8 Transport in Mammals A Level Biology 9700 Classified by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD

A LEVEL Biology
8. Transport in Mammals
Classified by Adeel Ahmad

3
1 Name as precisely as you can the structure described in each of the following statements. For
Examiner’s
(a) The blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood from the heart. Use
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The cell that ingests and digests cell debris and bacteria in the lungs.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The cell that secretes antibodies.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) The epithelial cell that secretes mucus in the trachea.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) The tissue that prevents the collapse of the trachea during inhalation.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]
Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

© UCLES 2012 9700/21/M/J/12 [Turn over
6
3 Haemoglobinopathies are inherited conditions linked to the structure and function of For
haemoglobin. Sickle cell anaemia is one of these conditions in which the transport and Examiner’s
delivery of oxygen to tissues is less than normal. Use
An investigation was carried out to discover the effect of sickle cell anaemia on the ability of
blood to carry oxygen. Blood samples were taken from two people:
• person L without sickle cell anaemia

• person M with sickle cell anaemia.
The percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen was determined over a range of
partial pressures of oxygen.
Fig. 3.1 shows oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curves for the two blood samples.
100
90
80
L
70
M
percentage 60
saturation of
haemoglobin 50
with oxygen
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
partial pressure of oxygen / kPa
Fig. 3.1
(a) P50 is the partial pressure of oxygen at which haemoglobin is 50% saturated with
oxygen. It is taken as a measurement of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
(i) State the P50 for the two blood samples, L and M.
L ................................................................................................................................
M ........................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2012 9700/21/M/J/12
7
(ii) With reference to Fig. 3.1, describe how the dissociation curve for person M differs
from the dissociation curve for person L.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Explain the advantage of the position of the dissociation curve for people with sickle cell
anaemia.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

2
1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a cross section through a blood vessel. For
Examiner’s
Use
X A
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name the type of blood vessel shown in Fig. 1.1 and describe one visible feature which
is characteristic of this type of vessel.
type of vessel ....................................................................................................................
characteristic feature .......................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Name:
(i) structure A ................................................................................................................
(ii) the main component of substance B. .......................................................................

[2]
(iii) Cell C in Fig. 1.1 is an endothelial cell.
Name structure D.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2012 9700/23/M/J/12
3
(c) The magnification of Fig. 1.1 is × 6000. For

Examiner’s
Calculate the diameter of the lumen along the line X–X. Use
Show your working and give your answer in micrometres (μm) to the nearest whole
number.
answer .......................................... μm [2]
[Total: 7]

12
5 Mammals have closed, double circulatory systems. For

Examiner’s
(a) Explain what are meant by the terms closed and double as applied to mammalian Use
circulatory systems.
closed ..............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
double ..............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
Fig. 5.1 shows a longitudinal section through a mammalian heart.
Fig. 5.1
(b) Use label lines and the letters P, Q, R and S to label the following on Fig. 5.1:
P the right atrium
Q a semilunar valve
R a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood
S the position of Purkyne tissue [4]

© UCLES 2012 9700/21/O/N/12
13
Catheters are small tubes that are inserted into blood vessels. A catheter was inserted into For
an artery in the arm and then moved into the aorta and then into the left ventricle during a Examiner’s
diagnostic investigation. The catheter contained a device to measure the blood pressure in Use
the aorta and in the left ventricle. The results are shown in Fig. 5.2.
18
16
14
12
blood 10
pressure
/ kPa 8
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time / s
Fig. 5.2
(c) (i) Calculate the heart rate during the period of the investigation.
Show your working.
answer .................................................. [2]
(ii) Describe and explain the differences in pressure as the catheter moves from the
aorta into the left ventricle.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Classified.............................................................................................................................. [4]
© UCLES 2012 9700/21/O/N/12 [Turn over
14
Fig. 5.3 is an X-ray showing narrowing in the blood vessels supplying muscles in the heart. For
A catheter is used to insert a dye into the blood vessels so that they appear clearly in the Examiner’s
X-ray. The arrows indicate where there is narrowing of the blood vessels. Use
Fig. 5.3
(d) (i) Name the blood vessels shown in Fig. 5.3.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State the likely effect of narrowing of these blood vessels.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Suggest ways in which the condition shown in Fig. 5.3 may be treated.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 16]

