ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

CHAPTER NO 2
METHODOLOGY

When a normal vehicle is moving on an inclined path in a

heavy traffic or if it is stopped on the slope and then suddenly started,
it tends to move backwards. This can cause an accident with the
vehicle just behind. In the normal running of a vehicle we have to
perform three tasks at the same time i.e. disengaging the handbrake,
releasing the clutch and at the same time accelerating the car. It can
prove to be difficult for a novice driver. To solve this problem, we
make use of the free-wheel, which is attached to the differential. This
freewheel is engaged with the help of hand lever and is coupled with
the bevel gear of the differential. The motion of the free-wheel is
restricted in reverse direction. So, when the vehicle is moving in the
forward direction the free-wheel also moves in the forward direction.
But when the vehicle is moving in reverse direction the free-wheel
restricts the reverse motion. Hence, the accidents can be avoided.
Also, the free-wheel doesn’t have to be disengaged for the vehicle to
move in the forward direction. It can move in forward direction
without any problem. To move in the reverse direction the free-wheel
has to be disengaged. To ensure whether the free-wheel is engaged or
disengaged a display mechanism can be used.

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

REVERSE LOCKING MECHANISM IN AUTOMOBILE

WHAT IS REVERSE LOCKING MECHANISM?
Whenever the vehicle is having forward drive at that
time the sprocket wheel installed on the engine gear box
output shaft drives the rear axle through chain drive but
when vehicle is idle on the forward slope it tends to come
back during gear change or break release condition. Hence
additional ratchet wheel is installed with plunger
arrangement, which will resist the back motion or reversing
of the automobile at slope.
THE PROBLEMS OCCURRED IN THE VEHICLE WITH OUT THIS
MECHANISM
1. The brake shoe life decreases.
2. Fuel consumption decreases.
Now – days the vehicles which are rolling on the road without
this arrangement is facing the following problems:-
The vehicle is returning back on the slope when
brake is applied and after release of brake if we are going to
accelerate and for this if we are raising the leg from the
brake pedal then vehicle will move back on the slope.
The brake shoes are wearer off soon due to increased
frequency of braking.

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

Excess fuel is required to keep the fuel at stand still

condition as the fuel is required to over come the load of
vehicle and friction experienced by the vehicle’s wheel.
Where it can be used in automobile

CHAPTER -3
LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] Roh J, Woojin Chung (2010)

Reversing control of a car with a trailer using a Driver AssistanceSystem
:
A passive trailer system can be used efficiently for transportation tasks.
However, backward motion control of a trailer system is difficult because
it is an open loop unstable system. In our previous researches, we have
shown that n passive trailers can be successfully controlled by an
ommni-directional or a two-wheel-differential mobile robot. However, a
passive trailer system pulled by a car is widely used in practical
environments. Unlike mobile robots, a carlike mobile robot has
nonholonomic constraints and limitation of the steering angle. In this
paper, we tried to solve the backward motion control problem of the
trailer system with a car by proposing two strategies.
First, we proposed Driver Assistance System (DAS). By using the DAS,
a driver can control the trailer system as a forward motion control
instead of a backward motion control directly. A driver only secure the
rearviewof the last passive trailer, and select the control input to drive
the last passive trailer. The DAS converts the control input of a driver
into the velocity and a steering angle of a car by inverse kinematics. The
DAS can be achieved combining several electronic devices which are
recently embedded in a can in general.

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

Second, we proposed a kinematic configuration which is connecting a

passive trailer to the front bumper of a car for increasing the feasible
region of backward motion control.
Performances of the proposed control strategy and the kinematic
configuration are verified by theoretical verifications and experimental
results.

