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Teacher's Guide: Got Grievances?
Teacher's Guide: Got Grievances?
Got Grievances?
Time Needed: 2 class periods Objectives: Students will be able to...
Materials: • Identify key causes resulting in the Declaration
• Student Handouts of Independence and the Revolutionary War
• Scissors • Describe the colonies’ grievances with Britain
• Visual Analysis Activity (optional) • Explain the effects of British economic and
• Projector political policies on the colonies
• Explain social factors that influenced the writing
Handouts:
of the Declaration of Independence
• Reading (4 pages; class set)
• Analyze ideals found in the Declaration of
• Activities (4 pages; class set)
Independence
• In Their Own Words Cards (1 page; class set)
• Primary Source Analysis (2 pages; class set)
Step by Step
Anticipate by asking students to share an example of a grievance. If students are unsure
what the word means, give an example sentence (i.e. When Shawn met with the
manager, he explained each of his grievances and asked to be compensated for
the poor service he received.) Clarify: a grievance is a complaint or a wrong.
Ask students: Should a grievance always be addressed? Why? In what way?
Tell students that they will learn about some of the grievances colonists had with
Britain leading up to the Revolutionary War.
Distribute the reading to the class. Read the reading pages with the class, pausing to
discuss as needed.
Check for understanding by asking: What were the colonists’ grievances? How were
they addressed?
Distribute the activities to the class. Allow time for students to complete each activity.
Distribute one In Their Own Words sheet to each student or to groups of two or three. Tell
students that the colonists had many more grievances. Have students cut and
match the cards. Ask: What do you notice about how the grievances are written?
Extend the activity by asking students to discuss if each grievance was a violation
of a natural or an English right.
Complete the Visual Analysis activity if you wish. Directions are included with the activity.
Distribute the Wait... What Does That Say? primary source activity to the class. Tell
students that the Declaration of Independence includes the principles that
justified the colonists’ fight for independence. Tell students that these ideals
stood in direct contrast to a common practice of the time: slavery.
Allow time for students to complete the reading and activity. You may wish to read and
discuss the text dependent questions together.
Reflect with students. Share that an early draft of the Declaration included a grievance
attacking King George for the practice of slavery in the colonies. This passage
was removed. Ask students why they think this may be. Ask if there are political
grievances people have today and if/how they see them addressed.
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Got Grievances? Name:
Ah, Freedom…
Imagine having the freedom to make your own decisions all the time. Your parents don’t ask you
anything, not what you’re doing, or even where you’re going. It’s great! After a time, you really get
used to the lack of supervision. Now, suppose this all comes to an abrupt end. For some reason,
they’ve decided that you now have to get permission to go anywhere or do anything. You might try
to explain that you’re mature enough to handle the freedom—after all, you were doing so well. And if
after all your explaining, they don’t ease up, you’ll probably be pretty angry about having to go back to
such a tight parental watch.
Just like you’d be annoyed with a strict tightening of rules after a
long period (of what seems like endless) freedom, by 1776, so
Mercantilism were British colonists living in America. Britain had followed
Even though an “unofficial” policy called salutary neglect when it came
Britain largely to managing the colonies in the past, which meant that they
neglected colonial pretty much left the colonies to themselves. Parliament, Britain’s
affairs, products legislature, didn’t worry about making colonial laws. Instead,
manufactured in the they let the colonies govern themselves. Britain was so far away
colonies, like rice and tobacco, provided that unless the colonies were really getting into trouble, it was
a way for Britain to build their wealth. just easier to leave them alone. And as long as the colonies
Early regulations like the Navigation were making money, colonists bought British goods which meant
Acts gave Britain the power to that British merchants made money that they put right back into
regulate colonial trade. This building the country’s wealth. As far as Britain was concerned,
economic system was there really was no reason to mess with a good thing.
called mercantilism.
But Not for Long War Debts
Eventually, Britain stopped turning a blind eye. For nine years,
from 1754-1763, Britain paid a large amount of money to keep the colonies safe
and happy by fighting a war with France over control of the land in the Ohio River
valley. After the French and Indian War, salutary neglect wasn’t economically
advantageous anymore. The colonies had become an expensive drain. There were
war debts to be paid. So, like it or not, things were about to change.
EVER!
control. The Act said, “in all cases whatsoever.” It also said that any laws the
colonies made that denied or called into question the right of Britain to control
the colonies would be null and void. Now, in addition to being taxed without
representation, Britain was going to legislate without representation, too. Was
this how a government was supposed to treat its people?
been passed without their consent. And the war was over.
Why would the British want soldiers stationed in colonies
now if not to keep the colonists in line? Plus, housing
soldiers in colonial barracks and inns required money, which
would only be raised through more colonial tax.