© UCLES 2012 9700/21/O/N/12
6
3 The humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, is one of the world’s largest aquatic For
mammals. It can grow to a length of up to 15 metres and a mass of up to 36 000 kg. A large Examiner’s
proportion of the mass of a humpback whale is a very thick layer of fat-filled cells stored Use
under the skin, called blubber.
The humpback whales are seasonal feeders. They feed in polar regions during the summer
and then migrate to warmer temperate and tropical waters to mate and have their young
during the polar winter.
(a) One reason that the humpback whale has managed to reach its enormous size is
because it is a member of a simple food web. Fig. 3.1 is an example of such a food web.
humpback whale
herring
krill
(small crustaceans)
phytoplankton
not drawn to scale (very small photosynthetic organisms)
Fig. 3.1
(i) The humpback whale is a carnivore, feeding on krill and herring. The herring feed
on krill.
Add arrow heads to the lines drawn on Fig. 3.1 to show the direction of energy flow
in the food web. [1]
(ii) State the trophic level to which the humpback whale belongs.
............................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2012 9700/22/O/N/12
7
(iii) In terms of energy transfer, explain how the humpback whale is able to reach such For
a large size. Examiner’s
Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The thickness of blubber in humpback whales decreases during the non-feeding season
and increases during the feeding season.
Suggest explanations for this observation.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Describe the roles of water as an environment for organisms, such as those shown in
Fig. 3.1.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]

3
(iii) Explain how capillaries are adapted for their function as exchange vessels. For
Examiner’s
.................................................................................................................................. Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Table 1.1 shows the composition of blood, tissue fluid and lymph.
Table 1.1
component blood tissue fluid lymph
red blood cells

5.1 0.0 0.0
/ cells mm−3 × 106
white blood cells

9 000 75 1 000 000
/ cells mm−3
glucose / g dm−3 800 800 775
protein / g dm−3 71 1 26
Explain the differences between the composition of blood, tissue fluid and lymph as
shown in Table 1.1, for white blood cells, glucose and protein.
white blood cells ..............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
glucose ............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
protein ..............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]
4
(c) Outline how red blood cells are involved in the transport of carbon dioxide. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2013 9700/21/M/J/13
14
6 (a) The statements below are some of the events that occur in the initiation and control of For
heart action during one cardiac cycle. Examiner’s
Use
Place the events in the correct sequence, using 1 as the first event in the sequence.
correct
event
sequence
Purkyne tissue conducts the wave of excitation
atrioventricular node sends out a wave of excitation
atria contract
ventricles contract
sinoatrial node sends out a wave of excitation
[3]
(b) The wall of the left ventricle contains more cardiac muscle than the wall of the right
ventricle.
Explain the difference in the thickness of the walls of the left and right ventricles of the
heart, in terms of their functions.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2013 9700/22/M/J/13
2
1 (b) The presence of a valve would help to confirm that the blood vessel in Fig. 1.1 is a vein
and not an artery.
Describe three structural features of the blood vessel shown in Fig. 1.1 that would help
to identify it as a vein and not as an artery.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Explain how the following structural features of a capillary are related to its function.
(i) The capillary wall is composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The diameter of the capillary lumen is approximately 8 μm.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2013 9700/22/O/N/13
8
4 Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of a section through a mammalian heart. For

