‫المعرفة‬

‫األعداد الرومانية‬

‫األرقام الرومانية ‪ Romanian numbers‬رموز‬

‫ُت عِّب ر عن أرقام‪ ،‬وُت كتب كل األعداد الرومانية‬
‫باستخدام سبعة رموز أساسية‪ ،‬إما منفردة وإما‬
‫مـرّكبة‪ .‬وتشمل هذه الرموز السبعة‪:‬‬
 ‫أنظمة ترقيم حسب الثقافة‬
‫ترقيم هندي عربي‬
‫عائلة هندية
‬ ‫نظام ترقيم غربي
‬
‫براهمني
‬ ‫عربي شرقي
‬
‫تايلندي‬ ‫‪Khmer‬‬
‫ترقيم غربي آسيا‬
‫‪
Counting rods‬‬ ‫صيني
‬
‫منغولي‪ ‬‬ ‫‪Suzhou‬‬
‫ترقيم أبجدي‬
‫عبري
‬ ‫أبجدي
‬
‫اغريق (‪
)Ionian‬‬ ‫أرمني
‬
‫‪
Āryabhaṭa‬‬ ‫سريالي
‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪Ge'ez‬‬
‫أنظمة أخرى‬
‫‪
Etruscan‬‬
‫‪
Attic‬‬
‫مايا
‬
‫بابلي
‬
‫‪
Roman‬‬
‫مصري‬
‫‪Urnfield‬‬
‫‪List of numeral system topics‬‬
‫‪Positional systems by base‬‬
 )10( ‫نظام عشري‬
64 ,32 ,16 ,8 ,4 ,2
…more ,60 ,36 ,30 ,24 ,20 ,12 ,9 ,6 ,3 ,1

Entrance to section LII of the Colosseum, with

numerals still visible
 ‫األعداد الرومانية من ‪ 1‬إلى مليون‬

‫)‪M ، (500) D ، (100) C ، (50) L ، (10) X ، (5‬‬

‫‪( V ، (1) I‬ألف)‪.‬‬

‫وُت كتب األعداد الرومانية من اليسار إلى اليمين‪،‬‬

‫باستخدام مبدأ اإلضافة في معظم الحاالت‪ ،‬فُت كتب‬
‫اآلالف أوال تليها المئات ثم العشرات وأخيرًا اآلحاد‪.‬‬
‫ويكتب اليوم الوطني الماسي للمملكة العربية‬
‫السعودية‪( ،‬مرور ‪ 75‬عاًم ا على تأسيسها) بالتقويم‬
‫الميالدي‪ ،‬الذي يصادف سنة ‪ ،2007‬كاآلتي‪.MMVII :‬‬

‫في نظام األعداد الرومانية ‪ ،‬يكون وضع عدد أصغر‬

‫قبل عدد أكبر‪ ،‬معناه أن الرقم األصغر مطروح من‬
‫الرقم األكبر‪ .‬وُي ستخدم هذا المبدأ عمومًا في األربعات‬
‫والتسعات‪ .‬وعلى ذلك فإن رقم ‪ُ 4‬ي كتب ‪ ، IV 1-5‬كما‬
‫يكتب رقم ‪ 9‬بالشكل ‪ IX 1-10‬وعادة ما ينطبق هذا‬
‫المبدأ على أي رقم يبدأ بعدد ‪ ،4‬أو ‪ 9‬مثل؛ ‪ ،XI 40‬و‬
‫ يمكن أيًض ا استخدام مبدأ الجمع‬، ‫ ومع ذلك‬، XC 90
400 ‫ فمثال يمكن كتابة‬.‫في كتابة مثل هذه األعداد‬
. CD ‫ بدًال من‬CCCC ‫بالشكل‬

‫رموز‬
Value Symbol

)one) (unus( 1 I

)five) (quinque( 5 V

)ten) (decem( 10 X

)fifty) (quinquaginta( 50 L

)one hundred) (centum( 100 C

)five hundred) (quingenti( 500 D

)one thousand) (mille( 1000 M

V or (V) for five thousand

X or (X) for ten thousand
L or (L) for fifty thousand
C or (C) for one hundred thousand
D or (D) for five hundred thousand
 M or (M) for one million

‫المضاعفات األساسية لالألرقام الرومانية‬

9× 8× 7× 6× 5× 4× 3× 2× 1×

IX VIII VII VI V IV III II I Ones

XC LXXX LXX LX L XL XXX XX X Tens

CM DCCC DCC DC D CD CCC CC C Hundreds

IX VIII VII VI V IV MMM MM M Thousands

XC LXXX LXX LX L XL XXX XX X Ten thousands

CM DCCC DCC DC D CD CCC CC C Hundred thousands

‫الكسور‬

A triens coin (1/3 or 4/12 of an as). Note the four

.dots •••• indicating its value
 A semis coin (1/2 or 6/12 of an as). Note the S
.indicating its value

