Department of Civil Engineering

U18CE706
CIVIL ENGINEERING SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
LABORATORY

Ms. K. Manasa
Sri. B. Srikanth
 Experiment No. 1
Analysis and design of RCC beams using STAAD.Pro and validation by
manual method.
LIMIT STATE METHOD
✓ The stresses are obtained from design loads and compared with
design strength.
✓ In this method, it follows linear strain relationship but not linear
stress relationship (one of the major difference between the two
methods of design).
✓ The ultimate stresses of materials itself are used as allowable stresses.
✓ The material capabilities are not under estimated as much as they are
in working stress method. Partial safety factors are used in limit state
method.
 Experiment No. 1
LOAD ACTING ON A STRUCTURE DEAD LOAD
✓ DEAD Load is self-weight of the various components in the building.
✓ LIVE Load is the external superimposed load on a structure.
✓ Uniformly distributed load.
✓ Uniformly varying load.
✓ Concentrated load.
✓ Arbitrary Load.
 Experiment No. 1
TYPES OF BEAMS
✓ Simply Supported Beam.
✓ Fixed Beam.
✓ Cantilever Beam.
✓ Continuous Beam.
✓ Overhanging Beam.
✓ Cantilever, Simply supported Beam.
 Experiment No. 1
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
It is a beam that is freely supported at two ends on walls or columns.
In actual practice no beam rests freely on the supports ( columns or walls )

FIXED BEAM
In this beam both ends of the beam are rigidly fixed into the supports.
Main reinforcement bars and stirrups are also provided
 Experiment No. 1
CANTILEVER BEAM:
✓ One end of the beam is fixed to wall or column and the other end is free.
✓ It has tension on top and compression on bottom

CONTINIOUS BEAM
✓ A continuous beam is a statically indeterminate multi span beam on hinged support.
✓ The end spans may be cantilever, may be freely supported or fixed supported. At
least one of the supports of a continuous beam must be able to develop a reaction
along the beam axis
 Experiment No. 1
OVERHANGING BEAM:
✓ In overhanging beam its end extends beyond column or wall support.
✓ Overhanging of the beam is the unsupported portion of the beam, it may be on side
or both the sides.
 Experiment No. 1
TYPES OF RCC BEAMS:
Singly Reinforced Beam:
✓ Singly reinforcement beam have steel provided on tension side and hanger bars on
compression side. Tension takes steel load or tensile load and compression is taken by
concrete.
Doubly Reinforced Beam
✓ Doubly reinforced sections contain reinforcement both at the tension and at the
compression face, usually at the support section only

✓ Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect the axial force may
be taken into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are calculated to
identify the critical load cases at different sections of the beams.
 Experiment No. 1

Selection of depths of the beam d and D

✓ The effective depth has the major role to play in satisfying
✓ (i) the strength requirements of bending moment and shear force, and
✓ (ii) Deflection of the beam.
✓ The initial effective depth of the beam, however, is assumed to satisfy the deflection
requirement depending on the span and type of the reinforcement. IS 456 stipulates the
basic ratios of span to effective depth of beams for span up to 10 m as (Clause 23.2.1)
✓ Cantilever 7
✓ Simply supported 20
✓ Continuous 26
✓ For spans above 10 m, the above values may be multiplied with 10/span in metres, except
for cantilevers where the deflection calculations should be made. Further, these ratios are
to be multiplied with the modification factor depending on reinforcement percentage and
type. Figures 4 and 5 of IS 456 give the different values of modification factors.
 Experiment No. 1

Design for Flexure and calculation of Ast

✓ The amount of steel reinforcement should provide the required tensile force T to resist the
factored moment Mu of the beam. Further, it should satisfy minimum and maximum
percentages of reinforcement requirements also. The minimum reinforcement Ast is
provided for creep, shrinkage, thermal and other environmental requirements irrespective
of the strength requirement. When torsion acts on the member then the moment equation
shall be modified as per the equation

✓ The minimum reinforcement As to be provided in a beam depends on the f y of steel and it

follows the relation: (cl. 26.5.1.1a of IS 456)

