Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vinod Chapterenzymeglobalscenario
Vinod Chapterenzymeglobalscenario
net/publication/268892217
CITATIONS READS
11 40,761
4 authors:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Its an review paper to emphasize need of personalized nutrition and way forward through omics technologies View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Vinod Kumar on 06 January 2016.
INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES
TRENDS, SCOPE AND RELEVANCE
VIKAS BENIWAL
AND
ANIL KUMAR SHARMA
EDITORS
New York
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical
photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher.
For permission to use material from this book please contact us:
Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175
Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com
Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in
this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage
to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise
contained in this publication.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the
subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not
engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert
assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A
DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE
AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS.
Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book.
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Mechanism of Action of Key Industrial Enzymes 1
Mukesh Yadav, Nirmala Sehrawat
and Anurag Sangwan
Chapter 2 Industrial Enzyme Production 15
Saurabh Bansal, Gunjan Goel
and Swati Ojha
Chapter 3 Downstream Processing of Industrially Produced Enzymes 33
Gaurav Garg, Jitender Sharma
and Himanshu Aggarwal
Chapter 4 Applications of Industrially Important Enzymes 49
Saurabh Bansal, Gunjan Goel
and Swati Ojha
Chapter 5 Immobilized Enzymes and Its Implications 73
Jagjit Kaur, Mandeep Kataria, Sandeep Punia,
Diwakar Aggarwal and Kuldeep Kumar
Chapter 6 Enzyme Engineering 93
Robinka Khajuria and Priya Batra
Chapter 7 Enzyme Informatics 111
Tejinder Pal Khaket, Himanshu Aggarwal,
Suman Dhanda and Jasbir Singh
Chapter 8 Modern Strategies for Enhanced Catalytic
Activity of Enzymes 145
Saurabh Jain, Surbhi Panwar
and Ashwani Kumar
Chapter 9 Enzyme Based Biosensors and Their Applications 157
Mandeep Kataria, Manisha Swati, Teena Pathak
and Kuldeep Kumar
Chapter 10
ABSTRACT
Enzymes are known to be very useful biocatalysts for various industrial processes
and chemical reactions. Their applicability as technical, food and feed enzymes
revolutionized the market scenario of these industries. This chapter provides an overview
of enzymatic applications of different classes in multiple industries with their present
market scenario and expected future trends. Further, information of leading manufactures
and patenting trends provides an idea about rising scope and scenario of market
dominance by few industry leaders. Current applications are focused on three different
markets including technical, food processing and beverages, and animal feed industry.
Although a significant growth is noticed in overall value of enzyme industries in all parts
of world and it lead to emergence of many small and medium scale enzyme industries,
the search for better enzymes, technological improvements, increasing demand of
growing and economically sound world population and rising environmental concern will
continuously be the driving force for increasing global market for industrial enzymes.
INTRODUCTION
Enzymes are highly effective biological catalysts involved in all metabolic processes and
are produced by living organisms to increase the rate of an immense and diverse set of
*
Corresponding author: Email: pjkgill@gmail.com; Tel: +91-1799-276012; Fax: +91-1799-276006.
chemical reactions required for life. They have ability to perform very specific chemical
transformations which are very useful for their large scale applications. ‗Industrial enzymes‘
are catalysts that are used in wide variety of industries to speed up chemical reactions. Since
application of enzymes in industries has grown as a large ‗Global Enzyme Industry‘ their
crucial role as a metabolic catalyst was known since the advent of civilization. The first
completely enzymatic industrial process was developed in 1960 (Illanes, 2008). Thereafter,
scientific research over a long period has tremendously reveals the actual functioning of
enzymes, leading to their increased usage in various industries and applications. Advances in
industrial microbiology and biochemical engineering after the Second World War also
resulted in increased enzyme applications (Illanes, 2008). Nowadays, enzymes are routinely
used in multiple areas like food, feed, detergent, tanning, textiles, laundry, pharmaceuticals,
cosmetics, and fine-chemicals industries and categorized based on specific applications.
These industrial applications account for over 80% of the global market of enzymes (Van
Oort, 2010). Over 500 industrial products are being made using enzymes (Johannes and Zhao,
2006; Kumar and Singh, 2013). The demand for industrial enzymes is on a continuous rise
driven by a growing need for sustainable solutions. Microbes have served and continue to
serve as one of the largest and useful sources of many enzymes (Demain and Adrio, 2008;
Adrio and Demain, 2014). About 150 industrial processes use enzymes or whole microbial
cell catalysts. Intensive research and developments in bioprocess technology and use of
recombinant techniques considerably improved fermentation yields, increased stability, and
altered specificity and selectivity of enzymes (Falch, 1991; Poulsen and Bucholz, 2003;
Peterson, 2005). Constant upgradations and innovations in the enzyme technology and
bioprocess engineering further broaden the diversity of enzymes applications in food
technology and many allied areas. Increased demand of food energy, etc. all across the globe
because of economic improvement, growing population and urbanization in the world,
besides expanding fuel ethanol market are the chief influences driving the upward market
demand for industrial enzymes. This in turn naturally converts into enhanced demand for
industrial enzymes into a large ‗Global Enzyme Industry‘.
