*The basic principle on which the

transformer works is Faraday’s Law

of Electromagnetic Induction
*If the rated DC voltage is applied across
the primary winding, a
constant magnitude flux will set up in the
core of the transformer and
hence there will not be any self-induced
emf generation
*The resistance of the primary winding is
very low, and the primary
current is high. So this current is much
higher than the rated full load
primary winding current. Hence, as a
result, the amount of heat
produced will be greater and therefore,
eddy current loss (I2R) loss will
be more. Because of this, the insulations
of the primary windings will
get burnt, and the transformer will be
damaged
*The purpose of the open circuit test is to
determine the no-load
current and losses of the transformer
❖ The reading of the wattmeter only
represents the core and iron losses.
Short circuit test determines the copper
loss occur on the full load. The copper
loss is
used for finding the efficiency of the
transformer.
*Faraday’s law states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to
the rate of change of flux that linkages with the coil.
*Lenz’s law states that when an EMF is generated by a change in magnetic
flux according to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced EMF is such, that
it produces an induced current whose magnetic field opposes the initial
changing magnetic field which produced it

Example of Synchronous Motor: Reciprocating pump,

compressor, rolling mills
Synchronous motor is used for power factor
improvement.
The damper winding is
used in the synchronous motor to
provide starting torque.
*Split Phase Induction Motor
• Capacitor Start Induction Motor
• Capacitor Start and Capacitor Run
Induction Motor
• Shaded Pole Induction Motor
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
• Slip Ring Induction Motor
Interpoles are the small auxiliary poles
placed between the main field poles
Interpoles have the function of reducing
the armature reaction effect in the
commutating zone. They eliminate the
need to shift the brush assembly
*The main function of the commutator in
the DC machine is to
collect the current from the armature
conductor & supplies the current to the
load using brushes. And also provides
uni-directional torque for DCmotor.

*Brushes in the DC machine gather the

current from
commutator and supplies it to external
load. The materials used in brushes
are graphite or carbon