Open Ended Lab Report

Submitted By:
Hasnain Malik: 2019-CH-202
Mustafa Arshad: 2019-CH-214
Mohsin Dildar: 2019-CH-220
Ammar Haider: 2019-CH-228

Submitted To:
Mam Nazia Baig
 Experiment
Objective:
Formation of Soap from Sodium Hydroxide and Coconut oil

Saponification:
Saponification is a process in which a fat molecule is broken down by
sodium hydroxide (lye) into four smaller molecules; three of the new
molecules are soap and one is glycerol. In simple terms saponification is
the name for a chemical reaction between an acid and a base to form a
salt.

Chemicals Required:
 10g of Sodium Hydroxide
 60g of chosen oil: Coconut oil
 27ml of Distilled water
 Beaker
 Erlenmeyer Flask
 Hot Plates(2)
 Thermometer(2)
 Magnetic Stir Bar
 2-3ml of Essential oil(for scent)

Hazards of Sodium Hydroxide:

Sodium hydroxide is a potentially dangerous substance. It can hurt you if it
touches your skin, if you drink it or if you breathe it. Eating or drinking
sodium hydroxide can cause severe burns and immediate vomiting, nausea,
diarrhea or chest and stomach pain, as well as swallowing difficulties.
Damage to the mouth, throat and stomach is immediate.
The harmful effects of sodium hydroxide depend on several factors including
the concentration of sodium hydroxide, length of time exposed, and
whether you touched it, drank it or inhaled it.

Hazards of Coconut Oil:

Coconut oil contains more than that (14 grams) in one serving, meaning
it's easy to overdo saturated fat in your diet when you consume coconut
oil. Too much saturated fat can lead to high cholesterol, increasing risks
of heart disease and stroke.

Chemical Reaction:

Procedure:
The following steps are that of conventional heating with a hot plate:
i. Weigh out 10 g of Sodium Hydroxide (lye)
ii. Pour 27 mL of distilled water into an Erlenmeyer flask
iii. Pour the sodium hydroxide into the water and mix. Keep mixing until it is
homogenous on a stir plate.
iv. Heat mixture and maintain the temperature around 115° C.
 v. Measure 60 g of your chosen oil. Begin warming the oil in a small beaker on
a hotplate. Use a magnetic stir bar to keep the oil moving and to avoid
burning. Maintain the temperature around 115°C.
vi. Pour the Sodium Hydroxide solution into the beaker with oil when they are
within 10 degrees of each other
vii. Stir the reaction vigorously and maintain at 115 °C.
viii. Add 2-3 mL of desired essential oils using transfer pipet.
ix. Keep heating and stirring for 30-40 minutes.
x. Pour the contents in to an aluminum weigh boats.

Adding Color in a Soap:

Pigments, micas, Lab Colors, and color Blocks. They’re skin safe and can
be used in soap.

For Pigments
Cold process
 Mix 1 teaspoon of pigment with 1 tablespoon of a lightweight oil like Sweet
Almond or Avocado. If you’re making a larger batch, you can increase that to 2
teaspoons into 2 tablespoons, or 3 into 3. Add 1 dispersed teaspoon at a time at
trace until you get a color you like. We recommend about 1 dispersed teaspoon
per pound of soap.

Melt and pour:

 Mix 1 teaspoon of pigment with 1 tablespoon of glycerin of 99% isopropyl alcohol.
Add ¼ teaspoon of dispersed color to the melted soap until you get a color you
like.
Addition of Scent in a Soap:
For a strong scent, you can add 0.7 ounces of fragrance or essential oil
per pound of cold process soap. For melt and pour, you can add 0.3
ounces per pound. This number will vary based on what oil you choose.
For instance, Cherry Almond Fragrance Oil is really strong.
We recommend starting with 1% essential oil (1g oil to 100g of liquid
soap base). In the majority of cases, that should be the right amount. If
the scent isn't strong enough at 1%, though, try 1.5% next.

Curing:
Curing is the process of allowing saponification to complete and for
water to evaporate out. In this way, the soap, is dry, harder, milder and
the lye non-existent in the finished product. It takes about 4 to 6 weeks
for a soap to dry and the lye to be totally transformed.
After pouring the contents into weigh boats they must cure for 3-4
weeks. To aid in the curing process covering the way boats with plastic
wrap and a towel are suggested.
pH Test:
It is important after curing that you test the pH for use on the body. A
simple way; is to poor a drop of water on the soap and rub a pH strip and
compare to a pH chart. Soap should be between 7 and 10. Above 10
would be considered unsafe because lye may still be present and harsh
on the body.

Uses of Soap:
 Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and
lubricating products.
 In a domestic setting, soaps are surfactants usually used for
washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping.
 In industrial settings, soaps are used as thickeners, components of
some lubricants, and precursors to catalysts.

Safety and Precautions:

 Wear safety goggles at all times in the laboratory.
 Work under a hood and wear gloves and protective clothing
 Wash all the apparatus thoroughly.
 Use weigh Balance carefully.
 Use gloves while handling Sodium Hydroxide.
 Heat the solution carefully.
 Don’t put bags and books in working area.
 Must wash your hand with soap before leaving laboratory.

