BRITISH STANDARD |

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1228 : 1997
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Methods
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| 1997
Plastics piping systems Ð |
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Glass-reinforced thermosetting |
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plastics (GRP) pipes Ð |
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Determination of initial |
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specific ring stiffness |
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The European Standard EN 1228 : 1996 has the status of a |
British Standard |
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ICS 23.040.20 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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BS EN 1228 : 1997

Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee
PRI/61, Plastics piping systems and components, upon which the following bodies
were represented:

British Gas plc

British Plastics Federation
British Plumbing Fittings Manufacturers' Association
British Valve and Actuator Manufacturers' Association
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
Department of the Environment (British Board of AgreÂment)
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of Transport
Electricity Association
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Health and Safety Executive
Institute of Building Control
Institute of Materials
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Gas Engineers
National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Mechanical Services Contractors
Pipeline Industries Guild
Plastics Land Drainage Manufacturers' Association
Society of British Gas Industries
Society of British Water Industries
Water Companies Association
Water Services Association of England and Wales

The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through
subcommittees and panels:

Association of Consulting Engineers

Engineering Equipment and Materials Users' Association
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
RAPRA Technology Ltd.
This British Standard, having
been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Materials and Chemicals, was
published under the authority of
the Standards Board and comes
into effect on
15 April 1997

 BSI 1997 Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Text affected

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference PRI/61
Draft for comment 93/313470 DC

ISBN 0 580 26814 4

 BS EN 1228 : 1997

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Foreword 2
Method
1 Scope 3
2 Definitions 3
3 Principle 3
4 Apparatus 3
5 Test piece 4
6 Conditioning 5
7 Procedure 5
8 Calculation 6
9 Test report 6
Figures
1 Schematic diagram of the test arrangement 4
2 Method A: Load and corresponding deflection versus time [using loading
condition b)] 5
3 Method B: Deflection and corresponding load versus time [using loading
condition a)] 6

 BSI 1997 i
BS EN 1228 : 1997

National foreword

This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee PRI/61 and is the
English language version of EN 1228 : 1996 Plastics piping systems Ð
Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes Ð Determination of initial
specific ring stiffness, published by the European Committee for Standardization
(CEN).
It is incorporated into BS 2782 Methods of testing plastics : Part 12 : Reinforced
plastics pipes, fittings and valves, as Methods 1214A and B : 1997, for association with
related test methods for plastics materials and plastics piping components, where
method 1214A corresponds to method A of EN 1228 (using constant load) and
method 1214B corresponds to method B of EN 1228 (using constant deflection).
This standard has been prepared for reference by other standards under preparation
by CEN for specification of reinforced plastics piping systems and components. It has
been implemented to enable experience of the methods to be gained and for use for
other fresh applications.
It is also for use for the revision or amendment of other national standards as
practicable, but it should not be presumed to apply to any existing standard or
specification which contains or makes reference to a different test method until that
standard/specification has been amended or revised to make reference to this method
and adjust any requirements as appropriate.
No existing British Standard is superseded by this Method.
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to
13 and a back cover.
Warning note. This British Standard, which is identical with EN 1228 : 1996, does not
necessarily detail all the precautions necessary to meet the requirements of the Health
and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. Attention should be paid to any appropriate safety
precautions and the method should be operated only by trained personnel.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the EN
title page, pages 2 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover.

ii  BSI 1997
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1228
NORME EUROPEÂENNE
EUROPAÈISCHE NORM June 1996

ICS 23.040.20

Descriptors: Pipelines, plastic tubes, reinforced plastics, glass-reinforced plastics, thermosetting resins, mechanical test,
measurements, rigidity, flexing

English version

Plastics piping systems Ð Glass-reinforced thermosetting

plastics (GRP) pipes Ð Determination of initial specific
ring stiffness

SysteÁmes de canalisations en plastique Ð Tubes en Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme Ð Rohre aus

plastique thermodurcissable renforce de verre glasfaserverstaÈrkten duroplastischen Kunststoffen
(PRV) Ð DeÂtermination de la rigidite annulaire (GFK) Ð Ermittlung der spezifischen
speÂcifique initiale Anfangs-Ringsteifigkeit

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1996-01-04. CEN members are
bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the
conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard
without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards
may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation
EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈr Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

 1996 All rights of reproduction and communication in any form and by any means reserved to CEN and its
members.
Ref. No. EN 1228 : 1996 E
Page 2
EN 1228 : 1996

