ASSIGNMENT -1

National Power and it’s essence

Political Science
[A Research Paper Submitted to H.P National Law University, Shimla]

Course In-Charge: Submitted by:

Dr Ved Prakash Sharma Ayush singh
[B.A. LL. B (Hons.)]
2nd Year (3rd Semester)
(1020192019)

H.P NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, SHIMLA

16 MILE, SHIMLA-MANDI NATIONAL HIGHWAY, GHANDAL
DISTRICT SHIMLA, HIMACHAL PRADESH-171014
Ph. 0177-2779802, 0177-2779803, Fax: 0177-2779802
Website: http://hpnlu.ac.in
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Every project, big or small, is successful largely due to the efforts of a number of wonderful people who have
always given their valuable advice and lent a helping hand. I am sincerely thankful for the inspiration, support
and guidance of all those people who were instrumental in making this project of mine a success.

I, Ayush Singh, a student of H.P. National Law University (Shimla), am extremely grateful to H.P.
National Law University (Shimla) for the confidence bestowed in me and entrusting my assignment of
Political Science.

At this point, I feel deeply honoured in expressing my sincere gratitude to honourable Registrar Prof. DR.
S.S. JAISWAL for making all the resources available at the right time and providing valuable insights leading
to the successful completion of my assignment.

I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my teacher Dr. Ved Prakash Sharma , who assisted me in compiling
this project.

I would also like to thank all the faculty members of H.P. National Law University (Shimla) for their
critical advice and guidance without which this project would not have been possible.

Last but not the least, I place a deep sense of thanks to my family members and my friends who have been a
constant source of inspiration for me during the preparation of this project.
 Introduction

What is the meaning of National Power

In order to know what actually national power means , we need to first understand what the word ‘power’
actually means.
"Power" is one of the most contentious ideas of social science, which still underlies most analyses of
politics. Might is also treated as a synonym for law in the most common context.
It's meant to be a characteristic to people at all moments. And more widely, it is now used in the form of
social relations between different communities as a representation of community capabilities. There abound
many other interpretations of power: often it is regarded as socially ingrained and other times perceived as a
matter of national, bureaucratic, economic or military significance. It is often also seen as related to the
principles of influence, manipulation and power. With this overwhelming variety in use, there are likely to
be as many understandings of influence as there are thinkers.
Yet, considering the large range of meanings and applications, we might argue that most control notions are
eventually limited to three intertwined, but distinct methods, at least in the social sciences. Raymond
Boudon and Francois Bourricaud claim in their brief study of the phrase that these three notions of control
must be made clear to the degree that the term is used as an analysis definition. The benefit of this approach
is that it permits persons or states to classify complex entities with factors that can be easily seen or
measured in a reasonably straightforward way. The concern is that the powers that the agent in question has
nominally possessed in any given case are not always clear which ones can be seen as real power steps.
However, despite these challenges, the idea of control as energy remains sufficiently appealing and is not
readily discounted.
Prof. Morgenthau defines national power as, “A psychological relation between those who exercise it and
those over whom it is exercised. It gives the former control over certain actions of the latter, through the
influence that the former exerts over the latter’s mind.”

According to George Shwarzen Berger, “The power is the capacity to, impose one’s will on other by
reliance on effective sanctions in the case of noncompliance.”

According to Organski, “Power is the ability to influence the behaviour of other in accordance with one’s
own end.”

According to Charles, “The ability to make a man to do what one’s wanted and not to do what one’s do not
want.”

National Power is a critical and powerful characteristic of State systems, including sovereignty and
nationalism. Anything kind of power is the mean by which countries enforce domestic and international
policies. Both countries have influence, but power is really different. Thus we have to approach a power
study of international affairs with the knowledge that, whatever the ultimate purpose of international
politics, we are dealing with a dynamic issue. The immediate target is always strength. The statesman
generally defines its objectives in terms of moral, philosophical, economic or social ideals and may attempt
to achieve them by means of non-political means.
A major component of international policy is national power. The fight for dominance between the nations,
in which every country strives to achieve its desires and national interests, is essentially international
politics. Due to the lack of a sovereign or a fully strong unified foreign machines for the authority of the
principles between the countries and due to the sovereign status of each nation state, national interest is
often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each State
 NATURE OF NATIONAL POWER

• 1. Power is different from Force and Influence

• 2. National Power is both Means as well as an End
• 3. National power is an ability to secure National Interests
• 4. It is dynamic in nature
• 5. National Power varies Nation to nation
• 6. There are several elements of National Power
• 7. There is different between the Actual power and Potential power of a Nation.
• 8. National Power is backed by Sanctions
• 9. National Power depends on its Use.
• 10. It is not Material Power
• 11. Integrated nature of National power

Important features of National Power

1. National Power is both a Means as well as an End in International Relations:

National authority is the instrument for regulating other countries' actions in order to attain those purposes.
It is the currency in which the desired values – stability, protection, prosperity, growth, status, and more
power – can be secured in a country. In foreign affairs, nations use force to protect their rights. In ties
between nations this gives power a means.
However, authority is pursued as a goal or as an end in real practise. Nations want strength for their current
and potential needs. So they still aim to create a power reserve and then seek power as a goal. Power like
money, therefore, is a way, but mostly the goal.

2. National Power is the Ability to Secure Goals of National Interest:

The ability or capacity of a government to control or alter other nations' actions to protect its national
interest interests is national power. National power. A healthy country is able to accomplish its desirable
national interest objectives in foreign affairs. It is a partnership. The nation's strength is calculated by its
ability to protect its foreign relations priorities and aims.