Owing to all developments and demands, the world market for industrial enzymes is
projected to record compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 4.7% for the
period spanning 2012-2014 (Global Industrial Enzyme Market Report, 2013). Proteases is the
largest selling product segment in this market with about 60% market share (Kumar et al.,
2014), while carbohydrases, phytases and lipases are other fastest growing segments covering
about 70% market share in all with proteases. Increased demand for various other specialty
enzymes, robust growth in animal feed market and enzymes for producing biofuel and bio-
based chemicals will be of major concern and usage in the near future. In terms of major
regions, North America and Europe are the largest consumers of industrial enzymes in the
world, however, the developing economies of Asia Pacific and Africa and Middle East
regions, among others, are emerging as the most promising markets for industrial enzymes,
reflecting the size and strength of these country‘s economies. The global industrial enzymes
market is very competitive with Novozymes being the largest player in the industry, followed
by DSM, and DuPont among others (Global Industrial Enzyme Market Report, 2013).
Although enzyme preparations have been used by mankind over a long history,
breakthroughs are needed to extend their uses in broader areas with more superior
performance. At present, almost 4000 enzymes are known, and of these, approximately 200
microbial original types are used commercially. However, only about 20 enzymes are
produced on truly industrial scale and they have diverse application in multiple industries.
The world enzyme demand is satisfied by about 12 major producers and 400 minor suppliers.
Despite of the use of several enzymes in industry, the present status is not sufficient to fulfil
all industrial and biotechnological needs (Adrio and Demain, 2014; Kumar et al., 2013; Adrio
and Demain, 2005). Therefore, there is still scope for further development of the market, as
new enzymes and enzymatic processes continue to emerge. To assess on a realistic and sound
basis, large amounts of information has been collected from various sources including books,
periodicals, patent literatures, company‘s annual report, market research report and internet
webpage.
This chapter provides an overview of the $5.1 billion global enzyme industry and its
market with focus on three points. First, attentions are given to the current status of
representative enzymes with respect to their technical, food processing and animal feed
industry applications. Second, an overview of major manufacturers and patent trend is
presented. Third, scenario of global enzyme market on the industrial structure is presented
including the future prospective of global enzyme market.
Table 1. List of various industrial enzymes and their major industrial applications
Type of
Enzymes in use Applications
Industry
Textile -amylase Is used for desizing of fabric like cotton and its blends that has
Industry been sized with starch and starch size mixtures. It hydrolyzes
starch into soluble dextrin and oligosaccharides that can be
rapidly washed out with fabric. It gives excellent desizing
effect yielding softer handle, improved absorbency & dye
penetration.
Table 1. (Continued)
Type of
Enzymes in use Applications
Industry
Cellulase (a) It is used for biopolishing of cellulosic fabric under acidic
conditions. It partially digests excess and protruding yarns,
loosening them from the fabric. The resulting fuzz is then
easily removed by mechanical agitation of the fabric. This not
only creates a smoother fabric with resistance to pilling, but
also improves softness, luster and drape.
(b) The fading effect is obtained by homogenous removal of
the indigo dye trapped inside the fibers by the cooperative
action of enzymatic hydrolysis and mechanical agitation of the
fabric.
Pectinase Is used for bio-scouring of cellulosic fabrics under alkaline
conditions. It hydrolyzes pectin and associated hemicellulose
matter from the fabrics thus assisting in eco-friendly removal
of waxes and other impurities. The impurities are removed by
combined mechanical agitation of the fabric and the
enzymatic action thus eliminating the need for harsh
chemicals while saving water and energy.
Catalase It breaks down hydrogen peroxide in to nascent oxygen and
water and is used for bleach clean up.
Laundry Alkaline Protease It decompose protein based stains like grass, blood, mucous,
Detergents milk, meat, faecal material, human sweat etc. into small,
readily soluble peptides and amino acids which can be easily
removed during washing process and thus improving the
cleaning efficiency of detergents.
Alkaline Amylase It is used in automatic dishwashing liquid detergent
formulations to decompose starch based stains like potato,
food, carbohydrate, gravy, chocolate, baby food, oatmeal etc.
into small, readily soluble compounds which can be removed
easily during washing process.
Alkaline Lipase To decompose fatty based stains like as fats, butter, salad oil,
sauces, cosmetic etc. into small, readily soluble free fatty
acids and glycerol which can be easily removed.
Alkaline Cellulase Degradation of cellulose and modifying the structure of
cellulose fiber to increase the color brightness and soften the
cotton.
Pulp and Cellulase Benefits include improved pulp cleanliness, improved
Paper operation of the grey water loops, less risk of unwanted
Industry deposits, a brighter final pulp, improved machine run ability
and reduced dusting while the reduction of colloidal fines
improve drainage.
Xylanase Enzymes enable a partial hydrolysis of the Hemicellulose
precipitated onto pulp fiber during the alkaline cooking
process. Enzymes loosen the Xylan linkages making Lignin
easier to remove by bleaching chemicals. As a result of
enzymatic treatment of cooked pulp, it is possible to attain
higher brightness pulp using lesser chlorine or chlorine
dioxide.
Type of
Enzymes in use Applications
Industry
-Amylase Enzymes are used especially in modification of starch, which
is used as an important additive. Starch improves the strength,
stiffness and erasability of paper. The starch suspension must
have a certain viscosity, which is achieved by adding Amylase
enzymes in a controlled process.