Examiner’s
Use
Fig. 4.1
(a) Use a label line and the appropriate letter to label each of the following on Fig. 4.1:
W right atrium
X tricuspid valve
Y aorta.
[3]
(b) Starting from the left ventricle, describe the route taken by the blood as it travels to the
lungs.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2013 9700/23/O/N/13
10
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a vertical section of the left side of the heart of a mammal.
atrioventricular
valve
valve tendon
papillary
muscle
Fig. 5.1
(a) Explain the difference in the thickness of the left ventricle and the left atrium.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2014 9700/21/M/J/14
11
(b) Explain how the structures labelled on Fig. 5.1 ensure that blood flows in the correct direction.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) During one cardiac cycle, blood is pumped from the heart into the pulmonary and systemic
circulations.
Explain how the contraction of the four chambers of the heart are coordinated and controlled to
enable blood to be pumped simultaneously into both the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2014 9700/21/M/J/14
6
3 (a) Cartilage is present in some parts of the gas exchange system to prevent collapse due to
pressure changes during inhalation.
State the parts of the gas exchange system in which cartilage is located.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows the changes that occur in atmospheric pressure and oxygen partial pressure
as altitude changes. The highest altitude at which people live permanently is 5100 m.
100
20
80
15
atmospheric 60 oxygen partial
pressure / 10 pressure /
kPa 40 kPa
5
20
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10 000
altitude / m
Fig 3.1
With reference to Fig. 3.1:
(i) describe the effect of increasing altitude on both atmospheric pressure and the partial
pressure of oxygen
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) calculate the change in the atmospheric pressure when a person travels from sea level
to an altitude of 3500 m.
Show your working.
answer ...........................................................[2]

© UCLES 2014 9700/22/M/J/14
7
(c) When a person travels from 0 m (sea level) to a high altitude, gas exchange in the lungs is
affected. A condition known as hypoxia results, where the body tissues do not receive an
adequate oxygen supply.
Explain how hypoxia occurs when a person ascends from sea level to a high altitude.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(d) At high altitudes, short-term responses by the body to hypoxia include:
• a decrease in the volume of plasma in the blood

• a decrease in the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per heart beat
• an increase in the heart rate
• an increase in the breathing rate.
(i) Suggest why a decrease in the volume of plasma in the blood may reduce the effects of
hypoxia.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why an increase in the heart rate occurs in response to hypoxia.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
14
6 (a) Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants and animals.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) In mammals, the role of the heart is to pump blood around the body. The events that occur
during one heart beat are known as the cardiac cycle. The timing for one cardiac cycle is
shown in Fig. 6.1.
P ..................................... V W
Q ..................................... X Y Z
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

seconds
Fig. 6.1
P and Q represent the two types of heart chambers.
V, W, X , Y and Z represent the systolic (contracted) or diastolic (relaxed) state of the relevant
heart chambers.

© UCLES 2014 9700/22/M/J/14
15
(i) In the spaces provided on Fig. 6.1, identify chambers P and Q. [1]
(ii) Complete the table by writing the letters V, W, X, Y and Z in the appropriate box to
indicate the state of the heart chambers during the cardiac cycle as shown in Fig. 6.1.
systole
diastole
[2]

© UCLES 2014 9700/22/M/J/14
10
5 When haemoglobin in red blood cells travels through the capillaries of the lungs it binds with
oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. When oxyhaemoglobin reaches respiring tissues, it dissociates
to release oxygen.
(a) Explain what causes oxyhaemoglobin to dissociate readily in actively respiring tissues.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) When people move to high altitudes there is an increased production of red blood cells.
Explain why more red blood cells are produced when people move to higher altitudes.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2014 9700/23/M/J/14
12
6 (b) Arteries and capillaries have different structures related to their different functions.
For each type of blood vessel, give one structural feature and the function that it provides.
(i) artery:
structural feature ..............................................................................................................
function ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) capillary:
structural feature ..............................................................................................................
function ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
[2]