✓ The maximum tension reinforcement should not exceed 0.04 bD (cl. 26.5.1.1b of IS 456),
where D is the total depth.
 Experiment No. 1
Design for Shear
✓ Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsional moments. Shear
capacity calculation at different sections without the shear reinforcement is based on the
actual tensile reinforcement provided. Two or four-legged stirrups are provided to take care
of the balance shear forces acting on these sections. As per Clause 40.5 of IS: 456-2000
shear strength of sections (< 2d where d is the effective depth) close to support has been
enhanced, subjected to a maximum value of τ cmax. If torsion acts on a member then shear
force should be enhanced as per the equation

✓ Shear reinforcement is calculated as per the below mention equation

 Experiment No. 1

✓ Minimum shear reinforcement is provided in the form of shear link and it should be such
that

✓ And also maximum spacing of the shear stirrups should not exceed 0.75d or 300mm
✓ When a member is subjected to torsion then the minimum spacing of the shear stirrups is
provided as per the following (cl.26.5.1.7 of IS 456)
✓ The transverse reinforcement for torsion shall be rectangular closed stirrups spaced
rectangular to the axis of the member. The spacing of the stirrups hall not be less than the
least of the following
 Experiment No. 1

✓ X1, (X1+Y1)/4, 300mm and

✓ X1, Y1 are short and long direction the stirrups.

Side face reinforcement
✓ Where the depth of the beam exceeds 750mm, side face reinforcement is provided on the
two longitudinal faces of the beam. The total area of such reinforcement shall be 0.1% of
the web area and shall be distributed equally on both faces of the beam at a spacing not
exceeding 300mm or web thickness whichever is lesser.
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Experiment No. 1
Thank you ☺
 Department of Civil Engineering

U18CE706
CIVIL ENGINEERING SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
LABORATORY

Ms. K. Manasa
Sri. B. Srikanth
 Experiment No. 3
Analysis and design of RCC slabs using MS Excel / MAT LAB and
validation by manual method.
Experiment No. 3
 Experiment No. 3

✓ Slab is a two – dimensional or

planar member supporting a
transverse load.
✓ Slabs transfer the load to the
supporting beams in one or two
directions.
✓ Slabs behave primarily as
flexural members and the
design is similar to that of beam.
✓ In slab, the shear stresses are
usually low and hence shear
reinforcement is rarely required.
✓ The depth of slab is governed
by the deflection criteria.
 Experiment No. 3

✓ Slabs, used in floors and roofs of buildings mostly

integrated with the supporting beams, carry the distributed
loads primarily by bending.
✓ It is the part of the integrated slab is considered as flange of
T- or L-beams because of monolithic construction.
However, the remaining part of the slab needs design
considerations.
✓ These slabs are either single span or continuous having
different support conditions like fixed, hinged or free along
the edges (Figs. a, b and c). Though normally these slabs are
horizontal, inclined slabs are also used in ramps, stair cases
and inclined roofs (Figs.).
✓ While square or rectangular plan forms are normally used,
triangular, circular and other plan forms are also needed for
different functional requirements.
✓ Horizontal and rectangular /square slabs of buildings
supported by beams in one or both directions and subjected
to uniformly distributed vertical loadings are dealt.
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
 Experiment No. 3

IS 456: 2000 Recommendations for Design of Slabs

 Experiment No. 3
IS 456: 2000 Recommendations for Design of Slabs
 Experiment No. 3
IS 456: 2000 Recommendations for Design of Slabs
Reinforcement in Slabs
 Experiment No. 3
IS 456: 2000 Recommendations for Design of Slabs

▪ Distribution Reinforcement
▪ Distribution reinforcement is
provided in the longer span of one
way slab. This steel is as per
minimum reinforcement criteria.
The function of distribution steel
are:
▪ To distribute the
concentrated
loads coming on the slab.
▪ To protect against shrinkage and temperature
stresses.
▪ To keep the main steel bar in position.
▪ The distribution steel Is kept above the main
steel and is not provided with hook at the ends.
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
 Experiment No. 3