DESCRIPTION  (OCR text may contain errors)

July 28, 1925.
W. T. SEARS RATCHET AND PAWL MECHANISM Fil'ed Sept. 1, 1922
HqZ.
Patented July 28, 1925.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE COMPANY, or NEW YORK,
N. Y., A CORPORATION or NEW JERSEY.
RATCHET-AND-PAWL MECHANISM.
Application filed September 1, '1922. Serial No. 585,805.
To all whom may concern Be it known that I, VVrnnann T. SEARS, a
citizen of the United States, residing at lrlont-clair, in the county of Essex
and State of New Jersey, have invented certain new and useful
Improvements in Ratchet-and- Pawl Mechanism, of which the following
is a specification.
This invention relates to a ratchet and pawl mechanism and in particular
to mechanism of this type for use in connection with a feed mechanism
for machine tools.
An object of the present invention is to provide a ratchet and pawl
mechanism which will permit variation of the feeding action of a ratchet
wheel within fine limits.
Another object of the invention is to vide a particular form of pawl as a
part of the feeding mechanism which may be disengaged from its
ratchet wheel at any point in its op'e'iativestroke with a minimum of
resistance.
One feature which enables me to accomplish 'the above named objects
is that the a pawl comprises two members pivotally con nectec together
and held, by means of a spring, in relative operative position.
Anotherfeature which is advantageous is that the pawl maybe
disengaged from the ratchet wheel by engagement of an intermediate
pawl member with an adjustable stop which oscillates this
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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

intermediatepawl member and permits the other pawl member to

oscillate relative to the first pawl memher and thus disengage itself from
the ratchet wheel.
With these and other objects in View, my invention consists in the
features of construction and operation set forth in the following
specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawing.
In the accompanying drawing annexed hereto and forming a part of this
specifica tion, I have shown my invention embodied in a mechanism for
slowly rotating a shaft but it will be understood that the invention can be
otherwise embodied and that the drawing is not to be construed as
defining or limiting the scope of the invention, the
, claims appended to this specification being relied upon for that
purpose.
In the drawing:
Figure 1 is a front elevation of the complete mechanism forming the
present invention, and
Fig. 2 is a central vertical section of the same.
In the above mentioned drawing, I have shown but one embodiment of
the invention which is now deemed preferable, but it is to be understood
that changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the
appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Briefly, my invention in its broadest aspect comprises the following
principal parts: first, a rotating shaft which may be suitably supported
and which it is an object to slowly rotate in a step-by-step manner;
second, a ratchet wheel fastened directly to said shaft, third, an
oscillating arm; fourth, a reciprocating rod attached to said arm whereby
the arm may be oscillated through a constant angular distance with each
movement of the rod; fifth, a pawl of novel construction having two
pivotally connected members, one of which is adapted to engage the
ratchet wheel; sixth, an adjustable stop positioned to engage an
extension on the other pawl member.
Rererr ncre detail to the figures of the draw g, a suitable support is
provided through which extends a rotatable shaft 11. )n this shaft 11
adjacent the support 10 is a ratchet wheel 12 fixed thereto by means of
the lreys 13 as shown. Between the ratchet wheel and support 10 and
preferably adapted to oscillate about a bearing l l formed on one of the
supporting.
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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