6
3 In mammals, oxygen is transported by red blood cells in a system that is described as a closed
double circulation. The majority of oxygen molecules are transported as oxyhaemoglobin. At the
respiring tissues, oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin and diffuses to the surrounding cells.
(a) Explain what is meant by a closed double circulation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2014 9700/22/O/N/14
8
(c) At high altitudes, the partial pressure of inspired oxygen is considerably lower than at sea
level. This means that the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is also much lower at high
altitudes than at sea level.
Fig. 3.2 is an oxygen dissociation curve of adult oxyhaemoglobin.
100
80
percentage 60
saturation of
haemoglobin 40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Fig. 3.2
With reference to Fig. 3.2, calculate the difference in percentage saturation of haemoglobin
at sea level, where the partial pressure of oxygen is 13.0 kPa, and at a higher altitude, where
the partial pressure of oxygen is 6.2 kPa.
Show your working.
answer ...................................................... % [2]
(d) After spending time at altitude, a person can become acclimatised. One feature of
acclimatisation is an increase in the red blood cell count.
Explain the importance of the increase in the red blood cell count.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2014 9700/22/O/N/14
13
5 (a) Complete Table 5.1 by numbering each event to show the sequence occurring in the initiation
and control of one heart beat.
Use 1 as the first event in the sequence.
Table 5.1
event sequence
impulses pass down septum through conducting fibres known as
the bundle of His
atrioventricular node sends out impulses
impulses travel across atrial walls
impulses reach base of ventricles (apex of heart)
impulses pass up through Purkyne fibres in ventricle walls
sinoatrial node sends out impulses
[3]
(b) Explain the circumstances that cause the closing of the semi-lunar valves during the cardiac
cycle.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) At the arterial end of a capillary bed in muscle tissue, the hydrostatic pressure is high enough
to cause the formation of tissue fluid.
Explain the differences between the composition of blood and the composition of tissue fluid
at the arterial end of a capillary bed.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 7]
11
(b) Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is found in blood, liver and kidneys.
Fig. 4.2 shows a molecular model of this enzyme.
Fig. 4.2
(ii) Describe the role of carbonic anhydrase in the blood.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]

2
Answer all the questions.
1 Each of statements A to E describe a structure associated with the mammalian heart.
For each statement, identify the structure that is being described.
A The chamber that pumps blood into the pulmonary artery.
...................................................................................................................................................
B A blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood into the right atrium.
...................................................................................................................................................
C The specialised tissue responsible for delaying the conduction of impulses from the atria to
the ventricles.
...................................................................................................................................................
D The blood vessels that supply cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood.
...................................................................................................................................................
E The valve that prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricle that contains oxygenated
blood.
...................................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2015 9700/22/M/J/15
7
Fig. 3.2 shows red blood cells within a capillary. The capillary shown in Fig. 3.2 allows the rapid
exchange of substances between the blood, tissue fluid and body cells.
lumen of capillary
Y
Fig. 3.2
(d) With reference to Fig. 3.2, explain one feature that enables the surrounding body cells to
receive an adequate supply of oxygen from the blood supplied by the capillary.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(e) Some areas of the brain, known as blood-brain barriers, have a type of capillary that is
relatively impermeable to substances.
Suggest one way in which the structure of a capillary in the blood-brain barrier differs from
the structure of the capillary shown in Fig. 3.2.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2015 9700/22/M/J/15
8
4 Fig. 4.1 shows how blood pressure changes in the human systemic circulation.
16
maximum blood pressure
14
12
Vena cavae
Large veins
Small veins
blood pressure / kPa 10 minimum
Capillaries
8 blood pressure
Venules
Arterioles
6
arteries
arteries
4
Large
Aorta
Small
2
0
Distance from left ventricle
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) Describe the changes in blood pressure shown in Fig. 4.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Explain how the structure of veins is related to their function in returning blood to the
heart.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2015 9700/23/M/J/15
10
4 (b) Oxygen moves into and out of red blood cells. Fig. 4.1 shows an oxygen dissociation curve for
adult human haemoglobin.
100
80
percentage
saturation of 60
haemoglobin
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
partial pressure
of oxygen / kPa
Fig. 4.1
The steepest part of the curve is between 2.6 kPa and 4.2 kPa.
Explain the importance of this for respiring tissues.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2015 9700/22/O/N/15
16
6 (a) The thickness of the different chambers of the mammalian heart is due to the amount of
cardiac muscle present. The atria have less cardiac muscle than the ventricles, and hence
thinner walls.
In terms of their functions, explain why the atria have thinner walls than the ventricles.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Name the dividing wall separating the right and left sides of the mammalian heart.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Transpiration and translocation are both processes occurring in plants.
(i) State one way in which transpiration differs from translocation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State one way in which transpiration and translocation are similar.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]