Lipase Allows the secondary fiber structure to loosen up, releasing
the embedded ink with reduced usage of alkali and detergents.
Ligninase Remove lignin to soften paper
Laccase Bleach to improve brightness
Mannanases Degrading the residual glucomannan to increase brightness.
Leather Alkaline and acid It hydrolyses protein matter into soluble peptides. Specifically
Industry Protease removes the unwanted protein materials like elastin, albumin,
mucoids and globulin without damaging the collagen. It also
removes coagulable inter fibrillary protein especially elastin
and also removes degraded products of keratin such as
epithelial cells, sebaceous glands. It ensures maximum
removal of scud and natural dirt.
Alkaline and Acid It hydrolyses insoluble fat and oil matter into soluble fatty
Lipase acids and glycerol which then can be easily removed. It
disperses fatty substances and oils, enhancing re-hydration
and removal of adipose tissue. It gives high performance
degreasing, thereby improving fat dispersion and removal,
giving uniform color and improved dye uptake. It also
increases tear and tensile of strength of the finished leather.
Starch and -Amylase The enzyme is an endo-amylase that randomly hydrolyses
Sugar alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds to reduce the viscosity of
Industry gelatinized starch, producing soluble dextrin‘s and
oligosaccharides
Glucoamylase or It is used to saccharify liquefied starch from various sources
Amyloglucosidase such as corn, wheat, milo, sorghum, tapioca, barley, rice &
potatoes. The resultant products are glucose rich syrups.
Xylanase for mash Important for hydrolysis of Xylan polymers in Cereal Grains
viscosity reduction and Lignocellulosic biomass. The enzyme breaks Xylan to
short chain xylo-oligosaccharides of varying lengths.
Dextranase for In sugar production dextrans are undesirable compounds
Sugar Industry increasing the viscosity of the flow and reducing industrial
recovery, bringing about significant losses.
Glucose isomerase Catalyzing isomerization of glucose to fructose
Glycosyltranferase Increasing the number of branched points to obtained
modified starch with improved functional properties like
higher solubility, lower viscosity and reduced retrogradation.
Pullulanase, Liberating short chains of oligosaccharides of glucose residues
Neopullulnase and linked by -1,4 and -1,6 bonds.
amylopullulanase
Baking -Amylase It catalyzes the hydrolysis of –1,4–glycosidic linkages of
Industry starch polysaccharides to yield dextrins, oligosaccharides,
maltose and D–glucose thus providing excellent yields and
also used for Starch modification.
Xylanase It is designed to break down Xylan/Hemicellulose.
Table 1. (Continued)
Type of
Enzymes in use Applications
Industry
Lipase It breaks down the Fat matter of various food products as well
as flour improvement in baking.
Protease Hydrolysis of Gluten, Casein and various Animal and
Vegetable proteins.
Pentosanase It is designed to break down Pentosans/ Hemicellulose matter
during Food Processing. It finds use in Flour treatment for
Baked products, Instant noodles, Pasta etc.
Oxidoreductase Improving stability of the gas cells in dough
Dairy Chymosin, Cheese manufacturing
Industry lysozyme
Lipases Used during Roquefort cheese to enhances the ripening of the
blue mold cheese
-galactosidase, Breaking down lactose to glucose and galactose in milk
Lactase processing to avoid lactose intolerance.
Brewing Amyloglucosidase Increasing glucose content
Industry Protease Malt improvement and also improving yeast growth
Pentosanase, Hydrolysing pentosans of malt, barley and wheat as well as
Xylanase extraction and filtration of beer
Juice Pectinase It breaks down the cell wall of fruits and also used for fruit
Industry and vegetable Juice clarification (de-pectinization).
Cellulase and It breaks down the cell wall of fruits and also used for
Hemicellulase processing of vegetables and viscosity reduction.
Laccase Increasing the susceptibility of browing during storage
-Amylase and It catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha – 1, 4 – glycosidic linkages
glucoamylase of starch polysaccharides to yield dextrins, oligosaccharides,
maltose and D – glucose thus providing excellent yields.
Niringinase and Acting on compounds that cause bitterness in citrus juices.
Limoninase
Animal Phytase It is designed to break down Phytic Acid/Phytate and also
Feed increases the digestibility of the feeds since these are poorly
Industry digested by mono gastric animals.
-Glucanase It is designed to break down -Glucans present in the Animal
Feed. -Glucans are among the major non-starch
polysaccharides present in the cereal based feeds, hence its
hydrolysis is essential for reduction of viscosity of the feed in
the intestines of mono gastric animals.
Cellulase It is designed to break down Cellulose/Hemicellulose matter
present in the Animal Feed.
Xylanase It is designed to break down Xylan/Arabinan matter present in
the Animal Feed.
-Amylase It catalyzes the hydrolysis of –1, 4– glycosidic linkages of
starch polysaccharides to yield dextrins, oligosaccharides,
maltose and D – glucose thus aiding in digestion of Starch
present in Animal feeds.
Protease It is designed to break down Proteins present in the Animal
Feed. The composition of animal feed contains various
proteins which are essential for muscle growth of the animals.
Type of
Enzymes in use Applications
Industry
Lipase It is designed to break down Fats present in the Animal Feed.