members 10 is an arm 15 which at an intermediate point is attached to a

connecting rod 16. By any suitable means, not shown, this connecting
rod 16 may be reciprocated so that the oscillating arm 15 may be
oscillated through a constant angle with each movement of the rod 16.
On the outer end of this oscillating arm 15 is an intermediate pawl
member 17 which is suitably pivoted about a pin 18 in the oscillating arm
15. Near the lower end of this intermediate pawl member 1'? is a small
pawl member 19 pivoted to the intermediate member at 20and adapted
at its outer end to directly engage the teeth of the ratchet wheel 12.
Preferably, and as shown, the two pawl members 17 and 19 are held in
normal Operative positions by means of a spring 21' engaging the pawl
members 17 and 19 and preferably surrounding the pivot 20. A pin 22 in
the intermediate pawl member 17 prevents the sive teeth in the ratchet
wheel 12 and ad;
vance the ratchet wheel 12 and the rotating shaft 11 through small
angles with each reciprocation of the arm 15. As it is frequent- 1y
desirablecto vary the rotative movement of the ratchet wheel12 and
shaft 11 to effect variable feeds or other iunctions, special means have
been PFOVlClEdto restrict the rotative movement ct this ratchet wheel
12 while the oscillating arm 15 may continue to operate through the
same distance.
These means comprise an adjustable stop 25 which may be positioned
anywhere in the arcuate slot 26 formed in one of the supporting
members 10.
'This adjustable stop 25 has a pin 27 outstanding therefrom adapted to
be engaged by an integral extension 28 formed on the intermediate pawl
member 17..'By positioningthe adjustable stop 25 at any predetermined
point in the arcuate slot 26, the
pin 27 may be made to engage and oscillate this intermediate pawl
member 17 at any point in the s roke of the oscillating arm 15. As soon
as the intermediate pawl member 17 is engaged by this pin 27, the
intermediate pawl member 17 is oscillated about its pivot 18 while the
other pawl member 19 remains in contact'with a tooth of the ratchet
wheel 12. Thus as the pawl 19 remains in contact with the tooth of the
ratchet wheel 12, the two pawl members 17 and 19 are relatively
oscillated about the pivot 20 on the intermediate pawl member 17. This
oscillating movement'or" the two pawl members is sufficient to move the
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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

pivot 20 to. the opposite side of a line extending from' the point of
engagement with the pawl member 19 with the teeth of theratchet wheel
12 and the pivot 18 tor theiintermediate member 17 therefore .no further
movement of the ratchet wheel 12 will take place but the pawl
member'19 will continue to oscillate about the'intermediate member thus
eiiectively stopping further advancing movement of the ratchet wheel 12
and shaft 11.
llo'hold the ratchet wheel 12 in its advanced rotative position another
pawl member .29 is provided preferably pivotally mounted on the
supporting member 10 and engaging another one 01" the teeth of the
ratchet wheel 12. It will be seen therefore that a mechanism has been
provided which will permit a ratchet wheel 12 to be advanced variable
predetermined small dis tances by means of the oscillating arm 15 while
the oscillating arm continues to oscillate throughout a'constant angular
distance.
What I claim is': 1. A ratchet and pawl mechanism comprising in
combination, a'ratchet wheel, an oscillating arm having a pawl thereon
adapted to engage and rotate the ratchet wheel, an intermediate pawl
member on the arm, an extension on the intermediate pawl member,
and adjustable means engaging said extension and causing said
intermediate pawl to be oscillated and oscillating the pawl out of driving
engagement with the ratchet wheel at any predetermined point in the
stroke of the oscillating arm. 7 7
2. A ratchet and pawl mechanism comprising in combination, a ratchet
wheel, an oscillating arm having a pawl thereon adapted to engage and
rotate the ratchet wheel, said pawl comprising two pivotally connected
members having spring means to hold them in operative relative
position, an extension on oneof said members, and adjustable means
engaging said extension adapted to oscillate the othermember out of
driving engagement with the ratchet wheel at any predetermined point in
the stroke of the oscillating arm. 7 l
'3. A. ratchet and pawl mechanism comprising in combination, a ratchet
wheel, an oscillating arm having a pawl thereon adapted to engage and
rotate the ratchet wheel, said pawl comprising two pivotally connected
members having spring means to hold them in operative relative
position, an extension on one of said members, adjustable means
engaging said extension adapted to oscillate the other member out of
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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

driving engagement with the ratchet wheel at any predetermined point in

the stroke of the oscillating arm, and means to clamp the adjustable
means in any desired position.
4-. A ratchet and pawl mechanism comprising in combination, a ratchet
wheel, an oscillating arm having a pawl thereon adapted to engage and
rotate the ratchet wheel, said pawlcomprising' two pivotally connected
members having spring means to hold them in operative relative
position, an extension on one of said members, and an adjustable stop
adapted to engage said extension whereby the twopawl members are
relatively oscillated abouteach other and about the oscillating arm and
are disengagedfrom drivingrelation with the ratchet wheel

