Computer Graphics

It is difficult to display an image of any size on the computer screen. This method is
simplified by using Computer graphics. Graphics on the computer are produced by using
various algorithms and techniques.

Computer Graphics involves technology to access. The Process transforms and

presents information in a visual form. The role of computer graphics insensible. In
today life, computer graphics has now become a common element in user interfaces,
T.V. commercial motion pictures.

Computer Graphics is the creation of pictures with the help of a computer. The end
product of the computer graphics is a picture it may be a business graph, drawing,
and engineering.

In computer graphics, two or three-dimensional pictures can be created that are

used for research. Many hardware devices algorithm has been developing for
improving the speed of picture generation with the passes of time. It includes the
creation storage of models and image of objects. These models for various fields like
engineering, mathematical and so on.

Definition of Computer Graphics:

It is the use of computers to create and manipulate pictures on a display device. It comprises
of software techniques to create, store, modify, represents pictures.
Interactive and Passive Graphics
(a) Non-Interactive or Passive Computer Graphics:
In non-interactive computer graphics, the picture is produced on the monitor, and
the user does not have any controlled over the image, i.e., the user cannot make any
change in the rendered image. One example of its Titles shown on T.V.

Non-interactive Graphics involves only one-way communication between the

computer and the user, User can see the produced image, and he cannot make any
change in the image.

(b) Interactive Computer Graphics:

In interactive Computer Graphics user have some controls over the picture, i.e., the
user can make any change in the produced image. One example of it is the ping-
pong game.

Interactive Computer Graphics require two-way communication between the

computer and the user. A User can see the image and make any change by sending
his command with an input device.

10.8M

180

Triggers in SQL (Hindi)

Advantages:
1. Higher Quality
2. More precise results or products
3. Greater Productivity
4. Lower analysis and design cost
5. Significantly enhances our ability to understand data and to perceive trends.
Application of Computer Graphics
Computer Graphics has numerous applications, some of which are listed below −
 Computer graphics user interfaces GUIsGUIs − A graphic, mouse-
oriented paradigm which allows the user to interact with a computer.
 Business presentation graphics − "A picture is worth a thousand words".
 Cartography − Drawing maps.
 Weather Maps − Real-time mapping, symbolic representations.
 Satellite Imaging − Geodesic images.
 Photo Enhancement − Sharpening blurred photos.
 Medical imaging − MRIs, CAT scans, etc. - Non-invasive internal
examination.
 Engineering drawings − mechanical, electrical, civil, etc. - Replacing the
blueprints of the past.
 Typography − The use of character images in publishing - replacing the hard
type of the past.
 Architecture − Construction plans, exterior sketches - replacing the
blueprints and hand drawings of the past.
 Art − Computers provide a new medium for artists.
 Training − Flight simulators, computer aided instruction, etc.
 Entertainment − Movies and games.
 Simulation and modeling − Replacing physical modeling and enactments

Different type display devices:

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):
CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. CRT is a technology used in traditional computer
monitors and televisions. The image on CRT display is created by firing electrons
from the back of the tube of phosphorus located towards the front of the screen.
Once the electron heats the phosphorus, they light up, and they are projected on a
screen. The color you view on the screen is produced by a blend of red, blue and
green light.

Components of CRT:
Main Components of CRT are:

1. Electron Gun: Electron gun consisting of a series of elements, primarily a heating

filament (heater) and a cathode. The electron gun creates a source of electrons which
are focused into a narrow beam directed at the face of the CRT.414

2. Control Electrode: It is used to turn the electron beam on and off.

3. Focusing system: It is used to create a clear picture by focusing the electrons into
a narrow beam.

4. Deflection Yoke: It is used to control the direction of the electron beam. It creates
an electric or magnetic field which will bend the electron beam as it passes through
the area. In a conventional CRT, the yoke is linked to a sweep or scan generator. The
deflection yoke which is connected to the sweep generator creates a fluctuating
electric or magnetic potential.

5. Phosphorus-coated screen: The inside front surface of every CRT is coated with
phosphors. Phosphors glow when a high-energy electron beam hits them.
Phosphorescence is the term used to characterize the light given off by a phosphor
after it has been exposed to an electron beam.

Working of Cathode Ray Tube

The electron beam controls the working of Cathode Ray Tube. The electron gun
generates an electron beam of high intensity when it is connected to high voltage.
When the electron beam emits from the electron gun it passes through a pair of
electrostatic and magnetic deflection coil which is on the neck of the electron gun.
These coils are responsible for the horizontal and vertical movement of the beam.
This beam falls on the screen and creates phosphorescence. This is the working of
Cathode Ray Tube.