16
5 (b) One type of surgical treatment for coronary heart disease is to use arteries from the chest
and veins from the leg to by-pass blockages as shown in Fig. 5.1.
internal mammary
aorta
artery
vein (from leg) (from chest)
plaque
blockage
Fig. 5.1
(i) Explain how the two by-passes shown in Fig. 5.1 provide an effective treatment for
coronary heart disease.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) The cost of treating heart disease is very high.
Suggest the steps that governments could take to reduce heart disease in the population.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2015 9700/23/O/N/15
6
3 Fig. 3.1 is a vertical section of the heart. The regions concerned with initiating and conducting
impulses are shown.
Q
superior vena cava
pulmonary
sinoatrial node vein
atrioventricular node
Purkyne tissue
Fig. 3.1
(a) Name chamber P and blood vessel Q.
P ...............................................................................................................................................
Q .......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Describe how the sinoatrial node (SAN) and Purkyne tissue, shown on Fig. 3.1, are involved
in the initiation and co-ordination of the contraction of the heart.
SAN ..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Purkyne tissue ..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2014 9700/02/SP/16
7
(c) The heart forms part of a closed double circulation in mammals.
Explain what is meant by a closed double circulation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) The blood in the pulmonary vein has travelled through the capillary network in the lungs,
where gas exchange has taken place.
(i) Describe the process of oxygen transfer between the alveolus and the blood in the
surrounding capillary.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) When a person starts to smoke cigarettes, one immediate effect is a decrease in the
oxygen that is taken up in the lungs.
Explain why this is so.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2014 9700/02/SP/16 [Turn over
6
(d) As part of an investigation into the body’s response to EPO, a group of healthy young men
were given injections of EPO every day for four weeks.
The haemoglobin (Hb) concentration for each subject was measured at the start of the
investigation and then at intervals of one week for the next ten weeks. The first measurement
was taken two weeks before the first EPO injection was given.
Fig. 3.1 shows the mean results for the subjects.
first EPO final EPO

injection injection
16
15
14
13
mean Hb concentration
/ g per kg body mass
12
11
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time / weeks
Fig. 3.1
Describe the results shown in Fig. 3.1 and suggest explanations for these results.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2016 9700/22/F/M/16
7
(e) The concentration of EPO in the blood plasma of a person will increase when travelling from
sea level to a high altitude. This is in response to the decrease in oxygen partial pressure in
the atmosphere.
Explain why an increase in EPO blood plasma concentration will be of benefit if the person
remains at high altitude.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 16]

© UCLES 2016 9700/22/F/M/16 [Turn over
12
(c) People who travel to high altitude become acclimatised to the conditions.
Athletes often train at high altitude before competing at sea level.
A group of male and female athletes who trained at sea level moved to high altitude for further
training. Sports scientists analysed blood samples taken from the athletes to measure any
changes in the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood and changes in the haematocrit.
Haematocrit is the volume of red blood cells expressed as a percentage of the total volume of
a sample of blood.
The results are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
after 19 days at percentage