Ratchet mechanism
Wheel Solenoid valve

Base

Differential 12 V DC
GEARED
Motor 8
 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

Belt drive

ANTI REVERES DIFFERENTIAL

A
DISSERTATION REPORT ON

YEAR 2006-07
GUIDED BY

Prof. Sau. ____________________

SUBMITTED BY

Miss/MR ____________________
( D.M.E. )

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

III YEAR ROLL NO: ___________

ENROLL.NO:

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SHREERAM POLYTECHNIC (BVP)
[ A Leading Technological Institute affiliated to M. S.B.T.E]
Navi Mumbai, Dist:- Thane

PROJECT REPORT

ON

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

ANTI REVERSE MECHANISM
(A Project Report submitted in partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Award
of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering subject)

SUBMITTED BY

1.------------------------ 4. ----------------------------
2 ----------------------
3-----------------------

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

PROJECT GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL

SHREERAM POLYTECHNIC (BVP)

[ A Leading Technological Institute affiliated to M. S.B.T.E]
Navi Mumbai, Dist:- Thane

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed a matter of great pleasure & privilege to be able to present this

synopsis report on “ANTI REVERSE TRIKE” under the valuable guidance of Prof.
_________________, Professor Mechanical Engineering Department.
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Prof.
_______________for her valuable guidance, advice, & constant aspiration to my
work.
I am also thankful to our HOD, _____________________ Sir and all teachers &
Principal of Shreeram Polytechnic for providing me constant support & facilities.

I am also thankful to Mr. Consultant Engineer&

Director of ‘ Co.’, who has helped me lot for the completion of my
project work.. I thank to all the team members of Sidhheshwar engg, Mr.Amit,
Mr.Sachin, and Mr.Abhishek for extending their help & cooperation from time to time.
Lastly I would like to express my sincere gratefulness to my parents and all those
people who have helped me directly or indirectly for the completion of this work.

----- Thanking

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

SHREERAM POLYTECHNIC (BVP)

[ A Leading Technological Institute affiliated to M. S.B.T.E]

Navi Mumbai, Dist:- Thane

CERTIFICATE OF DISSERTATION APPROVED BY

EXAMINERS

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “ANTI REVERSE TRIKE” is

bonafied record of the dissertation work done by
Miss/Mr._____________________. This dissertation is approved for the Award
of Diploma of Mechanical Engineering under Entrepreneurship Development
Project and Seminar subject of the Curriculum of Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education, Mumbai.

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

____________ ____________

Examiner Examiner
Internal External

INDEX
Page.N Name of the topic Page
o No.

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

10

11

12

13

14

15

PREFACE

We take an opportunity to present this project report on "ANTI

REVERSE MECHANISM” and put before readers some useful
information in front of the honourable readers regarding our project.

We have made sincere attempts for modifying the available FIAT

CAR DIFFERENTIAL and taken every care to present this matter in
precise and compact modified form without affecting the safety, the
language being as simple as possible.

We are sure that the information contained in this volume would

certainly prove useful for better insight in the scope of modern low fuel
consuming automobiles and dimension of this project in its true
perspective.

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

The task of completion of the project though being difficulty was

made quite simple, interesting and successful due to deep involvement
and complete dedication of our group members.

Thanking ------

CHAPTER NO 1
INTRODUCTION

a) DIFFERENTIAL
A differential is a device, usually, but not necessarily,
employing gears, capable of transmitting torque and rotation through
three shafts, almost always used in one of two ways: in one way, it
receives one input and provides two outputs—this is found in most
automobiles—and in the other way, it combines two inputs to create
an output that is the sum, difference, or average, of the inputs.
A vehicle's wheels rotate at different speeds, mainly when
turning corners. The differential is designed to drive a pair of wheels
while allowing them to rotate at different speeds. In vehicles without
a differential, such as karts, both driving wheels are forced to rotate at
the same speed, usually on a common axle driven by a simple chain-
drive mechanism. When cornering, the inner wheel needs to travel a
shorter distance than the outer wheel, so with no differential, the
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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

result is the inner wheel spinning and/or the outer wheel dragging,
and this results in difficult and unpredictable handling, damage to
tires and roads, and strain on the entire drive train.

