What is a Project?

What is Project Management?

Project management is a combination of techniques, procedures,
people, and systems focused on the successful completion of a
project. It is also a discipline that will support the planning,
implementation, tracking, and control of projects.
What is a Program?
Typical Project Phases
There are many methodologies for running projects. Typically,
they consist of the following high-level phases:
 Define the project
 Plan the project
 Get approval to proceed
 Implement the project plan
 Evaluate the project
Proejct Methodologie :
 1) DFD’ :
Data flow diagrams illustrate how data is processed by a system in
terms of inputs and outputs. Example :DaEta Flow
Diagrams – Diagram Notation
There are only five symbols that are used in the drawing of
business process diagrams (data flow diagrams). These are now
explained, together with the rules that apply to them.

   
This diagram represents a banking process, which maintains
customer accounts. In this example, customers can withdraw or
deposit cash, request information about their account or update
their account details. The five different symbols used in this
example represent the full set of symbols required to draw any
business process diagram.

External Entity

                   
An external entity is a source or destination of a data flow which
is outside the area of study. Only those entities which originate or
receive data are represented on a business process diagram. The
symbol used is an oval containing a meaningful and unique
identifier.

Process

                           
A process shows a transformation or manipulation of data flows
within the system. The symbol used is a rectangular box which
contains 3 descriptive elements:
Firstly an identification number appears in the upper left hand
corner. This is allocated arbitrarily at the top level and serves as
a unique reference.
Secondly, a location appears to the right of the identifier and
describes where in the system the process takes place. This may,
for example, be a department or a piece of hardware. Finally, a
descriptive title is placed in the centre of the box. This should be
a simple imperative sentence with a specific verb, for example
'maintain customer records' or 'find driver'.

Data Flow

                             
A data flow shows the flow of information from its source to its
destination. A data flow is represented by a line, with arrowheads
showing the direction of flow. Information always flows to or from
a process and may be written, verbal or electronic. Each data
flow may be referenced by the processes or data stores at its
head and tail, or by a description of its contents.

Data Store

                            
A data store is a holding place for information within the system:
It is represented by an open ended narrow rectangle.
Data stores may be long-term files such as sales ledgers, or may
be short-term accumulations: for example batches of documents
that are waiting to be processed. Each data store should be given
a reference followed by an arbitrary number.

Resource Flow

                              
A resource flow shows the flow of any physical material from
its source to its destination. For this reason they are
 sometimes referred to as physical flows.
The physical material in question should be given a
meaningful name. Resource flows are usually restricted to
early, high-level diagrams and are used when a description
of the physical flow of materials is considered to be
important to help the analysis.

Advantages of data flow diagrams :

 It gives further understanding of the interestedness of
the system and sub-systems
 It is useful from communicating current system
knowledge to the user
 Used as part of the system documentation files
 Dataflow diagram helps to substantiate the logic
underlining the dataflow of the organization
 It gives the summary of the system
 DFD is very easy to follow errors and it is also useful
for quick reference to the development team for
locating and controlling errors
2) Class UML diagram from java class basics :
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is an object-oriented analysis
and design language defined by the Object Management Group
(OMG). UML is used in the software engineering field and
describes a programming language used as a graphical
designation to create an abstract model that can be used in a
system (UML model).

sequence diagrams :
Adding the applicant
Adding the players :

Connecting the dots -- er, dashes

Creating the LoanApplication
Diagramming an activation
Validating the LoanApplication

As the arrow flies: Indicating time passages

Obtaining a CreditReport
Use Case Diagrams :
Use Case Diagrams describes the interaction of the user with the
systems. There are two main components of Use Case Diagrams,
“Actors” and “Use Cases“.
From the above example we see that:

 ATM Machine interact with two Actors Customer and

Bank Server
 ATM Machine performs Insert ATM Card Action
 ATM Machine performs Enter PIN Number and Amount
Action
 ATM Machine performs Submit Request Action
 ATM Machine performs Check Balance Action
 ATM Machine performs Deduct Amount From Account
Action
 ATM Machine performs Receive Amount Action
Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD)

There are three basic elements in ER models:

Entities are the "things" about which we seek
information.
Attributes are the data we collect about the
entities.
Relationships provide the structure needed to
draw information from multiple entities.
Generally, ERD's look like this:
How do we start an ERD?
1. Define Entities: these are usually nouns used in
descriptions of the system, in the discussion of
business rules, or in documentation; identified in the
narrative (see highlighted items above).
2. Define Relationships: these are usually verbs used
in descriptions of the system or in discussion of the
business rules (entity ______ entity); identified in the
narrative (see highlighted items above).
3. Add attributes to the relations; these are determined
by the queries,and may also suggest new entities, e.g.
grade; or they may suggest the need for keys or
identifiers.
Generally E-R Diagrams require the use of the
following symbols:
Hat I Revere Engineering :