3. National Power is Dynamic and Relative in Character:

National influence has a non-stable and complex nature and, as such, it needs to be constantly and routinely
analysed to recognise the nation's position in foreign affairs, or at least periodically. Control is still dynamic
nationally. A strong nation will in future become less powerful or stronger. This is dependent on shifts in
other nations' power capacity, and also on the different components of national power. A nation's strength is
ever relative to the forces of others, particularly its opponents' power. In 1990, the USSR collapsed and
Russia's dominance declined, which served as a means of increase for the US's global influence.
4. No Two Nations Have Equal Power:

Furthermore, it should be remembered that there is or may be no two nations with absolute equal strength.
Just two similarly powerful superpowers or big powers or main powers may be roughly equivalent. A
nation's strength is often greater or less than any other nation's power.

5. National Power is the Basis as Well as a Means of Foreign Policy:

National power is the foundation of a nation's foreign policy. Only external policy will ensure the national
interest objectives supposedly supported by sufficient domestic power. The capacity of statesmen and
diplomats to behave and respond with others is once more decided by their respective nations' national
power

Dimensions of national power

• 1. Military Power
• 2. Economic Power
• 3. Psychological power

National power is combination of Military Power, Economic power and Psychological power.

Military Power:

Military power is a significant form of domestic power. In order to achieve the security goal of the country, it
is seen as utterly necessary. The most important aspect of its national interest is security for every country.
Indeed, every nation is primarily concerned with working to ensure its safety.
The opportunity to violate the protection of a nation by other countries, by war and violence, is often seen as
a clear opportunity, which is why each nation attaches primary importance to its safety. Each country retains
an army in order to defend it from potential abuses.

Economic Power:

The second most powerful aspect of national influence is economic power. It is characterised as a country's
capacity to meet its own needs while also exerting power over the actions of other countries by granting or
refusing access to economic goods and services. Economic instruments of foreign policy are now the most
powerful means by which a state can control the acts and attitudes of other nations. Without sufficient
economic strength, no state will become a military power. Rich and developing countries use economic
leverage to exert control on other countries by providing economic relief and loans. Rich countries also aim
to protect their rights in foreign affairs by economic influence.

When determining a country's economic strength, considerations such as raw materials, natural resources,
food supplies, manufacturing and technical capability, GNP, trade surplus, modes of transportation and
connectivity, GDP, GDP per capita, and so on must be weighed. However, a nation's economic force is
ineffective in foreign affairs unless it is backed up by strategic and psychological power.
Psychological power :

Psychological power refers to the capacity to shape public opinion and the nation's profile. It is common
knowledge that propaganda and persuasive agreements play an important part in international affairs. These
methods are used by states to secure the desired change in the behaviour of other states. The development of
communication technology, the increased effect of mass media and public opinion on foreign policy, the
advent of the era of open and conference diplomacy, the prevalence of new philosophies, the growth of
people-to-people contacts, the role of NGOs and social movements, and the increased role of propaganda
and attention in international affairs have all increased.
By the use of psychological and cultural means a nation always tries to influence the people and leaders of
other nations. The ability to influence others through systematic publicity and educational and cultural
relations constitutes the psychological part of the national power of a nation.

METHOD OF EXERCISING NATIONAL POWER

Persuasion:

Persuasion is a powerful tool for exercising national influence. Persuasion is the practise of identifying and
objectively describing a specific challenge, question, or conflict to other nations or some other country. It is
attempted to convince other nations to follow a specific and desired view or interpretation of the existence
of issues involved in any bilateral or multilateral crisis, conflict, or question. The aim here is to persuade
others of the reasonableness and justice of the nation's policies. Diplomacy ultimately hires persuasion to
gain support for the foreign policy that it serves.

Rewards:

The offering of incentives is the second most common way of exercising influence. This incentives may be
material, economic, or psychological in nature. In times of disaster or otherwise, a country may provide
material assistance to another nation. Another way of gaining favour and causing an improvement in the
behaviour of other states is to provide economic relief and simple loans or grants-in-aid. The token
sponsorship or awarding of such awards to other countries' statesmen, philosophers, authors, scientists, and
educators often act as psychological incentives designed to keep the other countries friendly and
cooperative.

Punishment :

Punishment is a third method of exercising influence. A powerful nation may punish an offending or
unhelpful state by enforcing economic sanctions, norms, or practises, imposing trade barriers, or refusing a
potential compensation. A strong country may use the denial or reduction of foreign aid or loans, or the
refusal to sell particular products or technologies, to threaten or intimidate other nations. Punishment may
thus be used by a dominant country to exercise control over other nations. In fact, dominant nations employ
the fear of retribution as a deterrent rather than the direct imposition of punishment. The application of
punishment will elicit a response, which can be detrimental to the interests of the state using punishment as
a means of enforcing authority.
The most powerful penalty is one that achieves a state's ultimate goal without actually inflicting punishment
on other states. The threat of retaliation is a more effective way of exercising national authority than its real
infliction.
Force:

The direct use of force or physical assault is the final means of exercising control. A strong country may
compel a desired improvement in the actions of another nation by using military strength or physical force.
Force is synonymous with retribution as a means of exercising power. Where punitive action is taken
against another government, it is called the use of force. However, where only the promise of disciplinary
action is made without the direct use of physical aggression against the other state, it becomes a case of
control exercise by retribution. As a consequence, the contrast between coercion and punishment lies in the
direct use of force and the threat of force.