The composition of animal feed contains various fats which
are hydrophobic in nature.
Industrial enzymes used in detergents, textile, pulp and paper industries, organic
synthesis and biofuels industry are considered as technical enzymes. Technical enzymes are
valued at just over $1 billion in 2010 by several research associations. According to a recent
report in market research, it is estimated that the technical enzymes market will increase at a
6.6% CAGR to reach $1.5 billion in 2015 with the highest sales in the leather market and
bioethanol market (BCC Research, 2011). Commercially available major enzymes used in
these prime areas are amylases, proteases, lipases, cellulases, xylanases and catalases etc.
Among these, α-amylases and proteases are the most versatile enzymes in the industrial
enzyme sector because of abundance of substrate, raw material and range of applications
(Table 1). Thermostability of α-amylases is an important issue for its use in industrial
processes. The most thermostable α-amylase in current use is produced from Bacillus
licheniformis which remains active for several hours at 90oC (Declerck et al., 2003). For the
better starch gelatinization, decrease media viscosity, accelerated catalytic reactions and
decreased the risks of bacterial contamination, current research is focused on developing
new α-amylases with more thermophilic, thermotolerant and pH tolerant (retaining high α-
amylase activity at pH around 4.0) characteristics and it needs some huge technological
advances. In this effort, one extracellular α-amylase was isolated from Pyrococcus woesei
that is active between 40oC and 130oC with an optimum at 100oC and pH 5.5 (Crzybowska et
al., 2004). Lipases are another group of industrial enzymes in this class which has grown
steadily in recent years. This group have a broad range of substrates, high regio- chemo- and
enantioselectivity and relatively high stability in organic solvents (Haran et al., 2006). Their
exploitation in organic synthesis: esterification, transesterification, aminolysis and oximolysis
reaction is relied on above outstanding characteristics. However, as is in case of use of most
of the enzymes in industrial processed, the use of lipases is also limited by their low stability
under industrial conditions and low activity or specificity on particular or non-natural
substrates, respectively. In practice to solve this problem related to majority of enzymes, two
approaches are used in current research. First, searching for novel enzymes or
microorganisms from specific or extreme environmental conditions (extreme temperature, pH
or salt concentration), or uncultural microorganisms. In this approach, major breakthrough in
limited can be achieved even without cultivating microbes because of development in the area
of metagenomics which has emerged as a powerful approach for discovering novel enzymes
from non-characterized samples (Gilbert and Dupont, 2011). Second approach to solution of
above problems is to engineer already known enzymes by rational design or random
mutagenesis. Using this approach, several successful studies have been published in recent
years. One such example is the combinatorial reshaping of the substrate binding pocket for
the enhancement of the activity and enantioselectivity of Candida antarctica A lipase toward
a difficult substrate (ibuprofen ester) (Sandstorm et al., 2012).
Another important class of technical enzymes is biofuel enzymes. Major enzymes in this
group of enzymes are cellulases. Cellulases are used widely in textile applications, have
powerful ability in the degradation of lignocellulosic feedstocks and are involved in biofuel
production from lignocellulosic waste. Cellulosic biofuel serves as the best alternative for
natural resources including gasoline and may reduce greenhouse gas emission by about 86%,
which is a major challenge in front of developed countries as a need to fulfil Kyoto protocols.
Therefore, investments are being made by developed economies in promoting the use of
biofuels. The cost of cellulases is a significant technical barrier to the conversion of
lignocellulosic biomass to fuels associated with commercializing processes (Himmel, 2007).
Therefore, to reduce the cellulose cost two main strategies followed: first is process and strain
enhancement and second is improvement in cellulose specificity and use efficiency (Zhang et
al., 2006; Gusakov et al., 2007). Research is being conducted to develop new enzymes in
series that would make production of biofuels more cost effective. Many companies have
devoted themselves to developing new cellulase preparations with improved characteristics
by using genetic engineering techniques and have streamlined production of those enzymes.
Some of the key players dominating this market are AB Enzymes, Dyadic International Inc.,
Iogen Corporation, NextCAT Inc., Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Noor Creations, Novozymes
A/S, etc. In this series of studies, Novozymes launched a new enzyme ‗Cellic® CTec3‘ in
Feb 2012 for production of bioethanol from agricultural wastes and residues. The new
enzyme product has been claimed to be 1.5 times better than the previous Novozymes‘
Cellic® CTec2 and five times more dose efficient than competing enzymes (Novozymes
2012a). The global market for biofuel enzymes is projected to reach $9.0 bn by 2017. In near
future, the market growth is expected to be toward exploitation of cellulases and related
enzymes for production of ethanol.
strains have been engineered for increased food enzyme production and safety as a part of
research and development in this area (Olempska-Beer, 2006; Koushki et al., 2011). The
concepts and need for the healthy and safe foods will be the major driving force for the
positive growth in the whole food enzyme market in near future.
According to a new market report published by Transparency Market Research (2013),
the food additives market revenue was $28.2 bn in 2011 and is expected to reach $36.1 bn in
2018, growing at a CAGR of 3.6% from 2012 to 2018. Among the main industrial enzyme
producers, according to Novozymes S/A report 2011 (Novozymes, 2012b), Novozymes S/A
occupies 47% of the market, DuPont 21%, DSM 6% and the rest is occupied by other players.