feature of the blood at sea level
high altitude increase
mean concentration of
haemoglobin in the blood 13.3 15.1
.....................
/ g 100 cm–3
mean haematocrit 41.0 42.5 3.7
(i) Complete Table 5.1 by calculating the percentage increase in haemoglobin concentration.
[1]
(ii) Explain why it is necessary for the athletes to increase the concentration of haemoglobin
in their blood when acclimatising to high altitude.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2016 9700/21/M/J/16
8
4 Fig. 4.1 is a simplified diagram of the circulatory system of a mammal. Some of the lymph system
is also shown.
head
and
upper
limbs
lungs
:
3 ;
4 =
<
kidneys
lymph liver
vessels
intestines
lower limbs
Fig. 4.1
(a) The type of circulatory system shown in Fig. 4.1 is a closed double circulation.
Explain what is meant by a closed double circulation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2016 9700/22/M/J/16
9
(b) With reference to Fig. 4.1, name:
blood vessel W ....................................................................
blood vessel X ....................................................................
valve Y ....................................................................
heart chamber Z .................................................................... [4]
(c) State the component present in the blood at location P that is not present in the lymph at
location Q in Fig. 4.1.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) As blood passes through the capillary network in the lungs, gas exchange occurs.
Describe the process of gas exchange between the alveolus and the blood.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]

12
6 Fig. 6.1 is a diagram of a section through a mammalian heart.
left ventricle
Fig. 6.1
(a) Name the blood vessel labelled X.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Explain the difference in thickness between the muscle walls of the left and right ventricles.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Name the structure in the heart that acts as the pacemaker to initiate the cardiac cycle.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2016 9700/23/M/J/16
11
6 (c) Haemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin.
Describe what causes oxygen to be released from the oxyhaemoglobin as blood flows through
respiring tissues.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(d) Explain why red blood cells are in blood but not in tissue fluid.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[4]
12
4 Fig. 4.1 is a cross-section of a human renal artery, a vessel that supplies blood to the kidney.
elastic layer X
tunica media
Y
Fig. 4.1
(a) The elastic layer shown in Fig. 4.1, located between the endothelium and the tunica media,
is one feature that suggests that the blood vessel is the renal artery and not the renal vein,
which may be of a similar size.
Complete the sentence to state one additional structural feature, visible in Fig. 4.1, that
would identify the blood vessel as an artery.
This is an artery because it has ................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Explain the relationship between the structure of the tunica media and the function of an
artery, such as the renal artery.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2016 9700/22/O/N/16
12
5 In an investigation, the volume of oxygen that combined with haemoglobin at different partial
pressures of oxygen was determined. The results are shown in Fig. 5.1.
20
18
volume of
oxygen
combined with 16
haemoglobin
/ cm3 100 cm–3 14
blood
12
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Fig. 5.1
(a) The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is 13.3 kPa. At this partial pressure of oxygen the
total volume of oxygen that is carried by 100 cm3 blood is 19.78 cm3 at pH 7.4 and 37 °C.
The volume of oxygen that combines with haemoglobin at 13.3 kPa is 19.48 cm3 100 cm–3
blood.
(i) Calculate the percentage of oxygen that is combined with haemoglobin in 100 cm3 blood.
answer .......................................................% [1]
(ii) Suggest how the oxygen that is not combined with haemoglobin is transported in the
blood.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2016 9700/23/O/N/16
13
(iii) Explain why a long-term smoker would have a lower volume of oxygen combined with
haemoglobin in the alveoli at 13.3 kPa.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Describe the role of carbonic anhydrase in the transport of carbon dioxide.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) The investigation was repeated in the presence of carbon dioxide. The volumes of oxygen
combined with haemoglobin at partial pressures of oxygen below 8.0 kPa were less than
shown in Fig. 5.1.
Name this effect and explain the advantage of this decrease at partial pressures of oxygen
below 8.0 kPa.
name .........................................................................................................................................
advantage .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]