Basic elements of national power:

Tangible elements :

Geography:
The value of geography in the study of foreign affairs has long been accepted. History is sometimes defined
as a nation's geography. Napoleon once said, "A country's foreign policy is decided by its geography." The
role of geography in the study of foreign relations cannot be overstated, since all other aspects of national
control are dependent on the state's geographical position. The importance of geography has been
diminished to some degree due to technical innovation, but one cannot neglect its importance because the
United States is the world's powerhouse simply because of its geographical location. The size and
population of a state have a significant effect on its national power, i.e. big nations have a lot of weight in
foreign relations, while small states have little impact on national power. Nevertheless, small states with rich
natural resources, such as the oil-rich countries of the Middle East, may have a big impact on national
power. The scale of a nation's territories raises its strength. A small state cannot expand into a powerful one.
As long as she had colonies, England was strong. A large state can support a large population while still
having a large supply of natural resources. In today's globe, the United States, China, and India are
unavoidably positioned to play significant roles in global affairs.

Population:
The population is a concrete part of national strength. It is generally believed that populated countries are
often strong, but this is not valid. In developed nations, a large population is a source of strength,
integration, and growth, while in developing nations, a large population is a symbol of vulnerability, such as
unemployment, disintegration, and corruption. One of the most critical facets of national strength is people.
Since a country's population that is primarily engaged in manufacturing activities would be greater than a
country whose population is primarily engaged in agricultural activities.

Location:
Another crucial aspect of national influence is position. It defines the country's stability as well as its
geographical relationship with the rest of the world. England and Japan, both of which are islands, have
become more stable. Similarly, since the United States is divided from Europe and Asia, it can remain
isolated for a long time and emerge as a superpower. Place is more important than scale because it affects
the atmosphere and the economy. Place is very critical in national power; for example, Bangladesh split
from Pakistan primarily due to geographical location, undermining Pakistan's national power.
Territory:
It is an important tangible element of national power. Territory is an important element that determines the
power of a state. The territorial characteristics such as boundaries, climate. strategic location, nature of land
and waterways plays very important role in the enhancement of national power. For example, a mountainous
country is difficult to be overcome by enemy while plain one easy to be captured.

Natural resources:
Natural resources are characterised as "natural gifts of proven utility." They would contain, for example, a
waterfall, soil fertility, oil, iron, copper, gas, and coal, among other things. Natural resources are highly
critical in assessing national strength. Kuwait, for example, is a relatively small state, but thanks to its
abundant oil wealth, it plays a critical role in international affairs. Natural resources are God's blessings, and
raw materials are the product of human labour. Natural resources, on the other hand, do not generate
electricity on their own. They must be manipulated with the assistance of money, technological know-how,
and skilled labour.

Technology:
Applied science is sometimes used to describe technology. Technological transition represents the real
introduction of modern methods and products; it is the dominance of the new over the traditional in demand
and expenditure tests. Furthermore, it is a dynamic, social mechanism that includes several elements such as
scientific, education, research and development under both private and public auspices, management,
infrastructure, manufacturing facilities, jobs, and labour organisation.” It has now brought about the era of
computers, robotics, atomic and space technologies. Technology is also a critical component of national
influence. Because of economic advances, the United States, for example, is the world master.

Economical development:
Economic growth is described as an increase in national income or an increase in per capita income, or it is
a process that affects not only the economic relations of states but also their social, political, cultural, and
religious relations. It is also a significant and leading factor in the expansion of national influence

Political structure:
The mere existence of an excess of material and human capital, as well as the formulation of a successful
foreign policy, would be meaningless if the political system or government could not effectively play its
part. The government must select the goals and strategies of its foreign policy in view of the power required
to support them effectively.

Military advancement:
Military progress is the most visible and concrete force capable of bolstering foreign policy and advancing
national interest. Military advancement is critical in international relations. For eg, during the first period of
World War I, Germany gained an advantage over the British due to the use of submarines.
 LIMITATION ON NATIONAL POWER

International Law and Treaties

• Balance of Power

• International Morality

• International Public Opinion

• International Organisations

• Collective Security

• Disarmament and arm and control

 REFERENCES

• Norman D. Palmer and Howard C. Perkins, “International Relations” CBS Publishers and Distributers,
2001.

• Kumar, Mahendra, “Theoretical Aspects of International Politics”, Shiva Lal Agrawal and Company,
Agra, 1967.

• Schleicher, Charles P, “Introduction to International Relations”, INC N. Jersy 1963.

• Rai, Gulshan, S.N. Verma, V.P. Verma, “Comperative Political System and International Politics”Joyoti
Book Depot Pvt. Ltd. 2008.

• U.R. Ghai, “ International Politics, Theory and Practice” New Academic Publishing co. 2010.

• J.S.BADYAL, “Comparative Political System and International Politics,” Raj Publishers, Jalandher,2012