Name (nominative and Roman

Meaning Fraction
)genitive Numeral

"ounce" uncia, unciae • 1/12

= 2/12
"sixth" sextans, sextantis : or ••
1/6

= 3/12
"quarter" quadrans, quadrantis ∴ or •••
1/4

= 4/12
"third" triens, trientis :: or ••••
1/3

five-ounce" (quinque unciae →"

quincunx, quincuncis :•: or ••••• 5/12
)quincunx

= 6/12
"half" semis, semissis S
1/2

seven-ounce" (septem unciae →"

septunx, septuncis •S 7/12
)septunx

= 8/12
)"twice" (as in "twice a third" bes, bessis :S•• or S
2/3

less a quarter" (de-quadrans →"

)dodrans
dodrans, dodrantis = 9/12
•:S••• or S
or "ninth ounce" (nona uncia → or nonuncium, nonuncii 3/4
)nonuncium

)less a sixth" (de-sextans → dextans"

dextans, dextantis = 10/12
or "ten ounces" (decem unciae → ::S•••• or S
or decunx, decuncis 5/6
)decunx

)less an ounce" (de-uncia → deunx" deunx, deuncis :•:S••••• or S 11/12

"unit" as, assis I 1 = 12/12

 An inscription on Admiralty Arch, London. The
.numeral translates to 1910

The Shepherd gate clock with Roman numbers up to

XXIII (and 0), in Greenwich

‫األستخدامات الحديثة‬
 Roman numbers on stern of Cutty Sark, Greenwich

°
Roman
vii vi V IV iii ii I
numeral

leading
Scale degree
submediant dominant subdominant mediant supertonic tonic
tone )major mode(

° °
Roman
vii VII)♭( VI v iv III ii i
numeral

Scale
leading
degree
subtonic submediant dominant subdominant mediant supertonic tonic
tone minor(
)mode
 ‫االستخدام لغير الناطقين بللغة‬
‫اإلنجليزية‬
‫‪9:30-17:30‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫‪9:30-19:00 II‬‬

‫‪9:30-17:30 III‬‬

‫‪9:30-17:30 IV‬‬

‫‪9:30-19:00 V‬‬

‫‪9:30-13:00 VI‬‬

‫—‬ ‫‪VII‬‬

‫‪.A five–watt resistor as per GOST 2.728–74‬‬

‫أشكال بديلة‬
 Roman numerals, 16th century

CCCIƆƆƆ = 100,000 CCIƆƆ = 10,000 CIƆ = 1,000   Base number

CCCIƆƆƆƆ = 100,500 CCIƆƆƆ = 10,500 CIƆƆ = 1,500 IƆ = 500 extra Ɔ 1

CCCIƆƆƆƆƆ = 105,000 CCIƆƆƆƆ = 15,000   IƆƆ = 5,000 extra Ɔs 2

CCCIƆƆƆƆƆƆ = 150,000     IƆƆƆ = 50,000 extra Ɔs 3

‫األرقام الرومانية في القرون الوسطى‬


Medieval
Modern
Notes
abbreviation number

.Resembles an upside-down V. Also said to equal 500 A 5

Either a ligature of VI, or the Greek letter stigma (Ϛ), having the same
]1[
ↅ 6
.numerical value

.Presumed abbreviation of septem, Latin for 7 S, Z 7

.Presumed abbreviation of (e.g.) onze, French for 11 O 11

.Presumed abbreviation of English forty F 40

.Also could stand for 7, and has same etymology S 70

R 80

.Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta, Latin for 90 N 90

.Possibly derived from the lowercase y's shape Y 150

This unusual abbreviation's origin is unknown; it has also been said

K 151
.to stand for 250

.Possibly derived from Greek tetra, as 4 x 40 = 160 T 160

H 200

E 250

B 300

P, G 400

.Redundant with D, abbreviation for quingenti, Latin for 500 Q 500

.More properly, the Greek ω, as W was a fairly new creation W 800

.Resembled a crooked up arrow ↑ ,ĵ 900

Z 2000

‫األرقام الرومانية الحديثة‬

 Notes Arabic Standard

.)N for nulla was used at least once (by Bede about 725 0 none

1 I

2 II

3 III

IIII is still used on clock and Tarot card faces. See Calendars
4 IV
.and clocks above