Design a simply supported roof slab for a room 7.5m x 3.5m clear in size.
The slab is carrying an imposed load is 5kN/m2. Use M20 mix and Fe 415
grade steel.
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
 Experiment No. 3
DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
(AS PER SP:16 AND IS: 456)
Project:
Slab ID:
Grade of steel: Fe 415 Grade of Concrete:f ck 25
Clear span of the slab : 3.75 m
Assumed overall depth of the beam : 175 mm
Assumed Dia of main Bar : 10 mm
Effective depth of the beam : 150 mm
Loads
Self weight : 4.375 kN/m2
Floor Finish : 1.15 kN/m2
Live Load : 15.00 kN/m2
Partition wall : 0.00 kN/m2
Other : 0.00 kN/m2

Total: 20.525 kN/m2

Factored Load: 30.7875 kN/m2

Design for flexure

Dia of Req.spaci spacing
Moment,M u kNm Mu/bd2 % pt Ast,mm2 rein bar ng mm provided
pt,prov

Mid span wul 2/12= 39.53 1.76 0.43 640.98 12 176 200 0.38
2
Support wul /10= 47.43 2.11 0.52 786.56 12 144 200 0.38
2
Support wul /8= 59.29 2.64 0.68 1020.20 10 77 115 0.46
Distri. 0.12 210.00 10 374 175 0.30
Check for deflection

Allowable l/d ratio 34.42

Eff. Depth req. 108.9 mm O.K
Overall depth reqd. 134.9

Check for shear

Shear force per m. Vu ,N 57.73
Shear stress tc = Vu/bd N/mm2 0.38
Beta 7.70
Allowable stress t c,all 0.43
Check O.K
 Experiment No. 3

Restrained Slabs: when a two way slab is loaded, the corner get lifted up. These corners can be
prevented from lifting by providing fixity at the supports by beams or walls. Such type of slabs in
which the corners are prevented from lifting are called restrained slabs.
In these slabs special torsion reinforcement is provided at the edges to prevent cracking of the
corners. These are also called as slabs with corners held down
Unrestrained Slabs: the slabs in which corners are not prevented from lifting are called as
unrestrained slabs or slabs with corners not held down.
 Experiment No. 3

Design a reinforced concrete slab for a room of clear dimension 4m x

5m. The slab is supported on walls of width 300mm. The slab is carrying
a live load of 4kN/m2 and floor finish 1kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe
415 steel. The corners of slab are held down.
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
Experiment No. 3
 Experiment No. 3
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
(AS PER SP:16 AND IS: 456)
Project:
Slab ID:
Grade of steel: Fe 415 Grade of Concrete:fck 25
Length of shorter Span, Lx : 3.75 m
Length of longer Span Ly : 5m
Assumed overall depth of the Slab , D: 150 mm
Assumed Dia of main Bar : 10 mm
Effective depth of the slab, d : 125 mm
Loads
Self weight : 3.75 kN/m2
Floor Finish : 1.15 kN/m2
Live Load : 5.00 kN/m2
Partition wall : 0.00 kN/m2
Other : 1.00 kN/m2

Total: 10.9 kN/m2

Factored Load: 16.35 kN/m2
Panel Type
Desing moment coefficients
Support Conditon: 8.Three Edges Disc(OneS.E CONT.)
ly/lx -ax +ax -ay +ay
1.3 0 0.065 - -
1.4 0 0.071 - -
1.33 0.000 0.067 0.057 0.043
Design for flexure
Dia of Req.spac spacing
Moment M u, kNm Mu/bd2 % pt Ast,mm2 pt,prov
rein bar ing mm provided
-Mx 0.00 0.00 0.15 187.50 10 419 190 0.33
+Mx 15.40 0.99 0.29 358.58 10 219 200 0.31
-My 13.11 0.99 0.29 346.10 10 227 225 0.28
+My 9.89 0.75 0.21 257.78 10 305 225 0.28
 Experiment No. 3
Check for deflection