• Hans J. Morgenthau,”Politics among Nations: the struggle for power and peace,” Fifth Edition, New York,
1978
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Sentence
Introduction What is the meaning of National Power In order to know what actually national power means , we need to first
understand what the word ‘power’ actually means. "Power" is one of the most contentious ideas of social science, which still
underlies most analyses of politics. Might is also treated as a synonym for law in the most common context. It's meant to be
a characteristic to people at all moments. And more widely, it is now used in the form of social relations between different
communities as a representation of community capabilities. There abound many other interpretations of power: often it is
regarded as socially ingrained and other times perceived as a matter of national, bureaucratic, economic or military
significance. It is often also seen as related to the principles of influence, manipulation and power. With this overwhelming
variety in use, there are likely to be as many understandings of influence as there are thinkers. Yet, considering the large
range of meanings and applications, we might argue that most control notions are eventually limited to three intertwined, but
distinct methods, at least in the social sciences. Raymond Boudon and Francois Bourricaud claim in their brief study of the
phrase that these three notions of control must be made clear to the degree that the term is used as an analysis definition.
The benefit of this approach is that it permits persons or states to classify complex entities with factors that can be easily
seen or measured in a reasonably straightforward way. The concern is that the powers that the agent in question has
nominally possessed in any given case are not always clear which ones can be seen as real power steps. However, despite
these challenges, the idea of control as energy remains sufficiently appealing and is not readily discounted. Prof.
Morgenthau defines national power as, “A psychological relation between those who exercise it and those over whom it is
exercised. It gives the former control over certain actions of the latter, through the influence that the former exerts over the
latter’s mind.” According to George Shwarzen Berger, “The power is the capacity to, impose one’s will on other by reliance
on effective sanctions in the case of noncompliance.” According to Organski, “Power is the ability to influence the behaviour
of other in accordance with one’s own end.” According to Charles, “The ability to make a man to do what one’s wanted and
not to do what one’s do not want.” National Power is a critical and powerful characteristic of State systems, including
sovereignty and nationalism. Anything kind of power is the mean by which countries enforce domestic and international
policies. Both countries have influence, but power is really different. Thus we have to approach a power study of
international affairs with the knowledge that, whatever the ultimate purpose of international politics, we are dealing with a
dynamic issue. The immediate target is always strength. The statesman generally defines its objectives in terms of moral,
philosophical, economic or social ideals and may attempt to achieve them by means of non-political means. A major
component of international policy is national power. The fight for dominance between the nations, in which every country
strives to achieve its desires and national interests, is essentially international politics. Due to the lack of a sovereign or a
fully strong unified foreign machines for the authority of the principles between the countries and due to the sovereign status
of each nation state, national interest is often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each State NATURE
OF NATIONAL POWER • 1. Power is different from Force and Influence • 2. National Power is both Means as well as an
End • 3. National power is an ability to secure National Interests • 4. It is dynamic in nature • 5. National Power varies Nation
to nation • 6. There are several elements of National Power • 7. There is different between the Actual power and Potential
power of a Nation. • 8.
National Power is backed by Sanctions • 9. National Power depends on its Use. • 10. It is not Material Power • 11.
Integrated nature of National power Important features of National Power 1. National Power is both a Means as well as an
End in International Relations: National authority is the instrument for regulating other countries' actions in order to attain
those purposes. It is the currency in which the desired values – stability, protection, prosperity, growth, status, and more
power – can be secured in a country. In foreign affairs, nations use force to protect their rights. In ties between nations this
gives power a means. However, authority is pursued as a goal or as an end in real practise. Nations want strength for their
current and potential needs. So they still aim to create a power reserve and then seek power as a goal. Power like money,
therefore, is a way, but mostly the goal. 2. National Power is the Ability to Secure Goals of National Interest: The ability or
capacity of a government to control or alter other nations' actions to protect its national interest interests is national power.
National power. A healthy country is able to accomplish its desirable national interest objectives in foreign affairs. It is a
partnership. The nation's strength is calculated by its ability to protect its foreign relations priorities and aims. 3. National
Power is Dynamic and Relative in Character: National influence has a non-stable and complex nature and, as such, it
needs to be constantly and routinely analysed to recognise the nation's position in foreign affairs, or at least periodically.
Control is still dynamic nationally. A strong nation will in future become less powerful or stronger. This is dependent on
shifts in other nations' power capacity, and also on the different components of national power. A nation's strength is ever
relative to the forces of others, particularly its opponents' power. In 1990, the USSR collapsed and Russia's dominance
declined, which served as a means of increase for the US's global influence.
4. No Two Nations Have Equal Power: Furthermore, it should be remembered that there is or may be no two nations with
absolute equal strength. Just two similarly powerful superpowers or big powers or main powers may be roughly equivalent.
A nation's strength is often greater or less than any other nation's power. 5. National Power is the Basis as Well as a Means
of Foreign Policy: National power is the foundation of a nation's foreign policy. Only external policy will ensure the national
interest objectives supposedly supported by sufficient domestic power. The capacity of statesmen and diplomats to behave
and respond with others is once more decided by their respective nations' national power Dimensions of national power • 1.
Military Power • 2. Economic Power • 3. Psychological power National power is combination of Military Power, Economic
power and Psychological power. Military Power: Military power is a significant form of domestic power. In order to achieve
the security goal of the country, it is seen as utterly necessary. The most important aspect of its national interest is security
for every country. Indeed, every nation is primarily concerned with working to ensure its safety. The opportunity to violate
the protection of a nation by other countries, by war and violence, is often seen as a clear opportunity, which is why each
nation attaches primary importance to its safety. Each country retains an army in order to defend it from potential abuses.
Economic Power: The second most powerful aspect of national influence is economic power. It is characterised as a
country's capacity to meet its own needs while also exerting power over the actions of other countries by granting or
refusing access to economic goods and services. Economic instruments of foreign policy are now the most powerful means
by which a state can control the acts and attitudes of other nations. Without sufficient economic strength, no state will
become a military power. Rich and developing countries use economic leverage to exert control on other countries by
providing economic relief and loans. Rich countries also aim to protect their rights in foreign affairs by economic influence.
When determining a country's economic strength, considerations such as raw materials, natural resources, food supplies,
manufacturing and technical capability, GNP, trade surplus, modes of transportation and connectivity, GDP, GDP per
capita, and so on must be weighed. However, a nation's economic force is ineffective in foreign affairs unless it is backed up
by strategic and psychological power. Psychological power : Psychological power refers to the capacity to shape public
opinion and the nation's profile. It is common knowledge that propaganda and persuasive agreements play an important
part in international affairs. These methods are used by states to secure the desired change in the behaviour of other states.
The development of communication technology, the increased effect of mass media and public opinion on foreign policy, the