Furthermore, in that year, food and beverage enzymes represented 29% of enzyme business
and bio-business sales by the industry (Novozymes, 2012a). The world enzyme market is in
evolution with an expected growth of 6.8% per year (The Freedonia group Inc., 2011).
Bakery enzymes represent a relevant segment of this industry and their introduction in baking
process is considered as an important contribution to evolution of the baking market. In this,
the development of bread making process was an important event. After the 19th century,
with the agricultural mechanization, bread‘s quality was improved significantly while its price
was reduced; thereby white bread became a commodity within almost everyone´s reach
(Dupaigne, 1999). According to a recent research report by The Freedonia Group, the
enzymes market for baked goods in 2020 is expected to be around $ 9.0 bn with a
representativeness of about 35% in among food enzymes (The Freedonia group Inc., 2011).
Table 2 summarizes the world bakery and enzyme demand between 2000 and 2020,
segmented according to products.
Many animals are unable to digest 15-25% of the consumed feed because of presence of
some anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid, non starch polysaccharides (NSP) which are
hard to digest due to either obstruction of the digestive process or lack of particular enzyme
required to break down these components. Feed enzymes can degrade these unacceptable
components in feed, which are otherwise harmful or of little or no value and also increase the
digestibility of nutrients, leading to greater efficiency in feed utilization. Currently, available
commercial feed enzymes are 3-phytases, 6-phytases, subtilisin, β-galactosidase, glucanases,
xylanases, α-amylases and polygalacturonases (Belitz et al., 2004). Non starch polysaccharide
(NSP) enzymes dominate the market share in terms of value as they were the leading segment
with over 60.0% market share in 2012. Feed enzymes are added to pig, poultry, cattle, and
aqua feed to enhance the animal production efficiency. The major functions of feed enzymes
in animal feed are given in Table 1. Phytase enzyme is used in the animal feed to enhance the
phytic acid hydrolysis leading to increased mineral bioavailability and digestibility of animal
feed. Some enzymes improve the fat absorption and starch digestibility that adds to the well-
being of animals and reduces the mortality. Therefore, these enzymes are substances that are
not natural feedstuffs and are added to made-up and stored feeds for various purposes. The
use of enzymes in feed becoming important for animal growth and nutrition in current
farming systems (Goesaert et al., 2009). The feed enzymes are therefore promising feed
ingredients for animal growth and development. This has an important implication in meat
industry and a major driving force behind the growth of feed enzyme market due to
increasing demand for meat and meat products. Other promoting elements are reduction of
phosphorous contents in manure because of its environmental concern and cost reduction,
increasing awareness towards meat quality and safety, growing mass production of meat, and
recent livestock disease outbreaks, and increasing cost of natural feed products that can
promote feed enzyme demand as an alternative. Adding to this, regulatory ban over
antibiotics and environmental concerns can increase demand for other feed additives. Though
research interest into the potential value of feed enzymes has occurred with rising
applications, search for commercially viable versions is still in progress round the world.
Additionally, development of heat stable, improved specific activity and new enzymes, with
rapid, economical and reliable enzyme assays procedures has always been the focus and been
intensified recently (Goesaert et al., 2009).
NSP enzymes dominate the market share in terms of value as they were the leading
segment with over 60.0% market share in 2012. The global market for feed enzymes is
definitely one promising segment in the enzyme industry. It was estimated at around $3.44 bn
in 2007, and expected to reach $7.27 bn in 2015 (Feed enzymes, 2007). In 2012, Europe
contributed a share of 46.0% followed by Asia-Pacific with 23.1% in revenue of the global
feed enzyme market. China was estimated to be the largest revenue generator within Asia-
Pacific with a share of almost 53.0%, followed by India with a share of 18.0% and Japan with
a share of 13.0%. The global feed enzymes market is dominated by few key players such as
AB Vista (U.K.), Novozyme (Denmark), Addiseo, (France), and DuPont (U.S.). These four
companies together held 87.0% of the total market in 2012 (Market and market, Global
Trends & Forecasts to 2018).
(now part of DuPont) has an enzyme production base in China located in Wuxi. Recently,
DSM announced to make a joint venture with a Chinese company, Yixing Qiancheng Bio-
Engineering Company Ltd, to provide alpha-amylase and xylanase to acquire the food and
beverage enzyme markets.
Today, the Indian biotech sector has attained critical mass in manufacturing and research
services. Indian biotechnology is now poised to leverage its scientific skills and technical
experiences to make a global impact on a strong innovation-led platform (Table 3).
The commercial value and regulatory aspects on enzyme application are significantly
controlled by patents and rights. As evident from number of patents granted (Table 4),
Novozymes is the leading company with maximum numbers of patent obtained on
‗Enzymes‘. This is well correlated to its domination in market share of global enzyme
industry as a leader with biggest market. Looking into patents for individual enzymes among
major industrial enzymes, maximum numbers of patents are present in the case of proteases
followed by amylase and cellulose at both the worldwide database Espacenet
(http://worldwide.espacenet.com/) and online databases of Indian patents (http://
ipindiaservices.gov.in/patentsearch/search/index.aspx). These are very promising technical
enzymes with wide array of applications. Espacenet (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/) offers
free access to more than 80 million patent documents worldwide, containing information
about inventions and technical developments from 1836 to today. While Indian Patent
applications related complete information is provided at online databases of Indian patent
services (http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/patentsearch/search/index.aspx).