By March 5, 1770, tensions were high. British soldiers were
guarding the Boston customs house, where taxes were
collected, when an angry mob began throwing rocks and
Crispus Attucks was a runaway slave. He snowballs at them. Shots rang out, killing five colonists, in
became a seaman in Boston, MA, and was the
first casualty in the Boston Massacre.
the event known as the Boston Massacre.
• Second Continental • Coercive Acts passed • Stamp Act repealed • First Continental
Congress (1775) • Boston Tea Party • Boston Massacre Congress
• Stamp Act Congress • Stamp Act passed • Townshend Acts repealed • Declaratory Act passed
• French and Indian War • Declaration of • Tea Act Passed • Revolutionary War begins
ends Independence signed (1775)
• Townshend Acts passed
B. Theorize. The first tax was passed in 1765 and colonists were already at war before all 13 colonies
officially agreed to make a formal split from Great Britain in 1776. What were the colonists thinking
and why was there such a long wait? Check off the reasons you think apply. Then use your choices to
propose a theory to explain why independence couldn’t be declared in a day.
I’m a British subject. Loyalty above Sending delegates to meet in one central location
everything else! takes an awful lot of travel time.
Liberty or... If we fight and fail, we could be Look, I’m sure we can work this out and find a
executed as traitors. peaceful resolution.
Are we really all united? I don’t want to risk Can we really win this thing? Honestly, I’d just
having to fight other colonies. rather pay the taxes.
Britain has the largest military in the world. If we’re really doing this, we need time to
War? No thank you! organize and build our armies.
Who cares what’s happening in Massachusetts? If we keep boycotting, Britain will eventually lift
I live in Georgia. the taxes. Trust the process.
Theory:
Rights of Englishmen
Natural Rights of Man (Magna Carta, Petition of Right,
& English Bill of Rights)
(John Locke)
• No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned
without fair administration of justice
• Life
• The King’s subjects should not be taxed but by
• Liberty consent in Parliament
• Property • A standing army within the kingdom in time
of peace without the consent of Parliament is
against the law
• Excessive bail, fines, or unusual punishment are
not to be imposed of inflicted
Think: The colonists believed that by committing these offenses, King George had become a tyrant
(an unreasonably controlling and cruel leader). How does a tyrannical government threaten a person’s
natural rights?
Virginia &
Year Total New England New York Pennsylvania Carolina Georgia
Maryland
1775 22,198 8,005 8,825
1774 73,274 30,161 1,304 31,273 4,332 3,661
1773 739,221 206,312 208,385 208,191 26,491 83,959 5,070
1772 264,882 151,184 530 128 78,117 22,916 10,265
1771 362,257 282,857 1,035 495 32,961 36,385 5,420
1770 110,386 85,935 269 18,270 1,175 2,980
1769 229,439 86,004 4,282 81,729 37,355 12,982 4,426
1768 873,744 291,899 320,214 174,883 41,944 94,639 5,212
1767 480,376 152,435 177,111 87,741 36,088 24,261 2,325
*Adapted from U.S. Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics
1. In what years did American colonies import the most tea? _________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. The Boston Tea Party occurred on December 16, 1773. Based on data from the chart, how do you
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. In what years did American colonies import the least amount of tea? __________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Given the numbers in the chart, do you think the colonial boycott on imported British tea was an
effective form of protest? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
My Dearest Cousin,
• Second Continental • Coercive Acts passed • Stamp Act repealed • First Continental
Congress • Boston Tea Party • Boston Massacre Congress
• Stamp Act Congress • Stamp Act passed • Townshend Acts repealed • Declaratory Act passed
• French and Indian War • Declaration of • Tea Act Passed • Revolutionary War begins
ends Independence signed (1775)
• Townshend Acts passed
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B. Theorize. The first tax was passed in 1765 and colonists were already at war before all 13 colonies
officially agreed to make a formal split from Great Britain in 1776. What were the colonists thinking
and why was there such a long wait? Check off the reasons you think apply. Then use your choices to
propose a theory to explain why independence couldn’t be declared in a day.
I’m a British subject. Loyalty above Sending delegates to meet in one central location
everything else! takes an awful lot of travel time.
Liberty or... If we fight and fail, we could be Look, I’m sure we can work this out and find a
executed as traitors. peaceful resolution.
Are we really all united? I don’t want to risk Can we really win this thing? Honestly, I’d just
having to fight other colonies. rather pay the taxes.
Britain has the largest military in the world. If we’re really doing this, we need time to
War? No thank you! organize and build our armies.
Who cares what’s happening in Massachusetts? If we keep boycotting, Britain will eventually lift
I live in Georgia. the taxes. Trust the process.