advent of the era of open and conference diplomacy, the prevalence of new philosophies, the growth of people-to- people
contacts, the role of NGOs and social movements, and the increased role of propaganda and attention in international
affairs have all increased. By the use of psychological and cultural means a nation always tries to influence the people and
leaders of other nations. The ability to influence others through systematic publicity and educational and cultural relations
constitutes the psychological part of the national power of a nation. METHOD OF EXERCISING NATIONAL POWER
Persuasion: Persuasion is a powerful tool for exercising national influence. Persuasion is the practise of identifying and
objectively describing a specific challenge, question, or conflict to other nations or some other country. It is attempted to
convince other nations to follow a specific and desired view or interpretation of the existence of issues involved in any
bilateral or multilateral crisis, conflict, or question. The aim here is to persuade others of the reasonableness and justice of
the nation's policies. Diplomacy ultimately hires persuasion to gain support for the foreign policy that it serves. Rewards:
The offering of incentives is the second most common way of exercising influence. This incentives may be material,
economic, or psychological in nature. In times of disaster or otherwise, a country may provide material assistance to another
nation. Another way of gaining favour and causing an improvement in the behaviour of other states is to provide economic
relief and simple loans or grants-in-aid. The token sponsorship or awarding of such awards to other countries' statesmen,
philosophers, authors, scientists, and educators often act as psychological incentives designed to keep the other countries
friendly and cooperative. Punishment : Punishment is a third method of exercising influence. A powerful nation may punish
an offending or unhelpful state by enforcing economic sanctions, norms, or practises, imposing trade barriers, or refusing a
potential compensation. A strong country may use the denial or reduction of foreign aid or loans, or the refusal to sell
particular products or technologies, to threaten or intimidate other nations. Punishment may thus be used by a dominant
country to exercise control over other nations. In fact, dominant nations employ the fear of retribution as a deterrent rather
than the direct imposition of punishment. The application of punishment will elicit a response, which can be detrimental to
the interests of the state using punishment as a means of enforcing authority. The most powerful penalty is one that
achieves a state's ultimate goal without actually inflicting punishment on other states. The threat of retaliation is a more
effective way of exercising national authority than its real infliction. Force: The direct use of force or physical assault is the
final means of exercising control. A strong country may compel a desired improvement in the actions of another nation by
using military strength or physical force. Force is synonymous with retribution as a means of exercising power. Where
punitive action is taken against another government, it is called the use of force. However, where only the promise of
disciplinary action is made without the direct use of physical aggression against the other state, it becomes a case of control
exercise by retribution. As a consequence, the contrast between coercion and punishment lies in the direct use of force and
the threat of force. Basic elements of national power: Tangible elements : Geography: The value of geography in the study
of foreign affairs has long been accepted. History is sometimes defined as a nation's geography. Napoleon once said, "A
country's foreign policy is decided by its geography." The role of geography in the study of foreign relations cannot be
overstated, since all other aspects of national control are dependent on the state's geographical position. The importance of
geography has been diminished to some degree due to technical innovation, but one cannot neglect its importance because
the United States is the world's powerhouse simply because of its geographical location. The size
and population of a state have a significant effect on its national power, i.e. big nations have a lot of weight in foreign
relations, while small states have little impact on national power. Nevertheless, small states with rich natural resources,
such as the oil-rich countries of the Middle East, may have a big impact on national power. The scale of a nation's territories
raises its strength. A small state cannot expand into a powerful one. As long as she had colonies, England was strong. A
large state can support a large population while still having a large supply of natural resources. In today's globe, the United
States, China, and India are unavoidably positioned to play significant roles in global affairs.
Population: The population is a concrete part of national strength. It is generally believed that populated countries are often
strong, but this is not valid. In developed nations, a large population is a source of strength, integration, and growth, while in
developing nations, a large population is a symbol of vulnerability, such as unemployment, disintegration, and corruption.
One of the most critical facets of national strength is people. Since a country's population that is primarily engaged in
manufacturing activities would be greater than a country whose population is primarily engaged in agricultural activities.
Location: Another crucial aspect of national influence is position. It defines the country's stability as well as its geographical
relationship with the rest of the world. England and Japan, both of which are islands, have become more stable. Similarly,
since the United States is divided from Europe and Asia, it can remain isolated for a long time and emerge as a
superpower. Place is more important than scale because it affects the atmosphere and the economy. Place is very critical in
national power; for example, Bangladesh split from Pakistan primarily due to geographical location, undermining Pakistan's
national power. Territory: It is an important tangible element of national power. Territory is an important element that
determines the power of a state. The territorial characteristics such as boundaries, climate. strategic location, nature of land
and waterways plays very important role in the enhancement of national power. For example, a mountainous country is
difficult to be overcome by enemy while plain one easy to be captured. Natural resources: Natural resources are
characterised as "natural gifts of proven utility." They would contain, for example, a waterfall, soil fertility, oil, iron, copper,
gas, and coal, among other things. Natural resources are highly critical in assessing national strength. Kuwait, for example,
is a relatively small state, but thanks to its abundant oil wealth, it plays a critical role in international affairs. Natural
resources are God's blessings, and raw materials are the product of human labour. Natural resources, on the other hand,
do not generate electricity on their own. They must be manipulated with the assistance of money, technological know-how,
and skilled labour. Technology: Applied science is sometimes used to describe technology. Technological transition
represents the real introduction of modern methods and products; it is the dominance of the new over the traditional in
demand and expenditure tests.
Furthermore, it is a dynamic, social mechanism that includes several elements such as scientific, education, research and
development under both private and public auspices, management, infrastructure, manufacturing facilities, jobs, and
labour organisation.” It has now brought about the era of computers, robotics, atomic and space technologies.
Technology is also a critical component of national influence. Because of economic advances, the United States, for
example, is the world master. Economical development: Economic growth is described as an increase in national income or
an increase in per capita income, or it is a process that affects not only the economic relations of states but also their social,
political, cultural, and religious relations. It is also a significant and leading factor in the expansion of national influence
Political structure: The mere existence of an excess of material and human capital, as well as the formulation of a
successful foreign policy, would be meaningless if the political system or government could not effectively play its part. The
government must select the goals and strategies of its foreign policy in view of the power required to support them
effectively. Military advancement: Military progress is the most visible and concrete force capable of bolstering foreign policy
and advancing national interest. Military advancement is critical in international relations. For eg, during the first period of
World War I, Germany gained an advantage over the British due to the use of submarines. LIMITATION ON NATIONAL
POWER International Law and Treaties • Balance of Power • International Morality • International Public Opinion •
International Organisations • Collective Security • Disarmament and arm and control