(Fig 1: working of a differential when taking a turn)

(Fig 2: components of a differential)

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

b) FREEWHEEL
The freewheel is basically a sprocket attached to a ratchet,
allowing the transmission to drive the wheel in only one direction.
The simplest freewheel device consists of two saw-toothed, spring-
loaded discs pressing against each other with the toothed sides
together, somewhat like a ratchet. Rotating in one direction, the saw
teeth of the drive disc lock with the teeth of the driven disc, making it
rotate at the same speed. If the drive disc slows down or stops
rotating, the teeth of the driven disc slip over the drive disc teeth and
continue rotating, producing a characteristic clicking sound
proportionate to the speed difference of the driven gear relative to that
of the (slower) driving gear. A more sophisticated and rugged design
has spring-loaded steel rollers inside a driven cylinder. Rotating in
one direction, the rollers lock with the cylinder making it rotate in
unison. Rotating slower, or in the other direction, the steel rollers just
slip inside the cylinder.

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

(Fig 3: working of freewheel; freewheel moving in forward direction)

REVERSE LOCKING MECHANISM IN AUTOMOBILE

WHAT IS REVERSE LOCKING MECHANISM?

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

Whenever the vehicle is having forward drive at that

time the sprocket wheel installed on the engine gear box
output shaft drives the rear axle through chain drive but
when vehicle is idle on the forward slope it tends to come
back during gear change or break release condition. Hence
additional ratchet wheel is installed with plunger
arrangement, which will resist the back motion or reversing
of the automobile at slope.
THE PROBLEMS OCCURRED IN THE VEHICLE WITH OUT THIS
MECHANISM
1. The brake shoe life decreases.
2. Fuel consumption decreases.
Now – days the vehicles which are rolling on the road without
this arrangement is facing the following problems:-
The vehicle is returning back on the slope when
brake is applied and after release of brake if we are going to
accelerate and for this if we are raising the leg from the
brake pedal then vehicle will move back on the slope.
The brake shoes are wearer off soon due to increased
frequency of braking.
Excess fuel is required to keep the fuel at stand still
condition as the fuel is required to over come the load of
vehicle and friction experienced by the vehicle’s wheel.
Where it can be used in automobile

19
 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

CHAPTER NO 2
WORKING OF PROJECT

When a normal vehicle is moving on an inclined path in a

heavy traffic or if it is stopped on the slope and then suddenly started,
it tends to move backwards. This can cause an accident with the
vehicle just behind. In the normal running of a vehicle we have to
perform three tasks at the same time i.e. disengaging the handbrake,
releasing the clutch and at the same time accelerating the car. It can
prove to be difficult for a novice driver. To solve this problem, we
make use of the free-wheel, which is attached to the differential. This
freewheel is engaged with the help of hand lever and is coupled with
the bevel gear of the differential. The motion of the free-wheel is
restricted in reverse direction. So, when the vehicle is moving in the
forward direction the free-wheel also moves in the forward direction.
But when the vehicle is moving in reverse direction the free-wheel
restricts the reverse motion. Hence, the accidents can be avoided.
Also, the free-wheel doesn’t have to be disengaged for the vehicle to
move in the forward direction. It can move in forward direction
without any problem. To move in the reverse direction the free-wheel
has to be disengaged. To ensure whether the free-wheel is engaged or
disengaged a display mechanism can be used.

