Chapter 8 Review

Vocabulary 9. For a molecule to be a/an ____________ it must

be made primarily from carbon and hydrogen with
Match each word to the sentence where it best the possibility of some other nonmetals also part
fits. of the molecule.
10. An ionic formula is always a/an ____________.
Section 8.1
11. Some ____________ are natural and are necessary
brittle polyatomic ion for correct biological functioning, and others are
sometimes taken as drugs.
electric current
12. Some of the highest calorie foods contain
1. Something that is ____________ can be strong but ____________.
still breaks easily.
13. Protein and DNA are molecules that are examples
2. If you have a/an ____________, then you have a of ____________.
small molecule with a charge.
14. The type of molecular substances that form very
3. When charge moves in a directed way you have large interconnected molecules are called
a/an ____________. ____________.

Section 8.2 Section 8.3

lipids copolymers intermolecular hydrogen bonding
steroids network covalent attractions surface tension
hydrocarbon empirical formula van der Waals London dispersion
polymers molecular formula attractions attraction
monomer organic molecule dipole–dipole
attraction
homopolymer
15. ____________ is a slightly stronger version of
4. A/an ____________ will tell you exactly how dipole–dipole attraction, but it is not as strong as a
many atoms there are in an individual molecule. covalent bond.
5. Most of our fuels are one kind of ____________ 16. Two broad terms that describe why molecules
or another, because the carbon and hydrogen they condense into liquids and solids are
contain have a large amount of chemical energy. ________________ and _________________.
6. Molecules that are made from repeatedly bonding 17. When two polar molecules attract each other you
together smaller molecules are broadly called have an example of ____________.
____________.
18. You can “float” a paper clip on water if you very
7. ____________ are bonded together to form carefully lay it flat on top of the water. This is due
polymers. to what is known as ____________.
8. Polypropylene is only made from one monomer, 19. ____________________ is particularly important
so it is a/an ____________. for nonpolar molecules.

256 A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY

 Conceptual Questions
Section 8.1
20. What is one property shared by most ionic
substances?
21. Why do ionic substances not conduct electricity in
their solid form but do if they are dissolved or in
their liquid form?
22. Must the positive ion in an ionic compound have
the same charge as the negative ion? Explain.
23. Describe the structure of an ionic crystal.
24. In what ways is an ionic crystal like a molecule
and in what ways is it different?
25. Describe why you sometimes need parentheses
around a polyatomic ion when used in a formula.
Give one example of when you need parentheses
and one where you don’t.
26. Why must the total positive and total negative
charge in an ionic compound be equal?
27. Why do some ionic names need a Roman numeral
and some don’t? Give an example.
Section 8.2
28. Describe a major difference between the
properties of ionic compounds and molecular
compounds.
29. What are some common properties of substances
made from small molecules?
30. If two small molecules are about the same size,
but one is polar, which one will have the higher
boiling point? Why?
31. Gasoline is a hydrocarbon. What does that mean?
32. What is a common property of substances made
from medium-sized molecules?
33. If you wanted to avoid lipids, what foods should
you not eat?
34. Describe the relationship between a monomer and
a polymer.
A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY
35. How many different monomers are used to make
proteins?
36. What do we call a monomer that is used to make a
protein?
37. Which kinds of molecular substances most
resemble ionic compounds, and in what ways are
they similar?
38. Describe the difference between an empirical
formula and a molecular formula.
Section 8.3
39. What are the major categories of intermolecular
attractions?
40. Is a hydrogen bond more like a dipole–dipole
attraction or more like a London dispersion
attraction? Explain.
41. Dipole–dipole attractions occur between which
types of molecules:
a. network covalent
b. polar
c. nonpolar
42. Explain why water has a boiling point that is so
much higher than most molecules that are as
small.
43. List three special properties of water, not
including its high boiling point.
44. Describe the difference between London
dispersion attraction and dipole–dipole attraction.
45. How does the size of a molecule play a role in
determining the strength of its intermolecular
attractions?
46. How does the shape of a molecule play a role in
determining the strength of its intermolecular
attractions?
47. How does the polarity of a molecule play a role in
determining the strength of its intermolecular
attractions?
257
Chapter 8 Review