Random Scan and Raster Scan Display:

Random Scan Display:
Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to create a
line image on the CRT screen. The picture is constructed out of a sequence of
straight-line segments. Each line segment is drawn on the screen by directing the
beam to move from one point on the screen to the next, where its x & y coordinates
define each point. After drawing the picture. The system cycles back to the first line
and design all the lines of the image 30 to 60 time each second. The process is
shown in fig:
Random-scan monitors are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing displays
or calligraphic displays.

Advantages:
1. A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where an image
is to be drawn.
2. Produce smooth line drawings.
3. High Resolution

Disadvantages:
1. Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.

Raster Scan Display:

A Raster Scan Display is based on intensity control of pixels in the form of a
rectangular box called Raster on the screen. Information of on and off pixels is stored
in refresh buffer or Frame buffer. Televisions in our house are based on Raster Scan
Method. The raster scan system can store information of each pixel position, so it is
suitable for realistic display of objects. Raster Scan provides a refresh rate of 60 to 80
frames per second.

Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the positions are
called picture elements or pixels. Beam refreshing is of two types. First is horizontal
retracing and second is vertical retracing. When the beam starts from the top left
corner and reaches the bottom right scale, it will again return to the top left side
called at vertical retrace. Then it will again more horizontally from top to bottom call
as horizontal retracing shown in fig:

17.1MHTML Tutorial
Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan

1. Interlaced Scanning
2. Non-Interlaced Scanning

In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top to
bottom. Due to which fading of display of object may occur. This problem can be
solved by Non-Interlaced scanning. In this first of all odd numbered lines are traced
or visited by an electron beam, then in the next circle, even number of lines are
located.

For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it gives
flickers. For interlaced display refresh rate of 60 frames per second is used.

Advantages:
1. Realistic image
2. Million Different colors to be generated
3. Shadow Scenes are possible.

Disadvantages:
1. Low Resolution
2. Expensive

Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan

Display:
Random Scan Raster Scan

1. It has high Resolution 1. Its resolution is low.

2. It is more expensive 2. It is less expensive

3. Any modification if needed is easy 3.Modification is tough

4. Solid pattern is tough to fill 4.Solid pattern is easy to fill

5. Refresh rate depends or resolution 5. Refresh rate does not depend on the picture.

6. Only screen with view on an area is displayed. 6. Whole screen is scanned.

7. Beam Penetration technology come under it. 7. Shadow mark technology came under this.

8. It does not use interlacing method. 8. It uses interlacing

9. It is restricted to line drawing applications 9. It is suitable for realistic display.

Color CRT Monitors:

The CRT Monitor display by using a combination of phosphors. The phosphors are
different colors. There are two popular approaches for producing color displays with
a CRT are:

1. Beam Penetration Method

2. Shadow-Mask Method

1. Beam Penetration Method:

The Beam-Penetration method has been used with random-scan monitors. In this
method, the CRT screen is coated with two layers of phosphor, red and green and
the displayed color depends on how far the electron beam penetrates the phosphor
layers. This method produces four colors only, red, green, orange and yellow. A beam
of slow electrons excites the outer red layer only; hence screen shows red color only.
A beam of high-speed electrons excites the inner green layer. Thus screen shows a
green color.
Advantages:
1. Inexpensive

Disadvantages:
1. Only four colors are possible
2. Quality of pictures is not as good as with another method.

2. Shadow-Mask Method:
o Shadow Mask Method is commonly used in Raster-Scan System because they
produce a much wider range of colors than the beam-penetration method.
o It is used in the majority of color TV sets and monitors.

Construction: A shadow mask CRT has 3 phosphor color dots at each pixel position.

o One phosphor dot emits: red light

o Another emits: green light
o Third emits: blue light

This type of CRT has 3 electron guns, one for each color dot and a shadow mask grid
just behind the phosphor coated screen.HTML Tutorial

Shadow mask grid is pierced with small round holes in a triangular pattern.
Working: Triad arrangement of red, green, and blue guns.

The deflection system of the CRT operates on all 3 electron beams simultaneously;
the 3 electron beams are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow mask,
which contains a sequence of holes aligned with the phosphor- dot patterns.

When the three beams pass through a hole in the shadow mask, they activate a
dotted triangle, which occurs as a small color spot on the screen.

The phosphor dots in the triangles are organized so that each electron beam can
activate only its corresponding color dot when it passes through the shadow mask.

Advantage:
1. Realistic image
2. Million different colors to be generated
3. Shadow scenes are possible

Disadvantage:
1. Relatively expensive compared with the monochrome CRT.
2. Relatively poor resolution
3. Convergence Problem
 Flat- Panel Displays:

Flat Panel Display:

The Flat-Panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume,
weight and power requirement compare to CRT.

Example: Small T.V. monitor, calculator, pocket video games, laptop computers, an
advertisement board in elevator.

1. Emissive Display: The emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy
into light. Examples are Plasma Panel, thin film electroluminescent display and LED
(Light Emitting Diodes).

2. Non-Emissive Display: The Non-Emissive displays use optical effects to convert

sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. Examples are LCD
(Liquid Crystal Device).