l/d ratio,provided 30.00

Allowable l/d ratio 39.40
Eff. Depth req. 95.2 mm O.K
Overall depth reqd. 120.2

Desing Shear coefficients

Support Conditon: 8.Three Edges Disc(OneS.E CONT.)
ly/lx x-Cont x-DiscCont y-Cont y-DisCont
1.3 0.38 0.38 - -
1.4 0.4 0.4 - -
1.33 0.387 0.387 0.45 0.3

w l 23.71 23.71 27.59 18.39 Shear force per m. ,Vu

2
Vu/bd 0.19 0.19 0.22 0.15 Shear stress,tc N/mm
 8.78 9.24 10.39 10.39 Beta
tc,all 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.38 Allowable stress
O.K O.K O.K O.K Check
Thank you ☺
 Department of Civil Engineering

U18CE706
CIVIL ENGINEERING SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
LABORATORY

Ms. K. Manasa
Sri. B. Srikanth
 Experiment No. 4
Analysis and Design of Isolated RCC Footings Using STAAD Foundation
Advanced and Validation by Manual Method.

Detailing of R.C.C Isolated Footings

 Experiment No. 4

▪ Foundation - Structural element to sustain the applied loads,

moments, forces and induced reactions without exceeding the safe
bearing capacity of the soil.
▪ The settlement of the structure should be as uniform as possible and
it should be within the tolerable limits.
▪ It is well known from the structural analysis that differential
settlement of supports causes additional moments in statically
indeterminate structures.
▪ Therefore, avoiding the differential settlement is considered as more
important than maintaining uniform overall settlement of the
structure.
▪ The foundation structure should provide adequate safety for
maintaining the stability of structure due to either overturning
and/or sliding (cl.20 of IS 456).
Experiment No. 4
 Experiment No. 4

▪ Shallow foundations are used when the soil has sufficient strength
within a short depth below the ground level.
▪ They need sufficient plan area to transfer the heavy loads to the base
soil.
▪ The strength of the soil, expressed as the safe bearing capacity of
the soil.
 Experiment No. 4

Combined footings usually support two columns, or three columns

not in a row. Combined footings are used when two columns are so
close that single footings cannot be used or when one column is located
at or near a property line.
 Experiment No. 4

Cantilever or strap footings consist of two single footings connected

with a beam or a strap and support two single columns. This type
replaces a combined footing and is more economical.
 Experiment No. 4

Continuous footings support a row of three or more columns. They

have limited width and continue under all columns.
 Experiment No. 4

Rafted or mat foundation consists of one footing usually placed

under the entire building area. They are used, when soil bearing
capacity is low, column loads are heavy single footings cannot be used,
piles are not used and differential settlement must be reduced.
 Experiment No. 4

Wall footing is a continuous slab strip along the length of wall.

Wall

Footing
 Experiment No. 4

Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to
support and transmit column loads to the piles.
 Experiment No. 4

Distribution of Soil Pressure

• When the column load P is applied on the centroid of the footing, a
uniform pressure is assumed to develop on the soil surface below the
footing area.
• However the actual distribution of the soil is not uniform, but
depends on may factors especially the composition of the soil and
degree of flexibility of the footing.
 Experiment No. 4

Design Considerations

Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and

transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying code limitations.
• The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing soil capacity
• Two-way shear or punch out shear.
• One-way bearing
• Bending moment and steel reinforcement required
 Experiment No. 4

Design Considerations
 Experiment No. 4

Differential Settlement

Footing usually support the following loads:

•Dead loads from the substructure and superstructure
•Live load resulting from material or occupancy
•Weight of material used in back filling
•Wind loads
 Experiment No. 4

General Requirements for Footing Design

▪ A site investigation is required to determine the chemical and physical
properties of the soil.
▪ Determine the magnitude and distribution of loads form the
superstructure.
▪ Establish the criteria and the tolerance for the total and differential
settlements of the structure.
▪ Determine the most suitable and economic type of foundation.
▪ Determine the depth of the footings below the ground level and the
method of excavation.
▪ Establish the allowable bearing pressure to be used in design.
▪ Determine the pressure distribution beneath the footing based on its width
▪ Perform a settlement analysis.
 Experiment No. 4