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ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

(fig4:Schematic diagram of project)

3. GEAR SPECIFICATION
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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

(fig5: pinion gear) (fig6: bevel gear)

No. of Length 
Module Bore Hub dia. Pitch dia. Outside dia. Total length Hub width Face width
teeth of bore

m Z AH7 B C D F H I J

40 20 70 160 162.34 53.92 28 45 102.39

4 20 20 60 80 89.62 66.59 35 62 28 42.78

CHAPTER NO

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

MATERIAL SELECTION

The proper selection of material for the different part of a machine is the main
objective in the fabrication of machine. For a design engineer it is must that he
be familiar with the effect, which the manufacturing process and heat treatment
have on the properties of materials. The Choice of material for engineering
purposes depends upon the following factors:
1. Availability of the materials.
2. Suitability of materials for the working condition in service.
3. The cost of materials.
4. Physical and chemical properties of material.
5. Mechanical properties of material.
The mechanical properties of the metals are those, which are associated with the
ability of the material to resist mechanical forces and load. We shall now
discuss these properties as follows:
1. Strength : It is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied
forces
2. Stress: Without breaking or yielding. The internal resistance offered by a
part to an externally applied force is called stress.

3. Stiffness: It is the ability of material to resist deformation under stresses.

The modules of elasticity of the measure of stiffness.
4. Elasticity: It is the property of a material to regain its original shape after
deformation when the external forces are removed. This property is
desirable for material used in tools and machines. It may be noted that
steel is more elastic than rubber.

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

5. Plasticity: It is the property of a material, which retain the deformation

produced under load permanently. This property of material is necessary
for forging, in stamping images on coins and in ornamental work.
6. Ductility: It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire
with the application of a tensile force. A ductile material must be both
strong and plastic. The ductility is usually measured by the terms,
percentage elongation and percent reduction in area. The ductile
materials commonly used in engineering practice are mild steel, copper,
aluminum, nickel, zinc, tin and lead.
7. Brittleness: It is the property of material opposite to ductile. It is the
property of breaking of a material with little permanent distortion. Brittle
materials when subjected to tensile loads snap off without giving any
sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle material.
8. Malleability: It is a special case of ductility, which permits material to be
rolled or hammered into thin sheets, a malleable material should be
plastic but it is not essential to be so strong. The malleable materials
commonly used in engineering practice are lead, soft steel, wrought iron,
copper and aluminum.
9. Toughness: It is the property of a material to resist the fracture due to
high impact loads like hammer blows. The toughness of the material
decreases when it is heated. It is measured by the amount of absorbed
after being stressed up to the point of fracture. This property is desirable
in parts subjected to shock an impact loads.
10.Resilience: It is the property of a material to absorb energy and to resist
rock and impact loads. It is measured by amount of energy absorbed per
unit volume within elastic limit. This property is essential for spring
material.

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

11.Creep: When a part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature

for long period of time, it will undergo a slow and permanent
deformation called creep. This property is considered in designing
internal combustion engines, boilers and turbines.
12.Hardness: It is a very important property of the metals and has a wide
verity of meanings. It embraces many different properties such as resistance
to wear scratching, deformation and mach inability etc. It also means the
ability of the metal to cut another metal. The hardness is usually expressed
in numbers, which are dependent on the method of making the test. The
hardness of a metal may be determined by the following test.
a) Brinell hardness test
b) Rockwell hardness test
c) Vickers hardness (also called diamond pyramid) test and
d) Share scaleroscope.
The science of the metal is a specialized and although it overflows in to realms
of knowledge it tends to shut away from the general reader. The knowledge of
materials and their properties is of great significance for a design engineer. The
machine elements should be made of such a material which has properties
suitable for the conditions of operations. In addition to this a design engineer
must be familiar with the manufacturing processes and the heat treatments have
on the properties of the materials. In designing the various part of the machine it
is necessary to know how the material will function in service. For this certain
characteristics or mechanical properties mostly used in mechanical engineering
practice are commonly determined from standard tensile tests. In engineering
practice, the machine parts are subjected to various forces, which may be due to
either one or more of the following.
1. Energy transmitted
2. Weight of machine