10
4 The transport systems of plants and mammals both function to transport substances to and from
cells.
(a) Table 4.1 contains descriptions concerning the mammalian circulatory system and the
structure of the heart.
Complete Table 4.1 by writing down the term that matches each description.
Table 4.1
description term
a transport system where blood
is enclosed in blood vessels and
passes through the heart twice in one
complete circuit of the body
blood vessel, with a lumen of
approximately 7μm in diameter, that
supplies substances to cells
the blood vessel that carries

oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the heart
the chamber of the heart that receives

deoxygenated blood from the body
the structure dividing the heart into the

left and right sides
[5]
(b) Water is the main component of the fluids associated with transport in mammals and plants.
(i) One property of water is its ability to act as a solvent.
Suggest why this property is important in the mammalian transport system.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2017 9700/22/F/M/17
2
1 Mammals have a closed double circulation system.
(a) Explain what is meant by a closed double circulation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Table 1.1 shows some structures in the mammalian circulatory system.
Complete Table 1.1 to show the sequence of structures through which blood flows, starting
with the pulmonary vein.
Use the numbers 2 to 5 to indicate the correct sequence.
Table 1.1
structure sequence of blood flow
left ventricle
vena cava
pulmonary vein 1
aorta
right atrium
[2]
(c) (i) Explain why arteries have thicker walls than veins.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 9700/23/M/J/17
3
2 Fig. 2.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a section through a blood vessel.
1 μm
Fig. 2.1
(a) State the type of blood vessel shown in Fig. 2.1 and give two reasons for your choice.
type of blood vessel ..................................................................................................................
reason 1 ....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
reason 2 ....................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

4
Fig. 2.2 is a graph showing how the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and in the right
ventricle changes during one cardiac cycle.
4
Key
3 pulmonary artery
blood right ventricle
pressure 2
/ kPa
1
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
time / s
Fig. 2.2
(b) Use Fig. 2.2 to state the time at which:
(i) the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery closes
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the ventricle begins to contract.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) State and explain the similarities and differences between Fig. 2.2 and a graph showing
how the blood pressure for the left ventricle changes during the same cardiac cycle.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2017 9700/21/O/N/17
11
4 The first rehydrating solution developed for the treatment of cholera did not contain glucose. Using
ORS, patients absorb a higher concentration of sodium ions and there is an increase in water
uptake.
(c) In severe cases of cholera, the rehydrating solution is given intravenously, as a drip directly
into a vein.
Suggest one reason why the rehydrating solution is given as a drip directly into a vein rather
than into an artery.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

16
6 Fig. 6.1 is a diagram of a vertical section through the mammalian heart. The labels Q to X represent
valves and blood vessels of the heart.
X Q
W
R
V
S
T
U
Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) State which label represents the valve that prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta
into the ventricle.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart and
state which label represents this blood vessel.
name .................................................................................................................................
label ...............................................................................................................................[2]
(b) State precisely where the sinoatrial node is located.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Explain the role of the atrioventricular node in the coordination of heart action.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]

4
2 (a) Explain why the wall of the left ventricle in the heart is thicker than the wall of the right
ventricle.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
Fig. 2.1 shows the heart and blood vessels at three stages of the cardiac cycle.
G
H
Key
direction of flow of blood
Fig. 2.1
© UCLES 2017 9700/23/O/N/17
5
(b) (i) Name the blood vessels labelled F and G.
F ........................................................................................................................................
G ....................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Name the stage of the cardiac cycle at K.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Describe what happens in the heart between stages H and J as shown in Fig. 2.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 10]

11
5 (a) The sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN) are two regions of the heart.
Outline the roles of the SAN and the AVN in the initiation and control of heart action.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows features that are observed in transverse sections of the three main types of
blood vessel.
blood vessel
wall of three layers wall of one layer
thin wall relative to thick wall relative to