Table 2. Estimated demand of baked goods, dairy and other food and beverage enzymes
in million $ from 2000 to 2020
Years
Items
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
World food and beverage enzyme demand 520 760 1220 1770 2520
Baked goods 140 250 420 625 900
Dairy 180 260 360 465 610
Other foods and beverage 200 250 440 680 1010
Source: Adapted from The Freedonia Group Inc., World Enzymes to 2015.
Table 3. (Continued)
Manufacturer Patents
Novozmes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark 902
Genencor, Copenhangen, Denmark 355
DSM, Delft, the Netherlands 398
AB enzymes, Feldberg Strasse, Germany 22
ADM, Illinois, USA 02
Iogen, Ontario Canada 39
Dyadic, Florida, USA 11
Enmex, Tlalnepantla, Mexco 01
Table 5. Major industrial enzymes and number of hits* obtained on patent databases
search for these titles
Sinopec and COFCO signed an agreement to jointly build cellulosic ethanol production
project with capacity of 10,000 metric tons per year for China (2010) where Novozyme was
supplying enzymes for production of ethanol from cellulose waste.
Figure 1. Global market share in 2012 based on available data from Li et al. (2012).
The world market for enzymes as expected recovered from a difficult 2009 to reach $7
billion in 2013. The strong demand for specialty enzymes in research and development sector
along with above-average growth in the animal feed and ethanol production markets will
further drive advances. In the last few years the budget for R&D has been increased
significantly leading to increased demand for speciality enzymes such as polymerases,
nucleases and other experimental enzymes, thus the growth in specialty enzymes will outpace
the more industrially concentrated lipases, carbohydrases and proteases. From a regional
perspective, the developed economies of North America and Western Europe will achieve
healthy gains, while the fastest growth will continue to come from the more rapidly
developing economies of the Asia and the Africa/Mideast regions, Latin America and Eastern
Europe.
Till 2013, world enzyme demand was annually increased by 6.3%, largely contributed by
pharmaceutical and biocatalyst enzymes, which were not effected by lowered global
economic activity. Diagnostics enzyme demand will also fare well due to expanded access to
medical care in developing countries, and the advent of health care reform. With
pharmaceutical companies having difficulty bringing new small-molecule drugs to market,
biotechnology will continue to gain in importance, helping to sustain demand for research and
biotechnology enzymes. Technological advances in DNA manipulation that result in lower
DNA sequencing costs will continue to drive above average growth in research and
Among the industrial enzyme markets, the food and beverage (F&B) market will grow
consistently, as compared to animal feed and ethanol production. Animal feed enzymes will
achieve their fastest growth in developing markets with increased demand of meat in the local
diet supported by rising per capita incomes. Demand for ethanol production enzymes,
however, will slow from the swift 2003-2008 pace as countries re-evaluate the use of food
derived raw materials for ethanol production. The development of second generation biofuels
derived from cellulosic raw materials will help to regain demand and growth. F&B enzyme
demand growth will moderate to a below-average pace through 2013, reflecting the
challenging environment in North America and Western Europe. Similarly, growth in the
cleaning product and other industrial markets will also be below average.
F&B enzymes are highly selective chemical catalysts that initiate metabolic reaction
within unripe fruit and other food materials. These F&B enzyme include cellulase, protease
and lipase enzymes. Awareness toward better living will stimulate increased demand for
processed food products as a consequence the global food enzyme market is expected to grow
to $2.2 billion by 2018. The factor that needs to be pondered is counterfeiting of packaged
food that resulted in bad image of processed and packaged food affecting its percentage of
consumers ultimately leading to decreased growth for food enzyme. Food processing
companies such as Novozymes A/S, Palsgaard A/S, Purac Biochem B.V. are facing problems
due to counterfeiting activities. The problems faced by food enzyme manufacturing
companies are expected to be resolved as the governments are taking initiatives to overcome
the restraints. Key players in food enzyme industry include Novozymes A/S, Palsgaard A/S,
Purac Biochem B.V., Royal Dsm N.V., Riken Vitamin Co.Ltd., Engrain, Associated British
Foods Plc., Cargill Inc., David Michael & Co., Kerry Group (Allied Market Research, 2013).
Global market for industrial enzymes was $2.9 billion in 2008, $3.1 billion in 2009, and
$3.3 billion in 2010 and expected to reach $6.0 billion by 2016, achieving a compound annual
growth rate of 6-7%, according to BCC Research. Within that estimate, technical enzymes
(e.g. for biofuels) were valued at just over $1 billion in 2010 and projected to reach $1.5
billion in 2015. F&B enzymes (e.g. for milk and dairy products) had an estimated value of
$975 million in 2010, reaching $1.3 billion by 2015 (BIO030F).
In India, Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd (AETL) is the largest manufacturer and
exporter of enzyme products and second in market shares after Denmark-based Novozymes
according to a recent research report by CRISIL (CRISIL Research, 2013). In 2012-13, the
company had nearly 30% share of the Indian enzymes industry. AETL‘s along with
commercial-scale production of enzymes (including seed preparation, fermentation, filtration
and formulation processes), marketing enzyme products and developing customised solutions
also focused on R&D that has been adding capacity to its existing manufacturing facilities.
