Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
An atom resembles the solar system with the sun as the centeraround which series of
planets revolve, as shown in figure 1. In the atom, there is a relatively large mass at the center
called the nucleus. Electrons revolve in orbital patterns around in nucleus.
MODULE IN TLE 10
First Quarter

NAME: ___________________________________________________ Score: ______________________

GRADE & SECTION _________________________________________Teacher: ___________________

Week 1
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COM
 Basic Concept of Electricity Figure 1

ELECTRICAL CHARGE
OBJECTIVES
A material is said to be electrical charge when it attracts or repels another charge
o Explain the basic concepts of electricity (current Voltage material. A material may have either a positive or negative electrical charge. Two objects with
Resistance) positive charges repel each other. Two objects with negative charges also repel each other.
o Define Ohm’s Law Two objects with unlike charges attract each other.
o Describe the structure of an atom PROTONS AND NEUTRON
Part of the nucleus of an atom is made up of protons. Each proton has positive electrical
The rules of the National Electrical Code are written for people who have pre- existing
charge and attracts electrons: neutrons from the remainder of the nucleus. Neutrons are
knowledge of electricity. In order to make sense of the code, you must understand basic
electrically neutral. They can neither attract nor repel other electrical charges.
electrical concepts such as voltage, amperage, resistance, ohms law , wattage, circuit theory
ELECTRONS
and others.
One or more electrons revolve continuously around the nucleus of an atom ( just as the
This series of articles on electrical theory is designed to be a refresher course for
planets are revolve about the sun). Electrons possess negative charges of electricity and are very
electrical professional. In this articles, we will go through all of the basic electrical concepts.
much lighter on weight than protons. All electrons are alike regardless of the atoms of which they
LESSON 1
are a part. An atom contains the same number of electrons as protons. For example, aluminum
An obvious foundation for all electrical installation is a thorough knowledge of the
atom has thirteen electrons and thirteen protons
laws that govern the operation of electricity. The general laws are few and simple but are
applied in an unlimited number of ways.
THE THREE PRIMARY FORCES
ELECTRONS THEORY
The three major player electrical quantity in electricity are voltage, current and
MATTER
impedance (resistance). They are the fundamental forces that control every electrical circuit
Anything that occupies space and has weight is called matter. All liquids and solids are
everywhere.
examples of m.atter in different forms. Matter is made up of smaller units called atom.
ATOMS VOLTAGE is the force that pushes current through electrical circuits. The scientific name
for voltage is electromotive force and is represented in formulas with the capital letter “E” 9
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
(sometimes represented as V). It is measured in volts. The scientific force necessary to force one REACTANCE is the part of total resistance that appears in AC circuits only. Like other
ampere of current to flow through a resistance of one ohm. resistance, it is measured in ohms, reactance is represented by the “X”. The two types of reactance
Voltage is comparable to water pressure. The higher the pressure we the faster the are inductive reactance and capacitive reactance.
water will flow through a system. With electricity, the higher the voltage (electrical pressure), the
INDUCTORS are coil of wire especially those that are wound on an iron core.
more current will flow through a system. Transformers, motors and fluorescent ballast are the most the most common types of inductors
CURRENT (which is measured in amperes) is the rate of flow of electrical current. The
scientific description for current is intensity of current flow, and is represented in formulas with OHM’S LAW
the capital letter “I”. The scientific definition of an ampere is a flow of 6.25x10 23 electrons (called It is extremely important to understand the method used to control the amount of
Coulombs) per second. current in a circuit. A simple formula, Ohm’s law is used to show the relationship of current,
“I” compares with the rate flow of water in a water system, which typically measured in gallons voltage and resistance. Ohm’s law states that in any electrical circuit, the current id directly
per minute in simple term, electricity is thought to be the flow of electrons though conductor. proportional to the voltage applied to the circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance in
Therefore, a circuit that has 12A flowing through it will have three times as many electrons the circuit. Note that both resistance and voltage affect current.
flowing through it as a circuit that has a current of 4A. According to Ohm’s law, when the resistance of circuit is constant, the current can be
CURRENT TYPES changed by changing the voltage: current will increase when the voltage increased, and current
1. Direct Current (DC) is the movement of electron in one direction in a conductor. will decrease when the voltage will decreased. Similarly when the voltage is constant, current will
increase when the resistance is decreased, and current will decrease when the resistance is
2. Pulsating Direct Current is a current in one direction that varies in intensity at a regular
increased.
interval of time
The exact relationship of voltage, current and resistance is expressed by the standard
3. Alternating Current (AC) is a current that changes in direction and intensity at a regular
equation of Ohm’s law:
interval of time
Where I - intensity of current in amperes
IMPEDANCE/RESISTANCE is the total opposition to the flow of electricity. Impedance E – quantity of electrical pressure in volts
is measured in ohms and represented by the letter “Z”. Th scientific definition of an ohm is the R – amount of resistance in ohms
amount of resistance that will restrict 1 volt of 2Greek letter omega (Ω). The Standard Equations are
It is important to differentiate between impedance and unfortunately, it is also the less- E = IR Voltage = Current multiply by Resistance
accurate term. Impedance better described the flow of electricity. Resistance is a fine term for a
circuit 0almost all circuits have some reactance; impedance is almost always the better term. Like I= E/R Current = Voltage divided by Resistance
impedance, resistance is also measured in ohms, and represented by letter “R”
Impedance, a term for total resistance in an alternating current circuit, is very similar R= E/I Resistance – Voltage divided by Current
to resistance and is measured in ohms. An alternating current circuit contains normal resistance Example #1
but may also contain certain types of resistance called reactance, which are found only In AC Find the voltage that appears across an 8 ohm resistance if the current flows through it is
(alternating Current) circuits. This reactance comes mainly from the used of magnetic coils called 10 amperes.
inductive reactance; and capacitors; called capacitive reactance. The general formula for E= IR E= (10a) (8Ω) = 80 volts
impedance is as follows:
Example #2
Z= R2 +[XL-Xc ]2)
If a voltage of 24 volts appears across the resistance of 4 ohms, find the current through the
This formula applies to all circuits, and specifically those in which resistance, capacitance and
resistance.
inductance are all present. The general formula for impedance when only resistance resistance
and inductance is present is; E 24 volts
Z= (R2+XL2 I = ----- = ---------- = 6 amperes
R 4 ohms
The general formula for impedance when only resistance and capacitance are present.
Z 2+Xc 2)