Foreword
This European Standard has been prepared by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 155, Plastics piping
systems and ducting systems, the secretariat of which
is held by NNI.
This standard is based on the draft International
Standard ISO/DIS 7685 Pipes and fittings of
glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) ± Determination
of specific ring stiffness of pipes ± Test methods,
prepared by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO). It is a modification of
ISO/DIS 7685.2 for reasons of possible applicability to
test conditions and alignment with texts of other
standards on test methods.
The modifications are:
± test parameters (pressure, time, temperature) are
not specified;
± material-dependent or performance requirements
are not given;
± editorial changes have been introduced.
The material-dependent test parameters and/or
performance requirements are incorporated in the

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
referring standard.
This standard is one of a series of standards on test
methods which support System Standards for plastics
piping systems and ducting systems.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a
national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by
December 1996, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 1996.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,
the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European
Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

 BSI 1997

1 Scope
This standard specifies methods for determining the
initial specific ring stiffness of glass-reinforced
thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes. Two methods are
given and within the specified deflection limits each is
equally valid and may be used for any diameter.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following
definitions apply:
2.1 compressive load (F)
The load applied to a pipe to cause a diametric
deflection.
It is expressed in newtons.
2.2 deflection (y)
The change in diameter of a pipe in response to a
diametric compressive load (see 2.1).
It is expressed in metres.
2.3 relative deflection (y/dm)
The ratio of the deflection, y, (see 2.2), to the mean
diameter of the pipe, dm, (see 2.4).
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
2.4 mean diameter (dm)
The diameter of the circle corresponding with the
middle of the pipe wall cross section.
It is given, in metres, by either of the following
equations:
dm = di + e
dm = de 2 e
where:
di is the average of the measured internal
diameters (see 5.3.3), in metres;
de is the average of the measured external
diameters (see 5.3.3), in metres;
e is the average of the measured wall thicknesses
of the pipe (see 5.3.2), in metres.
2.5 specific ring stiffness (S)
A physical characteristic of the pipe which is a
measure of the resistance to ring deflection under
external load.
This characteristic is determined by testing and is
defined, in newtons per square metre, by the equation:
E3I
S=
dm3
where:
E is the apparent modulus of elasticity as
determined in the ring stiffness test, in newtons
per square metre;
 BSI 1997
Page 3
EN 1228 : 1996
I is the moment of inertia (the second moment of
area) in the longitudinal direction per metre
length, expressed in metres to the fourth power
per metre, i.e.:
e3
I=
12
where:
e is the wall thickness of the pipe, in metres;
dm is the mean diameter (see 2.4) of the pipe,
in metres.
2.6 initial specific ring stiffness (S0)
The initial value of S obtained by testing in accordance
with this standard.
It is expressed in newtons per square metre.
3 Principle
A cut length of pipe is loaded throughout its length to
compress it diametrically and the resulting deflection
or load achieved are determined. There are two
methods, either of which can be used, designated A
or B as follows:
method A: After applying the load to achieve a
relative deflection of (3 ± 0,5) %, the load is kept
constant for a period of time and the final deflection
is determined at the end of this period;
method B: After applying the load to achieve the
initial deflection specified in the referring standard,
the deflection is kept constant for a period of time
and the final load being applied at the end of this
period is determined.
NOTE. It is assumed that the following test parameters are set by
the standard making reference to this standard:
a) the method for determining the initial specific ring
stiffness (see 2.6);
b) the length of the test piece (see 5.1);
c) the number of test pieces (see 5.2);
d) if applicable, conditioning of the test piece (see clause 6);.
e) for method B, the relative deflection to be applied
(see 7.3.3)
4 Apparatus
4.1 Compressive loading machine, comprising a
system capable of applying a controlled rate of
compression (suitable for methods A or B) or a dead
weight loading system (suitable for method A only),
without shock, through two parallel load application
surfaces conforming to 4.2 so that a horizontally
orientated test piece of pipe conforming to clause 5
can be compressed vertically. The accuracy of loading
shall be ± 1 % of the maximum indicated load.
Page 4
EN 1228 : 1996
4.2 Load application surfaces
4.2.1 General arrangement
The surfaces shall be provided by a pair of plates
(see 4.2.2), or a pair of beam bars (see 4.2.3), or a
combination of one such plate and one such bar, with
their major axes perpendicular to and centred on the
direction of application of load F by the compressive
loading machine, as shown in figure 1. The surfaces to
be in contact with the test piece shall be flat, smooth,
clean and parallel.
Plates and beam bars shall have a length at least equal
to the test piece (see clause 5) and have a thickness
such that visible deformation does not occur during
the test.
4.2.2 Plates
The plate(s) shall have a width of at least 100 mm.
4.2.3 Beam bars
Each beam bar shall have rounded edges, a flat face
(see figure 1) without sharp edges and a width
dependent upon the pipe as follows:
a) for pipes with a nominal size not greater than
DN 300 the width shall be (20 ± 2) mm;
b) for pipes of nominal sizes greater than DN 300 the
width shall be (50 ± 5) mm.
The beam bars shall be so constructed and supported
that no other surface of the beam bar structure shall
come into contact with the test piece during the test.
4.3 Dimensional measuring devices, capable
of determining
± the necessary dimensions (length, diameter, wall
thickness) to an accuracy of within ± 0,1 mm;
± the deflection of the test piece in the vertical
direction to an accuracy of within ± 1,0 % of the
maximum value.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the test arrangement
5 Test piece
5.1 Preparation
The test piece shall be a complete ring cut from the
pipe to be tested. The length of the test piece shall be
as specified in the referring standard, with permissible
deviations of ± 5 %.
The cut ends shall be smooth and perpendicular to the
axis of the pipe.
Straight lines, to serve as reference lines, shall be
drawn on the inside or the outside along the length of
the test piece at 60Ê intervals around its circumference.
5.2 Number
The number of test pieces shall be as specified in the
referring standard.
5.3 Determination of the dimensions
5.3.1 Length
Measure the length of the test piece along each
reference line to an accuracy of 0,2 mm.
Calculate the average length, L, in metres, of the test
piece from the six measured values.
5.3.2 Wall thickness
Measure to within ± 0,2 mm the wall thickness of the
test piece at each end of each reference line.
Calculate the average wall thickness, e, as the average
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
of the 12 measured values, in metres.
5.3.3 Mean diameter
Measure to an accuracy of within ± 0,5 mm either of
the following:
a) the internal diameter, di, of the test piece between
each diametrically opposed pair of reference lines at
their mid-length, e.g. by means of a caliper;
b) the external diameter, de, of the test piece at the
mid-points of the reference lines, e.g. by means of a
circumferential wrap steel tape.
Calculate the mean diameter, dm, of the test piece
using the values obtained for wall thickness and either
the internal or the external diameter (see 2.4).
 BSI 1997
 Page 5
EN 1228 : 1996