General Requirements for Footing Design

Depth of Foundation
❑ All types of foundation should have a minimum depth of 50 cm as
per IS 1080-1962. (Outdated Code)
❑ This minimum depth is required to ensure the availability of soil
having the safe bearing capacity assumed in the design.
d = (qc/ l ){(1 - sinf )/(1 + sinf )}2
where d = minimum depth of foundation
qc = gross bearing capacity of soil
l = density of soil
f = angle of repose of soil
 Experiment No. 4

General Requirements for Footing Design

Minimum nominal cover (cl. 26.4.2.2 of IS 456)
▪ The minimum nominal cover for the footings should be more than
that of other structural elements of the superstructure as the
footings are in direct contact with the soil.
▪ Clause 26.4.2.2 of IS 456 prescribes a minimum cover of 50 mm for
footings. However, the actual cover may be even more depending on
the presence of harmful chemicals or minerals, water table etc.

Thickness at the edge of footings (cl. 34.1.2 and 34.1.3 of IS 456)

▪ The minimum thickness at the edge of reinforced and plain concrete
footings shall be at least 150 mm for footings on soils and at least
300 mm above the top of piles for footings on piles, as per the
stipulation in cl.34.1.2 of IS 456.
 Experiment No. 4

General Requirements for Footing Design

Bending moments (cl. 34.2 of IS 456)
▪ It may be necessary to compute the bending moment at several sections of
the footing depending on the type of footing, nature of loads and the
distribution of pressure at the base of the footing. However, bending
moment at any section shall be determined taking all forces acting over the
entire area on one side of the section of the footing, which is obtained by
passing a vertical plane at that section extending across the footing
(cl.34.2.3.1 of IS 456).
Shear force (cl. 31.6 and 34.2.4 of IS 456)
▪ Footing slabs shall be checked in one-way or two-way shears depending on
the nature of bending. If the slab bends primarily in one-way, the footing
slab shall be checked in one-way vertical shear.
▪ On the other hand, when the bending is primarily two-way, the footing slab
shall be checked in two-way shear or punching shear. The respective
critical sections and design shear strengths are shown earlier
 Experiment No. 4

General Requirements for Footing Design

Nominal reinforcement (cl. 34.5 of IS 456)
▪ Clause 34.5.1 of IS 456 stipulates the minimum reinforcement and
spacing of the bars in footing slabs as per the requirements of solid
slab (cls.26.5.2.1 and 26.3.3b(2) of IS 456, respectively).
▪ The nominal reinforcement for concrete sections of thickness
greater than 1 m shall be 360 mm2 per metre length in each
direction on each face, as stipulated in cl.34.5.2 of IS 456. The clause
further specifies that this provision does not supersede the
requirement of minimum tensile reinforcement based on the depth
of section.
 Experiment No. 4
CONC: M 25
STEEL: Fe 415 GGL 289.000 COLUMN
CONC. gd(In T/m : 2.5
3)
NGL 288.233 1200 X 1000
SOIL. gd(In T/m : 1.9
3)
FL 285.233

from STAAD
Max. Uplift = 47 T
Max Downward = 169.67 T
Max.horizontal = 14.94 T FOUNDATION
Founding Depth = 3.767 m 4200 X 4200 X 1000
2
NBC = 20.0 T/m

Moment Mx = 1.72 T-m

Moment Mz = 39.10 T-m
Vertical Load = -47.00 T

Overburden wt.= 4.2 X 4.2 X 1 X 2.5+ (4.2 X 4.2 - 1.2 X 1 ) 2.767 X 1.9
= 44.1 + 86.44 = 130.5 T

130.53
F.S.uplift = = 2.78 > 1.5 O.K.
47

0.45 ( 130.6 - 47 )
F.S.sliding = = 2.52 > 1.5 O.K.
14.94

169.67+ 130.53
Base Pressure = = 17.02 - 5.7 = 13.2 < 20.0 O.K.
4.2 X 4.2
Base Pressure for moment case Allowable pressure = 20 + 5.7 = 25.7 T

-47 + 130.6 + 6 X 1.72 + 6 X 39.1

Base Pressure`s = 2 2
4.2 x 4.2 - 4.2 X 4.2 - 4.2 X 4.2

= 8.041 & 1.43 O.K.