The company has a strong presence in the nutraceutical enzymes market in the US through its
group of companies and is planning to grow in other lucrative markets including Europe.
Figure 2. Graphical representation of expected demand and growth rate of industrial and speciality
enzymes (Source: CRISIL Research, 2013).
Pharmaceuticals, textile, detergent, F&B, and leather and paper industries are the primary
consumers of enzyme products in India. Each segment is at a different stage of growth. The
pharmaceutical segment is at a nascent stage. Leather and textile processing segments are
relatively mature, whereas the detergent segment is growing (Figure 3).
The market of bio-Industrial enzyme products in India was worth Rs. 7.7 bn in 2013. The
industry has registered 15.1% CAGR over the period of 2004-2013. The industry is further
expected to grow at 12% CAGR from $96 mn in 2010 to $295 mn till 2020 (Figure 4).
Enzymes used in F&B processing account for the largest share (over 20%) of the overall
industrial enzymes and its demand along with animal feed is likely to drive the market
demand for industrial enzymes in the coming years. With a growth rate of 8.4% over 2010-
2020, the animal feed segment is estimated to be the fastest growing among all segments
within the enzymes industry, followed by the F&B segment which is expected to grow at
growth rate of 7.5% over 2010-2020.
Figure 3. Representation of market demands for industrial and speciality enzymes (Source: CRISIL
Research, 2013).
Figure 4. Projection of Indian enzyme industry growth rate ranging from 2010-2020 (Source: CRISIL
Research, 2013).
Globally F&B industry is estimated to grow at 4% growth rate and increased from $1.8
trillion in 2010 to $2.7 trillion by 2020. In developed nations, increased consumption of
ready-to-eat products and organic foods is expected to propel growth whereas in developing
countries increased disposable income and rising living standards resulted in greater per
capita F&B consumption, and increasing demand for high quality processed foods.
Consequently emphasis on food quality and demand for organic foods will be increased and
the need for enzymes in this segment is expected to grow significantly (Figure 5)
The stable economic growth, huge middle class population and bending toward health
awareness in India led to opportunities in highly nutritious and quality food. Based on raised
demand and future market the food processing industry is forecast to grow at a growth rate of
5.8% over the duration of 2007-2015. With expanding growth, the industry is likely to
become more organised, which is expected to contribute to steady demand for enzyme
products (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Graph showing Asia-Pacific countries as leaders to F&B market (Source: CRISIL Research,
2013).
Figure 6. Growth projections showed requirement of more organized food processing industry (Source:
CRISIL Research, 2013).
AETL Has Strategically Shifted Its Focus to More Attractive Global Markets
The success in domestic market and with the second biggest share in Indian enzyme
market, AETL eyeing toward global markets, particularly USA and Europe and increased the
export sales significantly from 8.3% in 2009 to 59% in 2013 of consolidated gross sales.
AETL established itself in USA by acquiring two US-based companies (Advanced
Supplementary Technologies and Specialty Enzymes and Biotechnologies), which were
owned by the same promoters, thus able to penetrate US market with modifications in product
and packaging as per requirement of local market. The company has also set up subsidiaries
in Europe and Hong Kong to establish a presence in those markets.
AETL presently has clients across 45 countries and over 30 distributors in India and
overseas. The company now plans to expand target business verticals such as baking, brewing
and fruit juice processing. Through this initiative AETL may be able to leverage its
geographical reach to take advantage of the growing global enzymes industry.
The Indian enzyme market is in a growing stage and has promising potential. However,
the industry has not grown as forecasted over the past few decades due to lower enzyme
consumption rate by user industries in India as compared to that of developed countries such
as Japan, North America and Western Europe.
Indian enzyme manufacturers are facing challenge of convincing consumers regarding
benefits of using enzymes since the initial cost of using enzymes is higher than chemical
products, thus price-conscious companies are reluctant to use enzymes, not realising that the
increase in cost is compensated by incremental cost savings later. Another factor is
unorganized structure of the end-user industries such as baking and food processing
industries, hence it is difficult for enzyme manufacturers to make these industries realise the
value proposition of enzymes. Manufacturers are not compelled to use green technology due
to lack of government policies with respect to enforcement of environmental laws, similarly
poor implementation of labour safety norms means employers are not forced to substitute
potentially hazardous chemical ingredients with industrial enzymes. So these factors are also
hindering the growth of industrial enzymes in the country. The demand for enzymes by users
of different segments is represented in Figure 7.
Figure 8. Comparative share of major leaders of enzyme industry in domestic and global market
(Source: CRISIL Research, 2013).
The global and domestic enzyme markets are oligopolistic in nature and opened for all
players ranging from leaders such as Novozymes to totally new small industries. Novozymes
dominates the global enzyme market, followed by DSM NV and Du Pont (Figure 8).
Novozymes is also the largest player in the Indian market (AETL is the second largest) in
terms of market share. Other prominent players include Rossari Biotech, Maps Enzymes,
Lumis Biotech and Zytex (Figure 8). The growing enzyme industry has attracted number of
other smaller companies which have created space for more innovation and competition.