lumen diameter lumen diameter
D ................................. E ................................. F .................................
Fig. 5.1
(i) Complete Fig. 5.1 by stating the type of blood vessel indicated by D, E and F. [1]
(ii) The inner layer of the walls of D and E is composed of endothelial tissue.
List two structural features of this tissue.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2018 9700/22/F/M/18 [Turn over
10
4 (b) The effect of carbon dioxide on the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen was
investigated.
A sample of mammalian blood was exposed to a gas mixture that contained increasing
partial pressures of oxygen (p O2). Throughout the investigation the partial pressure of carbon
dioxide (p CO2) was maintained at 5.3 kPa. The percentage saturation of haemoglobin in the
sample was determined as the p O2 increased.
The investigation was repeated with a second sample of blood in which the p CO2 was
maintained at 10.7 kPa.
The results are shown in Fig. 4.2.
100
90
80
p CO2 5.3 kPa
70
p CO2 10.7 kPa
60
percentage
saturation of
haemoglobin 50
with oxygen
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
p O2 / kPa
Fig. 4.2
(i) The p O2 in alveolar air is 13.0 kPa and the p CO2 is 5.3 kPa.
Use Fig. 4.2 to suggest the percentage saturation of haemoglobin in blood entering the
pulmonary veins.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2018 9700/21/M/J/18
11
(ii) Use the information in Fig. 4.2 to state and explain the effect of increasing p CO2 in
muscle tissues during strenuous exercise.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
2 (d) The fatty acids released from adipocytes are transported in blood plasma and are taken up
by cells.
Although most cell types can metabolise fatty acids to synthesise ATP in the presence of
oxygen, red blood cells cannot do this.
Suggest why red blood cells cannot metabolise fatty acids to synthesise ATP.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2018 9700/23/M/J/18

10
4 Fig. 4.1 is an oxygen dissociation curve for adult haemoglobin. The curve shows the affinity of
haemoglobin for oxygen at the range of partial pressures found in the body.
The values for plotting the curve are obtained in the laboratory by bubbling oxygen at different
partial pressures through a solution of haemoglobin at 37 °C and pH 7.4. At a different temperature
or pH the measured values will change, resulting in a different oxygen dissociation curve.
100
80
60
percentage
saturation of
haemoglobin
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
partial pressure
of oxygen / kPa
Fig. 4.1
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows that the percentage saturation of haemoglobin changes at different partial
pressures of oxygen.
(i) Use Fig. 4.1 to calculate the difference in percentage saturation of haemoglobin at the
lower partial pressure of oxygen of 2.7 kPa compared to the higher partial pressure of
13.0 kPa.
Show your working.
difference = ...........................................................[1]

© UCLES 2018 9700/23/M/J/18
11
(ii) Explain the advantage of having a difference in percentage saturation of haemoglobin at

lower and higher partial pressures of oxygen.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]


8 Transport in Mammals A Level Biology 9700 Classified by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

8 Transport in Mammals A Level Biology 9700 Classified by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A LEVEL Biology

Classified by Adeel Ahmad

(c) The cell that secretes antibodies.

(d) The epithelial cell that secretes mucus in the trachea.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

• person L without sickle cell anaemia

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

type of vessel ....................................................................................................................

characteristic feature .......................................................................................................

(i) structure A ................................................................................................................

(ii) the main component of substance B. .......................................................................

(iii) Cell C in Fig. 1.1 is an endothelial cell.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

(c) The magnification of Fig. 1.1 is × 6000. For

answer .......................................... μm [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

5 Mammals have closed, double circulatory systems. For

Fig. 5.1 shows a longitudinal section through a mammalian heart.

P the right atrium

R a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood

S the position of Purkyne tissue [4]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Show your working.

answer .................................................. [2]

by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

(d) (i) Name the blood vessels shown in Fig. 5.3.

(ii) State the likely effect of narrowing of these blood vessels.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

under the skin, called blubber.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Suggest explanations for this observation.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

component blood tissue fluid lymph

red blood cells

white blood cells

glucose / g dm−3 800 800 775

white blood cells ..............................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Purkyne tissue conducts the wave of excitation

atrioventricular node sends out a wave of excitation

sinoatrial node sends out a wave of excitation

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

(ii) The diameter of the capillary lumen is approximately 8 μm.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

4 Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of a section through a mammalian heart. For

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

With reference to Fig. 3.1:

Show your working.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

(d) At high altitudes, short-term responses by the body to hypoxia include:

• a decrease in the volume of plasma in the blood

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

P and Q represent the two types of heart chambers.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

structural feature ..............................................................................................................

structural feature ..............................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 8. Transport in Mammals

(a) Explain what is meant by a closed double circulation.