 Experiment No. 4
2
Designing footing for a Max. Base pressure = 20.0 T/m

2
B.M. = 1.5 X 20 X 1.60
2
= 38.40 T-m / m

7
d= 38.40 X 10
0.138 X 25 X 1000

= 333.62 mm

Provide D = 1000 mm d= 950 mm

7
Mu = 38.4 X 10 = 0.43
bd2 1000 X 950 2

p= 0.16 % Ast min = 0.205 %

Ast = 0.205 X 1000 X 950 / 100 = 1945.78 mm2

Provide 20 f @ 150 mm c/c B/W @ Bottom

16 f @ 175 mm c/c B/W @ Top

Check for Shear

ONE WAY
S.F. = 1.5 ( 1.5 - 0.95 ) X 1 X 20 = 16.5 T

tv = 16.5 X 10 4 = 0.17 N/mm2

1000 X 950
2
tc = 0.33 N/mm O.K.
 Experiment No. 4
TWO WAY
S.F. = 1.5 X 20 X 1 X ( 4.2 X 4.2 - ( 0.95 + 1.2 ) 2 )

= 390.5 T

4
tv = 390.525 X 10 = 0.48 N/mm2
4 X 2150 X 950
tc = 1.25 N/mm2 0.25 fck
O.K.

d
d/2

One Way Two Way

Thank you ☺
 Department of Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

LABORATORY
 Analysis and design of steel columns using
STAAD.Pro and validation by manual method

Definitions
➢ Principal Rafter
➢ Strut
➢ Column (or) Post (or) Stanction
➢ Boom
 Type of failures in compression members

Types of Compression Members

Based on slenderness ratio
𝐿𝑒𝑓
λ = 𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛

< 50
Short Column

λ > 50 & < 200 Intermediate column

λ > 200 Long column

Design compression strength of a member (Pd):

IS 800: 2007 preposed multiple curves a, b, c and d based on PERRY ROBERTSON’s
approach
Pd = fcd x Ae
Factors influence the compressive strength of column

➢ Initial imperfection in the member due to creating, transporting and handling

➢ Residual Stresses due to temperature variations
➢ Eccentricity of loading (Creating additional moments)

Perry Robertson approach has

divided cross sections of
column in to 4 buckling classes

Class – a
From a to d
Class – b
Residual Stress
Class – c
Increases
Class – d

𝑓𝑦
λ = (𝑓𝑐𝑐)^0.5
 Effective length of column

Effective length of compression member depends upon

1. End conditions
2. Number of members meeting at a joint location
3. No of rivets or joints used at a joint
Limiting slenderness ratio for different loading cases
of compression members

Case λ Limit
Compression force due to 180
dead load and live load
Compression force due to 250
WL or EL
Compression flange of 300
beam

Safety check for compression member

Pd > Factored compression force coming on column

Design procedure for Concentric loading compression
members

1. (a) Design stress in compression member for single rolled steel sections fcd may be
assumed as 135 N/mm^2
(b) For angle struts, fcd may be assumed as 90 N/mm^2
(c) For compression member carrying large loads, fcd may be assumed as 200
N/mm^2
2. Effective sectional area required
P= Design Load
A = P/fcd
3. Select a section to given effective area required and calculate r minimum
4. Knowing the end connections and deciding the type of connection, determine
effective length(KL).
5. Find the slenderness ratio and hence design stress fcd and load carrying
capacity(Pd).
6. Revise the section if calculated Pd is less than the design load.
Design of Concentric loading compression members
Thank you ☺