Liquid Crystal display (LCD)

 LCD is a flat panel display which uses light modulating properties of liquid crystals for
displaying images. Liquid crystals use a backlight for producing images in colour or
monogram. The backlight provides light to individual pixels that are arranged to form a
rectangular grid.
 Each pixel has red, green and blue sub pixel which can be turned on or off. If all the sub-
pixels are turned off, the screen appears black and when all the sub-pixels are turned on, the
display appears white. For getting images of different colours, the individual levels of red,
green and blue are adjusted.
 LCD displays are used for displaying arbitrary or fixed images with low information content.
The arbitrary images displayed on LCD screens are made up of a large number of small
pixels.
  LCD display monitors are compact, lighter in weight, consume low power, occupy less space
and are priced reasonably.
 LCD uses two types of technologies viz. Active Matrix LCD technology (TFT) and Passive
matrix technology. The Active matrix technology produces better image quality and are more
reliable.
 The resolution of LCD display monitors is equal to the total number of pixels contained in the
matrix.
 LCD displays a wide range of applications which include computer monitors, LCD
televisions, smartphones, digital cameras, gaming devices etc.
 LCD Technology has replaced the CRT displays in nearly all applications.

Advantages of LCD
 LCD is capable of producing very bright images due to high peak intensity.
 It consumes less power than CRT displays and has a lifespan of 50,000 to 100,000 hours.
 The electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields produced by LCD is considerable lower
than CRT displays.
 Since LCD displays do not use a glass screen, it eliminates the problem of glare.

Disadvantages of LCD
 LCD displays have fixed aspect ratio and screen resolution.
 Due to a poor back level, the contrast level in LCD displays is lower than that of CRT
displays.
 LCDs suffer from slower response times and scan rate conversion which leads to the problem
of ghosting.
 The HD monitors cannot be viewed at every angle. CRT displays have better viewing angle
than the LCD displays.

LED Display
 Light emitting diode (LED) display is a flat panel display which uses the
light emitting diode as pixels for displaying images and videos. There are
basically two kinds of LED displays available in the market viz. LED-
backlit LCD displays, and microLED displays.
 In LED-backlit LCD displays, the light emitting diode is used as a backlight
for powering the LCD panel. Basically, these are LCD displays with a LED
backlight for powering the LCD panel.
 The LED display is placed behind the LCD panel for enhancing the
luminosity of the LCD display. The LCD monitors used cathode ray as
backlight whereas LED monitors replaced it with LEDs.
  Both LED-backlit LCD monitors and traditional LCD monitors use the
same technology but the LED displays are better than LCDs. The colour
accuracy, contrast, and brightness of LED backlit LCD displays are better
than traditional LCD monitors.
 In 2012, Sony presented ‘Crystal LED TV’ with true LED display in which
the light emitting diodes are used for producing actual images rather
than being used as a backlight for the LCD panels as an LED backlit LCDs.
It is a microLED display in which LED produces images rather than the
liquid crystals of LCD panel.
 MicroLED is an emerging flat panel display technology in which arrays of
microscopic LEDs from the individual pixel elements for displaying
images. Micro LED displays are better in contrast, response time, and
energy efficiency than the widespread LCD Technology.

Advantages:

 The Intensity of light can be controlled.

 Low operational Voltage.
 Capable of handling the high temperature.

Disadvantages:

 More Power Consuming than LCD.

Direct View Storage Tube (DVST): It is used to store the picture information as
a charge distribution behind the phosphor-coated screen.

There are two guns used in DVST:

Primary Gun: It is used to store the picture information.

Flood / Secondary Gun: It is used to display a picture on the screen.

Advantages:

 Less Time Consuming

 No Refreshing Required
 High-Resolution
 Less Cost

Disadvantages:

 The specific part of the image cannot be erased.

 They do not display color.

Plasma Display: It is a type of flat panel display which uses tiny plasma cells.
It is also known as the Gas-Discharge display.

Components of Plasma display

 Anode: It is used to deliver a positive voltage. It also has the line wires.
 Cathode: It is used to provide negative voltage to gas cells. It also has
fine wires.
  Gas Plates: These plates work as capacitors. When we pass the voltage,
the cell lights regularly.
 Fluorescent cells: It contains small pockets of gas liquids when the
voltage is passed to this neon gas. It emits light.

Advantages:

 Wall Mounted
 Slim
 Wider angle

Disadvantages:

 Phosphorus loses luminosity over time.

 It consumes more electricity than LCD.
 Large Size
3D Display: It is also called stereoscope display technology. This technology is
capable of bringing depth perception to the viewer.

It is used for 3D gaming and 3D TVs.

For Example: Fog Display, Holographic Display, Retina Display Etc.

Advantages:

 Impressive Picture Quality

Disadvantage:

 Expensive
 Binocular Fusion