Theory:
Rights of Englishmen
Natural Rights of Man (Magna Carta, Petition of Right,
& English Bill of Rights)
(John Locke)
• No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned
without fair administration of justice
• Life
• The King’s subjects should not be taxed but by
• Liberty consent in Parliament
• Property • A standing army within the kingdom in time
of peace without the consent of Parliament is
against the law
• Excessive bail, fines, or unusual punishment are
not to be imposed of inflicted
For quartering large bodies of Natural Right Accept all reasonable responses.
armed troops among us. English Right
Think: The colonists believed that by committing these offenses, King George had become a tyrant
(an unreasonably controlling and cruel leader). How does a tyrannical government threaten a person’s
natural rights? Discuss and review as time allows. Accept all reasonable responses.
Virginia &
Year Total New England New York Pennsylvania Carolina Georgia
Maryland
1775 22,198 8,005 8,825
1774 73,274 30,161 1,304 31,273 4,332 3,661
1773 739,221 206,312 208,385 208,191 26,491 83,959 5,070
1772 264,882 151,184 530 128 78,117 22,916 10,265
1771 362,257 282,857 1,035 495 32,961 36,385 5,420
1770 110,386 85,935 269 18,270 1,175 2,980
1769 229,439 86,004 4,282 81,729 37,355 12,982 4,426
1768 873,744 291,899 320,214 174,883 41,944 94,639 5,212
1767 480,376 152,435 177,111 87,741 36,088 24,261 2,325
*Adapted from U.S. Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics
a. How might you explain these increases? Accept all reasonable responses. Look for students to
_____________________________________________
2. The Boston Tea Party occurred on December 16, 1773. Based on data from the chart, how do you
___________________________________________________________________________________
imported from England in 1774.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Given the numbers in the chart, do you think the colonial boycott on imported British tea was an
effective form of protest? Explain your answer.
Accept all reasonable responses and explanations. Students should note the decline of tea imports
___________________________________________________________________________________
surrounding the time of the Townshend Acts and the Boston Tea Party.
___________________________________________________________________________________
My Dearest Cousin,
He has kept among us, in times of peace, He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts,
Standing Armies without the Consent of burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of
our legislatures. our people.
He has dissolved Representative Houses He has made Judges dependent on his Will
repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the
invasions on the rights of the people. amount and payment of their salaries.
The King restricted immigration to the The King has made soldiers to be above the
colonies and raised property taxes. law and system of justice.
The King has hired and paid a foreign army The King has put an end to the colonial
to fight and kill colonists. legislatures.
The King wouldn’t pass laws unless colonists The King has authorized the destruction of
gave up their right to representation. colonial property.
Instead of protecting the colonies, the King The King hired, paid, and fired judges so no
is waging war against us. trials are fair.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts,
Standing Armies without the Consent of burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of
our legislatures. our people.
B G
He has endeavoured to prevent the population
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken
of these States; for that purpose obstructing the
Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against
Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing
their Country, to become the executioners of
to pass others to encourage their migrations
their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves
hither, and raising the conditions of new
by their Hands.
Appropriations of Lands. C H
He has dissolved Representative Houses He has made Judges dependent on his Will
repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the
invasions on the rights of the people. amount and payment of their salaries.
E J
C. The King restricted immigration to the D. The King has made soldiers to be above
colonies and raised property taxes. the law and system of justice.
F. The King has hired and paid a foreign E. The King has put an end to the colonial
army to fight and kill colonists. legislatures.
A. King wouldn’t pass laws unless colonists G. The King has authorized the destruction
gave up their right to representation. of colonial property.
I. Instead of protecting the colonies, the J. The King hired, paid, and fired judges so
King is waging war against us. no trials are fair.
We hold these truths to be self-evident [easy for anyone to see], that all men are created equal, that they are endowed
[given] by their Creator with certain unalienable rights [basic rights that cannot be taken away], that among these are
Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. —That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted [established] among
Men, deriving [getting] their just powers from the consent of the governed [agreement of the people being ruled].
— That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the People to alter or to
abolish [to change or end] it and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness… it is their right, it is their
duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Part II. Now read this 1777 excerpt from a slave petition for freedom presented to the Massachusetts
Legislature. Compare the ideas in this document to those in the Declaration. Some spellings have been
corrected in [brackets] and meanings of unfamiliar words are in (parenthesis).
To The Honorable Counsel & House of [Representa]tives for the State of Massachusitte
[Massachusetts] Bay in General Court assembled, Jan. 13, 1777.