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

3. Frictional resistance
4. Inertia of reciprocating parts
5. Change of temperature
6. Lack of balance of moving parts
The selection of the materials depends upon the various types of stresses that
are set up during operation. The material selected should with stand it. Another
criteria for selection of metal depend upon the type of load because a machine
part resist load more easily than a live load and live load more easily than a
shock load.
Selection of the material depends upon factor of safety, which in turn depends
upon the following factors.
1. Reliabilities of properties
2. Reliability of applied load
3. The certainty as to exact mode of failure
4. The extent of simplifying assumptions
5. The extent of localized
6. The extent of initial stresses set up during manufacturing
7. The extent loss of life if failure occurs
8. The extent of loss of property if failure occurs
Materials selected in m/c
Base plate, motor support, sleeve and shaft
Material used
Mild steel
Reasons:
1. Mild steel is readily available in market
2. It is economical to use
3. It is available in standard sizes
4. It has good mechanical properties i.e. it is easily machinable

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

5. It has moderate factor of safety, because factor of safety results in

unnecessary wastage of material and heavy selection. Low factor of
safety results in unnecessary risk of failure
6. It has high tensile strength
7. Low co-efficient of thermal expansion

Properties of Mild Steel:

M.S. has a carbon content from 0.15% to 0.30%. They are easily wieldable thus
can be hardened only. They are similar to wrought iron in properties. Both
ultimate tensile and compressive strength of these steel increases with
increasing carbon content. They can be easily gas welded or electric or arc
welded. With increase in the carbon percentage weld ability decreases.
Mild steel serve the purpose and was hence was selected because of the above
purpose
BRIGHT MATERIAL:
It is a machine drawned. The main basic difference between mild steel and
bright metal is that mild steel plates and bars are forged in the forging machine
by means is not forged. But the materials are drawn from the dies in the plastic
state. Therefore the material has good surface finish than mild steel and has no
carbon deposits on its surface for extrusion and formation of engineering
materials thus giving them a good surface finish and though retaining their
metallic properties

RAW MATERIAL & STANDARD MATERIAL

SR NO PART NAME MAT QTY

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

AL
1 DIFFERENTIAL OMNI CAR 1
CASTING
ALLOY
2 SPIRAL BEVEL 1
STEEL
3 BEARING STD 1

4 RATCHET MECHANISM STD 1

5 SOLINOID 12 V MS 1

6 BATTERY 6 V DRY 2

7 DC GEAR MOTOR 12 V STD 1

8 PULLEY CI 2

9 MOTOR BASE MS 1

10 SWITCH BOX AND WIRING STD 1

11 ANGLE FRAME MS 20 KG

12 BELT RUBBER 1

14 NUT BOLT WASHER STD 12

15 RED OXIDE STD 1

16 MISS -- ---

TOTAL

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

CHAPTER NO
ADVANTAGES

1) Possibility of accidents on slopes by driver decreases drastically.

2) Economical, affordable.
3) It can be easily adopted in the vehicle with minimum changes in
the car parts.
4) Its maintenance cost is low & it can be easily replaced.
5) If the design is suitably strong then the mechanism can work for a
long time without any failure.
6) It doesn’t affect the working of differential in anyway.

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ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

CHAPTER NO
REFERENCES

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 ANTIREVERSE DIFFERENTIAL 2016

CHAPTER NO
REFERENCES

 Design Data Book(PSG) :- Freewheel design (7.93,7.94) ,

Spring(7.100,7.101,7.105,1.10) , Material Selection for
spring(1.9) , Shaft(PSG 7.21,7.72)

 Design of Machine Elements by V B Bhandari: - Springs

(pg 389), Shaft Design (pg 323, 2nd edition).

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_
%28mechanical_device%29

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freewheel

 Theory of machines by R.S Khurmi & Gupta :- Differential

gear of an automobile(Pg 441,13th edition)

 http://www.khkgears.co.jp/khkweb/search/sunpou.do?
indexCode=62&lang=en&referrer=series&seihinNm=SB4-
3020&curPage=default#SB4-3020

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