Section 8.4 c. SrCl2

d. PbCl4
48. What does an empirical formula tell you? Give an
example. 57. Write the name for each of the following formulas:
49. Give an example of when a molecular formula is a. FeO
the same as its empirical formula. b. Fe2O3
50. Give an example when the molecular formula is c. ZnBr2
different from the empirical formula. d. AgNO3
e. K2CO3
51. Describe how the percent composition helps in
determining the molecular formula of an unknown 58. Write the name for each of the following formulas:
substance. a. NaHCO3
Quantitative Problems b. Sn(NO3)2
c. (NH4)2SO4
Section 8.1 d. Al(C2H3O2)3
52. What does the formula BaCl2 tell you about the e. CuSO4
substance barium chloride?
Section 8.2
53. Write the formula for each of the following names:
a. lithium bromide 59. Write the formula for each of the following names:
a. magnesium fluoride a. dinitrogen monoxide
b. calcium sulfide b. dichlorine hexoxide
c. aluminum iodide c. iodine tribromide
d. aluminum sulfide 60. Write the formula for each of the following names:
54. Write the formula for each of the following names: a. iodine heptafluoride
a. chromium(III) nitrate b. phosphorous trichloride
b. copper(I) oxide c. chlorine monoiodide
c. copper(II) oxide d. dinitrogen tetrafluoride
d. lithium phosphate 61. Write the names for each of the following
e. iron(III) sulfate formulas:
a. SF2
55. Write the formula for each of the following names:
b. P4O10
a. barium hydroxide
c. P2Cl4
b. sodium sulfide
c. tin(IV) carbonate 62. Write the names for each of the following
d. cobalt(II) chlorate formulas:
a. Cl2O7
56. Write the name for each of the following formulas:
b. PF5
a. K2O
c. S2F10
b. BeI2

258 A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY

 Section 8.3 69. Give the empirical formula for each of the
molecular formulas:
a. N2O4
b. P2O5
c. P4H10
d. H2O2
e. P3Cl5
70. Give three possible molecular formulas for the
empirical formula CH2O.
71. If you had a sample of a substance that had
20.23 g of aluminum and 79.77 g of chlorine, what
would the empirical formula be for this substance?
72. What is the empirical formula for a substance with
the following percent composition by weight:
63. There are four DNA bases that are part of the 40% carbon
nucleotide monomers that make up the DNA 6.7% hydrogen
molecule. When two DNA strands wrap around 53.3% oxygen
each other they only stick together if there is an
“A” on one strand across from a “T” on the other 73. You have 16.0 g of some compound and you
or a “G” on one strand across from a “C” on the perform an experiment to remove all of the
other. Which pair do you think sticks together oxygen, 11.2 g of iron is left. What is the empirical
better and why? formula of this compound?

64. Why does it make sense that “A” and “T” pair up 74. After burning 1.5 g of scandium in oxygen, a new
and “G” and “C” pair up? compound is formed that has a mass of 3.1 g.
What is its empirical formula?
Section 8.4
75. The empirical formula for cyclohexane is CH2,
65. Calculate the molar mass for each of the following and its molar mass is 84.18 g/mole. What is its
substances: molecular formula?
a. H2O 76. What is the molecular formula for a compound
b. NaNO3 with a molar mass of 34.02 g/mole and empirical
c. (NH4)2S formula of HO?
d. Ca3(PO4)2 77. A sample of an unknown compound was
66. What is the percent composition by mass for each determined to be made from 8.56 g of carbon and
of the substances in the previous question? 1.44 g of hydrogen. The molar mass of the
compound was found to be 28.03 g/mole. What is
67. If you add up all the percentages of each element its molecular formula?
in a compound, what number should you get?
68. Calculate how many molecules are in the
following:
a. 6.5 g of H2O
b. 19.3 g of C8H10

A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY 259