Results
Discussions:
The main objective of this experiment is to prepare soap and compare
its properties to that of a synthetic detergent. There are three parts of
this experiment. The first part which is Part A is about preparation of the
soap. Next, Part B which is about the comparison of soap and detergent
properties to test precipitation and emulsifying, followed by Part C, the
comparison of cleaning abilities of soap and detergent.
In Part A, during the soap preparation, saponification process occur
where the fatty acid carboxylate ions are formed in the presence of the
strong base which is used sodium hydroxide, NaOH for this experiment.
Then, these carboxylate ions are the conjugate bases of the fatty acids
therefore, it is able to accept a proton to form stable compound.
In part B, all the comparison of properties had been observed and
recorded. The pH value of soap solution and synthetics detergent
(dynamo) is pH 11 and pH 7 respectively. From the result, the pH value
of the soap solution is neutral and synthetic detergent is alkaline
solution. Therefore, alkaline detergent is recommended for cleaning
because it allowing the cleaner to produce more efficient and effective
results than the soap solution.
Thus, detergent is better in cleaning compare to the soap solution. In
fact, many of the surfactants initially used in detergents were not
biodegradable whereas soaps are biodegradable, apparently can be
degraded by bacteria. The amount of hydrochloric acid need to change
the pH of the soap solution to 3 is about 10 drop whereas for detergent
solution is about 2 drops.
The cloth strip in the third sample of the cleaning agent which is the
detergent without dilution with distilled water shows the least effective
cleaning agents since only little amount of dirt is removed. This could be
due to the stirring effect and not even the detergent that functioning as
the cleaning agent. Since, the detergent is too concentrated to penetrate
the cloth strip and separating the dirt from the cloth strip, it can hardly
be concluded that high concentration of detergent without the
spreading mechanism which is water molecules is a good way to use the
cleaning agent.
Therefore, the right ratio is required between the cleaning agents and
water in order for dirt or stains to be removed from the affected area or
cloth strips.

Conclusion
This experiment was performed successfully and the objective was
achieved. The objective of this experiment is to prepare soap and
compare its properties to that of a synthetic detergent. There are three
parts in these experiments.
The first part which is part A is about preparation of soap, part B is about
comparison of soap and detergent properties to test precipitation and
emulsifying followed by the part C is comparison of cleaning abilities of
soap and detergent. In part A, the soap is prepared and the mass of filter
paper, soap and soap recovered was recorded. All the comparison of
properties had been observed and recorded in part B.
From the result, the pH value of the soap solution is neutral and
synthetic detergent is alkaline solution. Therefore, alkaline detergent is
recommended for cleaning than the soap solution. The comparison of oil
emulsification determined for the three types of sample which are
distilled water, soap solution and synthetic detergent. In test tube A, the
distilled water emulsified the oil because the mixtures have two
immiscible fluid. In test tube B and C, detergent and soap solution is
attracted to both water and oil.
So, this is reason why detergent and soap not emulsified with oil. This
part also determined the comparison of properties of soap and
detergent in hard solution. There are three types of sample in test tube
A, B and C which are calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and ferum
chloride. Based on result, the soap has the precipitate of properties if
compare with the synthetic detergent that does not formed any
precipitate although react with either CaCl2, MgCl2 nor FeCl2.
For acidic test, it observe that the amount of HCl titrate until the pH 3 of
the soap has a high compare with the synthetic detergent and the soap
formed the precipitate when react with the acid and not for the synthetic
detergent. In part C, the relative cleanliness for beaker of soap solution
(A), detergent solution (B) and detergent (C) was determined.
Based on result, the detergent solution shown the high relative
cleanliness compare with the soap solution and the detergent. The
relative cleanliness can be concluding as: detergent solution < soap
solution < detergent. Thus, the objective of the experiment is achieved.

Recommendation
This experiment was performed successfully and the objective was
achieved. The objective of this experiment is to prepare soap and
compare its properties to that of a synthetic detergent.
There are three parts in these experiments. The first part which is part A
is about preparation of soap, part B is about comparison of soap and
detergent properties to test precipitation and emulsifying followed by
the part C is comparison of cleaning abilities of soap and detergent.
In part A, the soap is prepared and the mass of filter paper, soap and
soap recovered was recorded. All the comparison of properties had been
observed and recorded in part B. From the result, the pH value of the
soap solution is neutral and synthetic detergent is alkaline solution.
Therefore, alkaline detergent is recommended for cleaning than the
soap solution. The comparison of oil emulsification determined for the
three types of sample which are distilled water, soap solution and
synthetic detergent.
In test tube A, the distilled water emulsified the oil because the mixtures
have two immiscible fluid. In test tube B and C, detergent and soap
solution is attracted to both water and oil.
So, this is reason why detergent and soap not emulsified with oil. This
part also determined the comparison of properties of soap and
detergent in hard solution. There are three types of sample in test tube
A, B and C which are calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and ferum
chloride. Based on result, the soap has the precipitate of properties if
compare with the synthetic detergent that does not formed any
precipitate although react with either CaCl2, MgCl2 nor FeCl2.
For acidic test, it observe that the amount of HCl titrate until the pH 3 of
the soap has a high compare with the synthetic detergent and the soap
formed the precipitate when react with the acid and not for the synthetic
detergent.
In part C, the relative cleanliness for beaker of soap solution (A),
detergent solution (B) and detergent (C) was determined. Based on
result, the detergent solution shown the high relative cleanliness
compare with the soap solution and the detergent. The relative
cleanliness can be concluding as: detergent solution < soap solution <
detergent. Thus, the objective of the experiment is achieved.