Unit: 1

DERIVATIVES
Understanding the English vocabularies is really important because the more we understand them, the
better we can use them for written and/or spoken English. One way in order to come to the meant
understanding is to master how the English words are derived from and their derivatives are shown in the
following diagram, being provided with the indicated numbers.

Deriving verbs from By adding suffix as: -ize, -ate,

etc,
nouns By adding prefix as: en-, in-,
a-, etc

Deriving nouns from by adding suffix as : -tion,

-sion, -ation, -al, -ment, -ure,
verbs -ance, -e, -or, -ant, -ent, etc.

Deriving Adjectives by adding suffix as : -ful, -ess,

-ous, -y, -al, -ic, -ish, -ary, -ed,
from nouns -an, etc

Roots (R) Deriving nouns from By adding suffix as: -ness, -ity,
-ce, -cy, etc
(akar kata) Adjectives

Deriving verbs from By adding suffix as: -ize, -en. –

fy, etc
Adjectives

Deriving Adjectives By adding suffix as : -able,

-ible, ive
from verbs

Deriving Adverbs By adding suffix as : -ly, -wise,

-ward, etc
from Adjectives By adding prefix as : a-

The following derivatives are examples as shown with the indicated numbers:
R.1.a : terror → to terrorize ; motive → to motivate

R.1.b : danger → to endanger ; grain → to ingrain ; bridge → to abridge

R.2.c : to direct → direction ; to compare → comparison

to refuse → refusal ; to manage → management
to fail → failure ; to depend → dependence
to teach → teacher ; to act → actor
to supply → supplicant ; to expedite → expedient

R.3.d : hope → hopeful ; child → childless

fame → famous ; wind → windy
form → formal ; Arab → Arabic
child → childish ; honor → honorary
salt → salted ; America → American

R.4.e : happy → happiness ; real → reality

fragrant → fragrance ; accurate → accuracy

R.5.f : real → realize ; wide → widen

simple → simplify ; beauty → beautify

R.6.g : to manage → manageable ; to reverse → reversible

to protect → protective ; to evade → evasive

R.7.h : handy → handily ; like → likewise

back → backward

R.8.i. : like → alike ; broad → abroad

Some Important Affixes in English

Forming Noun

a. Added to Verbs
- age : breakage, demurrage
- ance : conveyance, contrivance
- er : boiler, sailor, liar, sawyer
- ee : payee, employee, draftee
- ment : payment, management

b. Added to Adjective
- ce : abundance, convenience, independence
- cy : consistency, relevancy
- ity : facility, hostility
- ness : happiness, boldness, friendliness
- ster : youngster, oldster

c. Added to other Nouns

- cy : advocacy, democracy
 - er : lifer, liner
- ian : librarian, mathematician
- ism : Methodism, monarchism
- ist : physicist, violinist
- ship : friendship, professorship
- ster : gangster, roadster

Forming Verb:

a. Added to Nouns
- ate : duplicate, syndicate, salivate

b. Added to Noun and Adjective

- ize : utilize, recognize, organize, modernize
- fy : beautify, simplify, countrify

c. Added to one syllable adjective

- en : blacken, sharpen, widen, tighten

d. Prefix en- added to Nouns and also to a few Verbs and Adjectives
e.g. enfold, enslave, empower, enliven, enlighten, embitter, endure

Forming Adjective:

a. Added to one and two syllable adjective

- y : faulty, leafy, healthy, holy

b. Added to Verb
- able : remarkable, understandable, adaptable
- ent : abhorrent, significant
- ive : active, impulsive
- ed : learned, ragged, beloved

c. Added to Noun
- al : natural, national, traditional, racial
- ful : hopeful, useful
- less : hopeless, penniless, useless
- ar : columnar, popular
- ary : legendary, literary
- ic : climatic, comic
- ish : childish, lavish
- ous : marvellous, pernicious
- en : woollen, waxen, wooden
- ed : old-fashioned, long-tailed
- ly : friendly, homely
- ing : interesting, exciting, revealing

Forming Adverb:

a. Added to Adjective
- ly : hopefully, healthily, uselessly, marvellously, slowly, blackly, falsely
b. Prefix a- added to Noun, Adjective, Verb
e.g. ahead, awry, abroad, aboard, anew, adrift, astir

Fill in the blanks with suitable derivatives

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB

e.g. beautify beauty beautiful beautifully
1. … … … …
2. … … … …
3. … … … …
4. … … … …
5. … … … …
6. … … … …
7. … … … …
8. … … … …
9. … … … …
10. … … … …

Fill in the blanks according to the examples (e.g.)!

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB

e.g. pay payment Payable payable
11. … … … …
12. … … … …
13. … … … …
14. … … … …
15. … … … …
16. … … … …
17. … … … …
18. … … … …
19. … … … …
20. … … … …