CONCLUSION
The enzyme market is in growing phase and requires additional developments to record
its centralized presence and stable growth globally. Biotechnology, during the last two
decades, has emerged as a technological revolution around the world as a consequence of
broadening of the range of enzyme application sectors which are keep on increasing. It has
influenced almost every sector of industrial activity - chemical feedstock, food, feed,
environment, energy and healthcare. The growth forecast trend for enzyme application in
almost every sector is on increase. Based on the knowledge of enzymes, a number of
misconceptions associated with the use of enzymes as industrial catalysts have been
overcome, leading to the emergence of many new application areas. Industrial production of
enzymes requires thorough understanding of the scientific and technological issues associated
with production, storage and application. These issues range from identification of the
biological sources for enzyme production to their genetic manipulation for overproduction,
strategies for cell cultivation, isolation, purification and stabilization. Enzyme technology is a
powerful enabling technology that can transform agriculture and healthcare, use renewable
resources to bring greater efficiency into industrial processes, check environmental
degradation and deliver a more bio-based economy.
The enzyme technology market is largely export driven though domestic demand is also
keep on increasing. Major export markets include the US (global share of 40 %), Europe
(global share, 25 %), China (global share, 20 %). Others include rest of Asia (global share of
15 %). Realizing the potential of the global market, many Indian companies are expanding
their business even into difficult markets such as China. The enzyme industry in India
accounts for just two percent of global markets but gaining global visibility recently mainly
because of the investment opportunities and growing economy.
It is difficult to clearly explain the Indian industrial enzymes market because of its
various stages of growth, ranging from penetration to product development. For instance, the
pharmaceutical enzymes segment is relatively nascent and mainly concerned of specialized
manufacturers. Meanwhile, the textile and leather enzymes segments are mature, while the
detergent enzymes segment is in growing phase. Product development and diversification in
terms of new end-application is a viable strategy to sustain revenue growth in this dynamic
market.
Most of the ongoing enzyme production facilities in the country use conventional
technologies and have not adopted the recent developments. Although a large number of
academic institutions and universities are involved in basic research in enzymology, applied
R&D and process engineering activities have been following recent technologies financially
supported by different government agencies such as DBT, DST, CSIR etc. Creation of
multidisciplinary R&D groups to trace up application oriented research on enzymes can lead
to the desired goals. Although it is problematic to switch from chemicals to enzyme
technology in shorter vision but considering future trends and technologies along with social
and environmental issues, enzyme technology always prove better prospect. A large quantity
of raw materials and trained manpower is available in the country that can sustain the growth
of enzyme based industry. The economic and environmental benefits of use of industrial
enzymes will not be realized without some positive actions. Special efforts are needed to
formulate favorable government policies to promote academic-industry interaction. Well
documented and foolproof guidelines on bio-safety and intellectual property rights are not
available with the Department of biotechnology, GOI and other international agencies.
Industrial enzymes have played a significant role in today's commercial status of
biotechnology in India. The future will witness more and novel applications of microbial
enzymes in far greater areas than what we could anticipate today.
REFERENCES
Adrio, JL; Demain, AL. Microbial Cells and Enzymes—A Century of Progress. In: Barredo,
JL, Methods in Biotechnology. Microbial Enzymes and Biotransformations. Totowa, NJ,
USA: Humana Press, 2005, 1–27.
Adrio, JL; Demain, AL. Microbial Enzymes: Tools for Biotechnological Processes.
Biomolecules, 2014, 4, 117-139.
AFEA. Collection of information on enzymes. Austrian Federal Environment Agency. 2002
Available from URL: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/dansub/pdfs/
enzymerepcomplete.pdf
Allied market research, 2013, Available from URL: http://www.alliedmarketresearch.
com/food-enzyme-market#tabsver-2
BCC research. Enzymes in industrial applications: Global markets. 2011. Available from
URL: http://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/biotechnology/enzymes-industrial-
applications-bio030f.html
Belitz, HD; Grosch, W; Schieberle, P. Food Chemistry. In: Belitz, HD; Grosch, W;
Schieberle, P. (3rd rev. ed). Food Chemistry, Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2004.
Chandel, AK; Rudravaram, R; Rao, LV; Ravindra, P; Narasu, ML. Industrial enzymes in
bioindustrial sector development: An Indian perspective. Journal of Commercial
Biotechnology, 2007, 13, 283-291.
CRISIL Research, Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd IPO Grade 3/5 (Average) September
05, 2013, Available from URL: http://www.crisil.com/ipo-gradings.
Declerck, N; Machius, M; Joyet, P; Wiegand, G; Huber, R; et al. Hyperthermostabilization of
Bacillus licheniformisa-amylase and modulation of its stability over a 50°C temperature
range. Protein Engineering, 2003, 16, 287-293.
Demain, AL; Adrio, JL. Contributions of microorganisms to industrial biology. Molecular
Biotechnology, 2008, 38, 41–45.
Dupaigne, B. The history of bread. In: Dupaigne, B. (ed) The history of bread. Harry N.
Abrams, Inc.; 1999. P.10.
Falch, EA. Industrial Enzymes – Developments in Production and Application. Biotechnology
Advances, 1991, 9(4), 643-658.
Feed enzymes: The global scenario. Frost & Sullivan. 2007
Frost and Sullivan: Next-generation Biofuels Set to Displace Fossil Fuels in the