Report Title: pol 2 plag

Report Link: https://www.check-plagiarism.com/plag-report/22738ac373f3b371043787f9842189f

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Report Generated Date: 31 March, 2021

Total Words: 2864

Total Characters: 18661

Keywords/Total Words Ratio: 78.4%

Excluded URL: No

Unique: 83%

Matched: 17%
Sentence wise detail:
introduction what is the meaning of national power in order to know what actually national power means we need to first
understand what the word power actually means.
power is one of the most contentious ideas of social science which still underlies most analyses of politics.
might is also treated as a synonym for law in the most common context.
it s meant to be a characteristic to people at all moments.
and more widely it is now used in the form of social relations between different communities as a representation of
community capabilities.
there abound many other interpretations of power often it is regarded as socially ingrained
and other times perceived as a matter of national bureaucratic economic or military significance. it
is often also seen as related to the principles of influence manipulation and power.
with this overwhelming variety in use there are likely to be as many understandings of influence as there are thinkers. yet
considering the large range of meanings and applications we might argue that most control
notions are eventually limited to three intertwined but distinct methods at least in the social sciences.
raymond boudon and francois bourricaud claim in their brief study of the phrase that these three notions of
control must be made clear to the degree that the term is used as an analysis definition.
the benefit of this approach is that it permits persons or states to classify complex
entities with factors that can be easily seen or measured in a reasonably straightforward way.
the concern is that the powers that the agent in question has nominally possessed in any given case are not always
clear which ones can be seen as real power steps.
however despite these challenges the idea of control as energy remains sufficiently appealing and is not readily
discounted. prof.
morgenthau defines national power as a psychological relation between those who exercise it and those over whom it is
exercised.
it gives the former control over certain actions of the latter through the influence that the former exerts over the latter s
mind. according to george shwarzen berger the power is the capacity to impose one s will on other by reliance on effective
sanctions in the case of noncompliance. (0)
according to organski power is the ability to influence the behaviour of other in accordance with one s own end.
according to charles the ability to make a man to do what one s wanted and not to do what one s do not want. (1)
national power is a critical and powerful characteristic of state systems including sovereignty and nationalism.
anything kind of power is the mean by which countries enforce domestic and international policies.
both countries have influence but power is really different.
thus we have to approach a power study of international affairs with the knowledge
that whatever the ultimate purpose of international politics we are dealing with a dynamic issue. the
immediate target is always strength.
the statesman generally defines its objectives in terms of moral philosophical economic or social ideals and may attempt to
achieve them by means of non political means.
a major component of international policy is national power.
the fight for dominance between the nations in which every country strives to achieve its desires and national interests is
essentially international politics.
due to the lack of a sovereign or a fully strong unified foreign machines for the authority
of the principles between the countries and due to the sovereign status of each nation state national
interest is often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each state nature of national power 1. (2)
interest is often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each state nature of national power is different
from force and influence 2. (3)
interest is often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each state nature of national national power is
both means as well as an end 3. (4)
interest is often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each state nature of national national power is an
ability to secure national interests 4. (3)
interest is often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each state nature of national it is dynamic in
nature 5. (3)
interest is often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each state nature of national national power
varies nation to nation 6. (7)
interest is often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each state nature of national there are several
elements of national power 7. (3)
interest is often guaranteed by the application of its domestic powers by each state nature of national there is different
between the actual power and potential power of a nation. 8. (9)
national power is backed by sanctions 9. national power depends on its use. 10. (4)
national power is backed by sanctions 9. it is not material power 11. (9)
integrated nature of national power important features of national power 1. national power is both a means as well as an
end in international relations (12)
national authority is the instrument for regulating other countries actions in order to attain those purposes. (13)
it is the currency in which the desired values stability protection prosperity growth status and more power can be
secured in a country.
in foreign affairs nations use force to protect their rights. in
ties between nations this gives power a means.
however authority is pursued as a goal or as an end in real practise.
nations want strength for their current and potential needs.
so they still aim to create a power reserve and then seek power as a goal.
power like money therefore is a way but mostly the goal. 2.
national power is the ability to secure goals of national interest the ability or capacity of a
government to control or alter other nations actions to protect its national interest interests is national power. national
power. (14)
government to control or alter other nations actions to protect its national interest interests is national power. national a
healthy country is able to accomplish its desirable national interest objectives in foreign affairs. (15)
it is a partnership.
the nation s strength is calculated by its ability to protect its foreign relations priorities and aims. 3.
national power is dynamic and relative in character national influence has a non stable and complex nature and as such
it needs to be constantly and routinely analysed to recognise the nation s position in foreign affairs or at least
periodically.
control is still dynamic nationally.
a strong nation will in future become less powerful or stronger.
this is dependent on shifts in other nations power capacity and also on the different components of national power. a
nation s strength is ever relative to the forces of others particularly its opponents power.
in 1990 the ussr collapsed and russia s dominance declined which served as a means of increase for the us s global
influence. 4.
no two nations have equal power furthermore it should be remembered that there is or may be no two nations with
absolute equal strength.
just two similarly powerful superpowers or big powers or main powers may be roughly equivalent. a
nation s strength is often greater or less than any other nation s power. 5.
national power is the basis as well as a means of foreign policy national power is the foundation of a nation s foreign
policy.
only external policy will ensure the national interest objectives supposedly supported by sufficient domestic power. the
capacity of statesmen and diplomats to behave and respond with others is once
more decided by their respective nations national power dimensions of national power 1. military power 2. economic
power 3. (16)
more decided by their respective nations national power dimensions of national power 1. military power psychological
power national power is combination of military power economic power and psychological power. (7)
military power military power is a significant form of domestic power.
in order to achieve the security goal of the country it is seen as utterly necessary. the most important aspect of its
national interest is security for every country. (18)
indeed every nation is primarily concerned with working to ensure its safety.
the opportunity to violate the protection of a nation by other countries by war and violence
is often seen as a clear opportunity which is why each nation attaches primary importance to its safety. (19)
each country retains an army in order to defend it from potential abuses.
economic power the second most powerful aspect of national influence is economic power. it
is characterised as a country s capacity to meet its own needs while also exerting power
over the actions of other countries by granting or refusing access to economic goods and services.
economic instruments of foreign policy are now the most powerful means by which a state can control the acts and
attitudes of other nations.
without sufficient economic strength no state will become a military power.
rich and developing countries use economic leverage to exert control on other countries by providing economic relief
and loans.
rich countries also aim to protect their rights in foreign affairs by economic influence.
when determining a country s economic strength considerations such as raw materials natural resources food supplies
manufacturing and technical
capability gnp trade surplus modes of transportation and connectivity gdp gdp per capita and so on must be weighed.
however a nation s economic force is ineffective in foreign affairs unless it is backed up by strategic and psychological
power.
psychological power psychological power refers to the capacity to shape public opinion and the nation s profile.