6 Conditioning 7.3.2 Method A: Using constant load

Unless otherwise specified by the referring standard, Apply the compressive load under one of the following
store the test pieces for at least 0,5 h at the test conditions:
temperature (see 7.1) prior to testing. a) at a substantially constant rate so that a relative
deflection between 2,5 % and 3,5 % is reached in
(60 ± 10) s;
7 Procedure
b) in three stages of loading (see figure 2) over a
7.1 Test temperature total period of (60 ± 10) s.
Conduct the following procedure at the temperature Keep this load constant for 2 min and at the end of this
specified in the referring standard. period determine and record the load and the
7.2 Positioning of the test piece deflection.
Place the test piece in the apparatus with a pair of
diametrically opposed reference lines in contact with
the plate(s) and/or beam bar(s).
Ensure that the contact between the test piece and
each plate or beam bar is as uniform as possible and
that the plate(s) and/or beam bar(s) are not tilted
laterally.
7.3 Application of load and measurement of
deflection
7.3.1 General
Carry out a test at each pair of reference lines

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
(see 5.1). Allow the test piece to recover between each
test. In case of dispute, allow 15 min between each
test.

Figure 2, Method A: Load and corresponding deflection versus time

[using loading condition b)]

 BSI 1997
Page 6
EN 1228 : 1996

Figure 3. Method B: Deflection and corresponding load versus time

[using loading condition a)]

7.3.3 Method B: Using constant deflection

Apply the compressive load so that the relative
deflection specified in the referring standard is reached
in (60 ± 10) s in either of the following ways:
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
9 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) at a substantially constant rate (see figure 3);
b) in three stages of loading.
Keep this deflection constant for 2 min and at the end
of this period determine and record the deflection and
the load.
NOTE. An estimate of the compressive load required to achieve a
relative deflection can be made from knowledge of the nominal
stiffness (SN).
8 Calculation
Calculate the initial specific ring stiffness, So, for each
of the three positions using the following equation:
f3F
So =
L3y
where:
f is the deflection coefficient:
f= {1860 + (2500 3 y/dm)} 3 1025;
L is the average length of the test piece, in metres.
a) a reference to this standard and the referring
standard;
b) the full identification of the pipe tested;
c) the dimensions of each test piece;
d) the number of test pieces;
e) the positions in the pipe from which the test
pieces were obtained;
f) the equipment details, including whether beam
bars and/or plates were used;
g) the test temperature;
h) the test method used, i.e. method A or B, and the
load application condition a) or b) (see 7.3);
i) the individual values for loads and corresponding
deflections used to calculate the initial specific ring
stiffness;
j) the initial specific ring stiffness of each test piece;
k) any factors which may have affected the results,
such as any incidents or any operating details not
specified in this standard;
l) the date of the test.

Calculate the average of the three values and record

this value as the initial specific ring stiffness of the test
piece.

 BSI 1997
blank
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