.IIIII was used rarely in the Middle Ages 5 V

6 VI

7 VII

.IIX was used rarely in the Middle Ages 8 VIII

9 IX

.VV was used rarely in the Middle Ages 10 X

11 XI

12 XII

13 XIII

14 XIV

15 XV

16 XVI

17 XVII

18 XVIII

19 XIX

20 XX

21 XXI

25 XXV

30 XXX

35 XXXV

40 XL

45 XLV

.Per rule above, IL would not be generally accepted 49 XLIX

50 L
 60 LX

69 LXIX

The abbreviation for the Septuagint 70 LXX

76 LXXVI

80 LXXX

90 XC

.As opposed to the "shortcut" way IC seen above 99 XCIX

This is the origin of using the slang term "C-bill" or "C-note" for
100 C
.""$100 bill

150 CL

200 CC

300 CCC

400 CD

500 D

600 DC

Using every symbol except M in descending order gives the

666 DCLXVI
.beast number

700 DCC

800 DCCC

900 CM

1,000 M

)Smallest pandigital number (each symbol is used 1,444 MCDXLIV

Largest efficient pandigital number (each symbol occurs

1,666 MDCLXVI
)exactly once

)Longest number when written (excluding multiple M's 1,888 MDCCCLXXXVIII

Shortcuts like XMM and MXM disagree with the rule stated
1,990 MCMXC
above

1,997 MCMXCVII

Shortcuts like IMM and MIM disagree with the rule stated
1,999 MCMXCIX
above

2,000 MM

2,001 MMI
 2,009 MMIX

2,500 MMD

3,000 MMM

sometimes MMMM or MV 4,000 IV

5,000 V

.This number uses every symbol up to V once 6,666 VMDCLXVI

10,000 X

50,000 L

100,000 C

500,000 D

1,000,000 M

An accurate way to write large numbers

in Roman numerals is to handle first the
thousands, then hundreds, then tens,

.then units

.Example: the number 1988
One thousand is M, nine hundred is CM,
.eighty is LXXX, eight is VIII
.Put it together: MCMLXXXVIII
 Unicode
Table of Roman numerals in Unicode
F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Code
]2[
1,000 500 100 50 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Value

Ⅿ Ⅾ Ⅽ Ⅼ Ⅻ Ⅺ Ⅹ Ⅸ Ⅷ Ⅶ Ⅵ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ U+2160

ⅿ ⅾ ⅽ ⅼ ⅻ ⅺ ⅹ ⅸ ⅷ ⅶ ⅵ ⅴ ⅳ ⅲ ⅱ ⅰ U+2170

100,000 50,000 50 6 – – 10,000 5000 1000 Value

ↈ ↇ ↆ ↅ ↄ Ↄ ↂ ↁ ↀ U+2180

‫أنظر أيضًا‬
Kharoṣṭhī numerals
Urnfield culture numerals

‫المصادر‬
‫الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة‬
Menninger, Karl (1992). Number Words
and Number Symbols: A Cultural History
of Numbers. Dover Publications.
.0-486-27096-3 ISBN
 ‫وصالت خارجية‬

‫ في‬roman numeral ‫ابحث عن‬Conversi
.‫قاموس المعرفة‬ on
algorithm and demonstration program
(with java source code) for numbers
up to 3,999
Conversion program (with javascript
source code) for numbers up to
3,999,999
FAQ #1 Why do clocks with Roman
:?"numerals use "IIII" instead of "IV
Minor history of the rules of Roman
Numerals and an Arabic to Roman
Numeral Converter
Online Converter for Decimal/Roman
)Numerals (JavaScript, GPL
 Roman Numeral Conversion Exercises
)(Java
Romance in Numbers by Paul Niquette
Simple Roman Numeral Converter in
) C (C
Web Based Converter - Decimal to
Roman Numerals
French book with 841 chapters,
numbered up to DCCCXLI
‫األبجدية الالتينية المعاصرة األساسية‬

z Yy Xx Ww Vv Uu Tt Ss Rr Qq Pp Oo Nn Mm Ll Kk Jj Ii Hh Gg Ff Ee Dd Cc Bb Aa

ISO/IEC 646
• ‫ •
األرقام •
يونيكود •
قائمة الحروف‬punctuation
• ‫التاريخ •
علم الخطاطة •
المشتقات •
التشكيل‬

Perry, David J. Proposal to Add ^ .1

Additional Ancient Roman Characters to
. UCS
For the first two rows ^ .2
 ‫تّم االسترجاع من‬
‫"?‪https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php‬‬
‫‪&oldid=1952933‬األعداد_الرومانية=‪"title‬‬

‫آخر تعديل لهذه الصفحة قام به ‪ Shafei‬منذ…‬