it is common knowledge that propaganda and persuasive agreements play an important part in international affairs.
these methods are used by states to secure the desired change in the behaviour of other states.
the development of communication technology the increased effect of mass media and public opinion on foreign policy the
advent of
the era of open and conference diplomacy the prevalence of new philosophies the growth of people to people contacts the
role of ngos and social movements and the increased role of propaganda and attention in international affairs have all
increased. by the use of psychological and cultural means a nation always tries to influence the people and leaders of
other nations. (12)
role of ngos and social movements and the increased role of propaganda and attention in international affairs have all
increased. the ability to influence others through systematic publicity and educational and cultural relations constitutes the
psychological part of the national power of a nation. (12)
method of exercising national power persuasion persuasion is a powerful tool for exercising national influence.
persuasion is the practise of identifying and objectively describing a specific challenge question or conflict to other
nations or some other country.
it is attempted to convince other nations to follow a specific and desired view or interpretation of
the existence of issues involved in any bilateral or multilateral crisis conflict or question. the aim
here is to persuade others of the reasonableness and justice of the nation s policies. diplomacy
ultimately hires persuasion to gain support for the foreign policy that it serves. rewards the
offering of incentives is the second most common way of exercising influence. this incentives
may be material economic or psychological in nature.
in times of disaster or otherwise a country may provide material assistance to another nation.
another way of gaining favour and causing an improvement in the behaviour of other states is to provide economic relief
and simple loans or grants in aid.
the token sponsorship or awarding of such awards to other countries statesmen philosophers authors scientists and
educators often act as psychological incentives designed to keep the other countries friendly and cooperative.
punishment punishment is a third method of exercising influence.
a powerful nation may punish an offending or unhelpful state by enforcing economic sanctions norms or practises
imposing trade barriers or refusing a potential compensation. (22)
a strong country may use the denial or reduction of foreign aid or loans or
the refusal to sell particular products or technologies to threaten or intimidate other nations.
punishment may thus be used by a dominant country to exercise control over other nations.
in fact dominant nations employ the fear of retribution as a deterrent rather than the direct imposition of punishment.
the application of punishment will elicit a response which can be detrimental to the interests of the state using
punishment as a means of enforcing authority.
the most powerful penalty is one that achieves a state s ultimate goal without actually inflicting punishment on other
states.
the threat of retaliation is a more effective way of exercising national authority than its real infliction.
force the direct use of force or physical assault is the final means of exercising control.
a strong country may compel a desired improvement in the actions of another nation by using military strength or
physical force.
force is synonymous with retribution as a means of exercising power.
where punitive action is taken against another government it is called the use of force. however
where only the promise of disciplinary action is made without the direct use of physical aggression
against the other state it becomes a case of control exercise by retribution.
as a consequence the contrast between coercion and punishment lies in the direct use of force and the threat of force.
basic elements of national power tangible elements geography the value of geography in the study of foreign affairs has
long been accepted.
history is sometimes defined as a nation s geography.
napoleon once said a country s foreign policy is decided by its geography.
the role of geography in the study of foreign relations cannot be overstated
since all other aspects of national control are dependent on the state s geographical position. (23)
the importance of geography has been diminished to some degree due to technical innovation but one cannot neglect its
importance because the united states is the world s powerhouse simply because of its geographical location.
the size and population of a state have a significant effect on its national power i. e.
big nations have a lot of weight in foreign relations while small states have little impact on national power.
nevertheless small states with rich natural resources such as the oil rich countries of the middle east may have a big
impact on national power.
the scale of a nation s territories raises its strength. a
small state cannot expand into a powerful one. as
long as she had colonies england was strong.
a large state can support a large population while still having a large supply of natural resources.
in today s globe the united states china and india are unavoidably positioned to play significant roles in global affairs.
population the population is a concrete part of national strength.
it is generally believed that populated countries are often strong but this is not valid.
in developed nations a large population is a source of strength integration and growth while
in developing nations a large population is a symbol of vulnerability such as unemployment disintegration and
corruption. (24)
one of the most critical facets of national strength is people.
since a country s population that is primarily engaged in manufacturing activities
would be greater than a country whose population is primarily engaged in agricultural activities. (24)
location another crucial aspect of national influence is position.
it defines the country s stability as well as its geographical relationship with the rest of the world.
england and japan both of which are islands have become more stable.
similarly since the united states is divided from europe and asia it can remain isolated for a long time and emerge as a
superpower.
place is more important than scale because it affects the atmosphere and the economy.
place is very critical in national power for example bangladesh split from pakistan primarily due to geographical location
undermining pakistan s national power.
territory it is an important tangible element of national power.
territory is an important element that determines the power of a state. the territorial characteristics such as boundaries
climate. (24)
territory is an important element that determines the power of a state. strategic location nature of land and waterways
plays very important role in the enhancement of national power. (24)
territory is an important element that determines the power of a state. for example a mountainous country is difficult to be
overcome by enemy while plain one easy to be captured. (24)
territory is an important element that determines the power of a state. natural resources natural resources are
characterised as natural gifts of proven utility. (24)
territory is an important element that determines the power of a state. they would contain for example a waterfall soil
fertility oil iron copper gas and coal among other things. (24)
natural resources are highly critical in assessing national strength.
kuwait for example is a relatively small state but thanks to its abundant oil wealth it plays a critical role in international
affairs.
natural resources are god s blessings and raw materials are the product of human labour.
natural resources on the other hand do not generate electricity on their own.
they must be manipulated with the assistance of money technological know how and skilled labour. technology applied
science is sometimes used to describe technology. (24)
technological transition represents the real introduction of modern methods and products it is
the dominance of the new over the traditional in demand and expenditure tests. (24)
furthermore it is a dynamic social mechanism that includes several elements such as scientific education
research and development under both private and public auspices management infrastructure manufacturing facilities
jobs and labour organisation. (24)
it has now brought about the era of computers robotics atomic and space technologies.
technology is also a critical component of national influence.
because of economic advances the united states for example is the world master.
economical development economic growth is described as an increase in national income or an increase in per capita
income or
it is a process that affects not only the economic relations of states but also their social political cultural and religious
relations. (24)
it is also a significant and leading factor in the expansion of national influence political structure
the mere existence of an excess of material and human capital as well as the formulation of
a successful foreign policy would be meaningless if the political system or government could not effectively play its
part.
the government must select the goals and strategies of its foreign policy in view of the power required to support them
effectively.
military advancement military progress is the most visible and concrete force capable of bolstering foreign policy and
advancing national interest.
military advancement is critical in international relations.
for eg during the first period of world war i germany gained an advantage over the british due to the use of submarines.
limitation on national power international law and treaties balance of power international morality international public
opinion international organisations collective security disarmament and arm and (3)
for eg during the first period of world war i germany gained an advantage over the british due to the use of submarines.
control (24)

