a
planet?
37. What number is the same for all oxygen atoms?
a. the number of protons
b. the number of neutrons
c. the number of electrons
38. What is the number on the periodic table that tells
you which kind of element an atom is?
39. If you have an atom of carbon-12 and an atom of
carbon-14 then you have:
a. two different ions
b. two different elements
c. two different isotopes
40. Describe the difference between the mass number
for an atom and the atomic mass of an element.
41. Give two examples of how rubbing things together
can cause an electric charge to build up.
42. Explain why rubbing almost anything together can
cause an electric charge to build up.
43. If something is electrically neutral, then which one
of the following must be true?
a. It is constructed only from neutrons.
b. The positive and negative charges are exactly
balanced.
c. It has been discharged by touching something
metallic.
d. It is made from an equal number of protons
and neutrons.
44. What must be true of the lithium atoms in a
lithium ion battery—the kind that power most
laptops?
45. Explain why you don’t need the atomic symbol to
determine the number of electrons.
163
Chapter 5 Review
Section 5.2
46. Using the diagram below, compare the
wavelength, frequency and energy of the two
waves:
47. Describe the difference between an orbit and an
orbital.
48. Which has more energy: radiation with a
wavelength of 250 nm or radiation with a
wavelength of 400 nm?
Section 5.3
49. The atom lithium has the electron configuration of
1s22s1. Describe what each number represents.
50. What is interesting about the 3d orbital?
Section 5.4
51. Which type of electromagnetic radiation carries
more energy per photon, microwaves or visible
light?
52. Which type of photon has more energy: a red
photon of visible light or a blue photon of visible
light?
53. Explain why shining an intense red laser at a
particular metal does nothing, while a very weak
ultraviolet light can cause electrons to be ejected
from the atoms.
54. How does an electron absorb energy?
a. It jumps to a higher energy level.
b. It heats up.
c. It moves closer to the nucleus.
d. It jumps to a lower energy level.
55. How does an electron emit a photon of light?
a. It jumps to a higher energy level.
b. It heats up.
c. It moves farther away from the nucleus.
d. It jumps to a lower energy level.
164
56. What is spectroscopy, and how can it help us learn
about distant stars, planets and our own
atmosphere?
57. If you shine a light into a prism, it:
a. creates new types of light so you see photons
other than the color of the original light.
b. separates the photons that were mixed together
in the original beam of light.
c. subtracts some of the photons that were in the
original light.
58. If an electron has four possible different energy
levels, how many different photons of
electromagnetic energy could be given off by that
electron, assuming it keeps absorbing and
releasing energy so that it visits every possible
energy level?
a. two
b. four
c. six
d. eight
Quantitative Problems
Section 5.1
59. If the nucleus of an atom is about 1/10,000th the
radius of an atom, what percentage of the volume
of the atom is empty space, assuming the atom is a
perfect sphere?
60. Make up some analogy that gets across how big an
atom is compared to its nucleus. For example: If
the nucleus were as big as a baseball (about 3.5 cm
radius), the outer edge of the atom would be about
3.5 football fields away (about 350 meters or
35,000 cm).
61. How many protons does a nitrogen atom have?
a. 7
b. 14
c. 28
d. It depends on the charge of the atom.
62. How many electrons does a nitrogen atom have?
a. 7
b. 14
c. 28
d. It depends on the charge of the atom.
A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY
 63. Below is a table of several different isotopes used electron jumps from a higher level to level 3 that it
in medical imaging and research. Fill in the table emits infrared photons, but when it jumps to level
with the appropriate numbers. 1, ultraviolet photons are emitted?

Element Isotope Protons Neutrons

potassium

potassium

oxygen

64. Below is a table of ions or atoms. Fill in the table

with the appropriate numbers.

Element Isotope Protons Electrons

1+
lithium Li
argon Ar
69. If you have an instrument that uses microwaves
nitrogen N2+ with a frequency of 1012 Hz, what is the energy in
nitrogen N5– (ev) and the wavelength in (nm)?
70. An electron absorbs an amount of energy
65. Calculate the approximate atomic mass for sulfur, equivalent to 12.75 eV, and three photons are
given the following isotopes and abundances: emitted as the electron loses energy and returns to
sulfur-32: 94.93% its ground state. The first photon has an energy of
sulfur-33: 0.76% 0.66 eV, and the second photon has an energy of
sulfur-34: 4.29% 1.89 eV. What is the energy of the last photon
sulfur-36: 0.02% emitted by that electron?

Section 5.2
66. A particle has a frequency of 2.0 × 1015 Hz. What
is its energy in joules (J) and in electron volts
(eV)?
67. Suppose alpha particles are emitted from a
reaction and have an energy of 5.2 eV. Calculate
the de Broglie wavelength in nm for one particle.
The mass of an alpha particle is 6.64× 10−27 kg.

Section 5.4
68. Below is a diagram showing which kinds of
electromagnetic radiation are produced when an
electron jumps from a higher energy level to a
lower one. Why does it make sense that when an

A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY 165