The petition of A Great Number of Blackes detained in a State of slavery in the Bowels of a free
& Christian Country Humbly shuwith [showeth] that your Petitioners apprehend (understand)
that thay [they] have in Common with all other men a Natural and Unaliable [unalienable] Right
to that freedom which the Grat Parent of the Unavers (God) hath Bestowed equalley on all
menkind and which they have Never forfuted [forfeited] (lost) by any Compact or agreement
whatever—but thay wher Unjustly Dragged by the hand of cruel Power from their Derest friends
and sum [some] of them Even torn from the Embraces of their tender Parents—from A popolous
Pleasant and plentiful contry and in violation of Laws of Nature and off [of] Nations and in
defiance of all the tender feelings of humanity Brough [brought] hear [here] Either to Be sold Like
Beast of Burthen & Like them Condemnd (sentenced) to Slavery for Life [...]
[In Imitat]ion of the Lawdable Example of the Good People of these States your petitiononers
have Long and Patiently waited the Evnt of petition after petition By them presented to the
Legislative Body of this state and cannot but with Grief Reflect that their Success hath ben but
too similar they Cannot but express their Astonishment (amazement) that It has Never Bin
Consirdered that Every Principle form [from] which Amarica [America] has Acted in the Cours
[course] of their unhappy Dificultes with Great Briton [Britain] Pleads Stronger than A thousand
arguments in favowrs [favor] of your petioners they therfor humble Beseech (ask) your honours
to give this petion [petition] its due weight & consideration & cause an act of the Legislatur to
be past [passed] Wherby they may be Restored (returned) to the Enjoyments of that which is
the Naturel Right of all men—and their Children who wher Born in this Land of Liberty may not
be heald [held] as Slaves after they arrive at the age of twenty one years so may the Inhabitance
of this Stats No longer chargeable (connected) with the inconsistancey [inconsistency] of acting
themselves the part which they condem [condemn] (disapprove of) and oppose in others Be
prospered (grow) in their present Glorious struggle for Liberty and have those Blessing to
them, &c.
Excerpt One: The Declaration of Independence Excerpt Two: Petition for Freedom to the
Massachusetts Legislature
1. What unalienable rights do all people have? 1. What grievance do the petitioners have?
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________
2. What do they say that they understand?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
2. Where did they get these rights?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________
4. What have they been waiting for? And why
______________________________________ are they amazed?
______________________________________
4. Where do governments get their power?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
Excerpt One: The Declaration of Independence Excerpt Two: Petition for Freedom to the
Massachusetts Legislature
1. What unalienable rights do all people have? 1. What grievance do the petitioners have?
______________________________________
2. What do they say that they understand?
______________________________________
“Thay have in Common with all other men a
______________________________________
______________________________________
4. What have they been waiting for? And why
______________________________________ are they amazed?
______________________________________ ______________________________________
Image #1: Tell students that the first image is a copy of Benjamin Franklin’s woodcut printed in
newspapers during the French and Indian War in 1754. Display the image. Give students time to
observe, then ask:
1. What do you see? You may wish to circle or highlight what students see.
2. What do the letters represent? Abbreviations for American British colonies. (New England colonies
are grouped together as N.E., Georgia is omitted. At the time Delaware was a part of Pennsylvania.)
3. How does the slogan “Join, or Die” relate to the image?
4. What message was Franklin trying to convey through the image? Why do you think it was
necessary at the time? Remind students that at the time of the war, colonies were separate entities.
5. How might the memory of this image have been relevant to colonists during the events leading up
to the Revolutionary War?
Image #2: Next, show Franklin’s 1767 cartoon, “The Colonies Reduced”. Tell students newspapers
were using Franklin’s “Join or Die” cartoon in protest of the Stamp Act, but that Franklin disagreed
with its use and made this cartoon instead, which he shared with British members of Parliament. Give
students time to study the image, then ask:
1. What do you see? You may wish to circle or highlight what students see.
2. Who do you think the woman is? What does she represent? Ask students to justify their thoughts.
(You may wish to tell students that the woman represents Great Britain.)
3. What words do you see? Why would Franklin include this sentence? Tell students what the words
on the banner mean: “Date Obolum Belli Sario” - Give a penny for Belisarius.
4. What message was Franklin trying to convey through this image? Do you think colonists thought
the message was effective?
Image #3: Next show the Gadsden Flag. Tell students that this flag was carried during the American
Revolution in 1776. Give students time to study the image, then ask:
1. What do you see? You may wish to circle or highlight what students see.
2. How is the slogan on this image different from that of Franklin’s snake print?
3. How does the snake differ from the snake in Franklin’s image? Draw students’ attention beyond the
obvious and ask them to consider what the snakes’ postures might symbolize.
4. What message was Gadsden trying to convey in the image? Why do you think it was necessary at
the time? (Note: Students may recognize and wish to discuss that the flag is still in use today.)
5. How did messages change from the end of the French and Indian War to the Revolutionary War?
Image #1
Image #3