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1: http://studylecturenotes.com/what-is-national-power-meaning-definition-and-elements/
2: https://www.power1ais.com/
3: http://cms.gcg11.ac.in/attachments/article/259/NATIONAL%20POWER.pdf
4: https://www.scribd.com/document/412336687/National-Power
5: https://www.academia.edu/27419221/long_assignment_elements_of_national_power_docx
6: https://brainly.in/question/12725019
7: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/national-power-meaning-nature-dimensions-and-methods/48477
8: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/purposes
9: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/power
10: http://www.jcreview.com/fulltext/197-1583132694.pdf
11: https://quizlet.com/115928611/chapter-1-flash-cards/
12: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security
13: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/safety
14: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/compensation
15: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/position
16: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corruption
17: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g60956-Activities-c56-San_Antonio_Texas.html
18: https://www.scribd.com/document/409270970/International-Relations-current-affairs-mam-mobii-pdf
19: https://studymoose.com/national-power-25292-new-essay
20: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Science_vs_Technology
21: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Tests
22: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/organization
23: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/relation
24: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/control
 Keywords Density

One Word 2 Words 3 Words

nation 8.18% national power 2.48% national power means 0.21%

power 6.6% control 0.89% national power nation 0.21%

national 5.16% national interest 0.62% national power 1 0.21%

state 2.13% foreign policy 0.62% power psychological power

0.14%
economic 1.44% natural resources 0.55%
nations large population 0.14%

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