KS3 Science ® Oo c 2 © f= \ a guide / » Revision guideAbout this Revision Guide ‘When i comes to getting the best results, aactice realy does make perfect! Experts have proved thet repestedly testing yourself on a topie~s0 that you practise recalling the information = is far more effective then rereading information over and over egain. And, tobe as efective 2 possible, you should space out the practice test sessions overtime. ‘This tevsion guide has been specially designed to support this approach to revision and includes five Aitferent opportunities to tost yourrelf on gach top, spaced out over time, => dU ‘These pages provide a recap of everything You Bcc need to know for each top You should read through all the information ° before taking the Quick Test at the end. This will test wheter you can recall the key facts. ‘These topicbased questions appear shortly after the revision pages for each topic and vl test whether you have understood the topic Ifyou get any of the questions wrong, maka sure you road the correct ansver carefully ‘These topic-based questions appeat later in the book, allowing you to revist the tapi anc ‘est how well you nave remembered the information. If you get ary ofthe questions wrong, make cura you road the correct anever carefully, ‘These pages feature a mix of questions for all the different topics, just like you would get ina ‘test They mill maka sure you can recall the relevant information to answer'a question without being told which topic it relates to. Be CE CRC Clomy \Visit our website a collins.co uk/collinsks3revsion and print off a set of flashcards. These pocket-sized cards feature questions and answers so that you can tast yourself on all the key facts anytime and anywhere. Yeu will alo find lots more information about the ad/antages of spaced practice and how to plan fort.KS3 ® Science » | of ¢¥\J > O SCM ela] guide and Eliot Attridge nc[= —_)KS2 Concepts Biology Calls—the Bulking Bods of ite Eating, Drinking and Breathing Getting the Energy your Body Needs Looking at Plants anc Econytem: Variation for Survival ‘Our Hoaith andthe EHfect of Orgs Chemistry Mikng, Ditehing and Separating Elements Commpounc and Reston Explaining Physical Changes Explaining Chemical changes Obtaining Useful Materials Using our Forth sustainably Physics Forces and their fects Explring Contec nd Non Contec Frcs ‘Motion on Earth and in Spoce Energy Taner ond Sound Magnetism and Eee Woves end Energy Tnsfer Mixed Test Style Questions Periodic Table Answers Giossary Index pa pe p16 p.20 p22 p40 pas p52 p64 p68 p. 100 p. 108 bei ty Revise Kasi review ae [] nw pa C] aw [ nas | we ae (T [i] na [a | [nse pe P39 p49 r a) ao | | [pss ner |_| 0 | na [| ns nor oer pa | ps p99) poe amo] pte FE) am) os ane p16 pa p17 pazCells - the Building Blocks of Life You must be able to: + Usea microscope to help understand the functions ofthe cel 4+ Remember the aiforences between animal and plant cells 4 Undeistand how substances mave into and out of cells by dlifsion ‘= Understand the organisation of ce’ Using a Light Microscope | Calls are too small to 599 with the naked eye. Using 2 light microscope helps us to see and draw cell pha dewn ser brovation withagh morons Kay Point ey deus Objectsneed to be placed on a thide, stained eee and covered with a Sane ‘coverslip, placed on the saya rosin | stage’ of the microscope, lluminated and then etaranan [foousted How Plant and Animal Cells Work + Animal and plant cells share some features but not others ‘Different pars of animal and plant calls have different functions Part Ci Ta aie ‘Membrane | Controls what enters end leaves the ell Yes | Yor ‘ytopiasm | Place where lois of chemical reactions (photosymthesi) Yes | Yes toke pce Nudeus | Stores information (in DNA) and contrls what happens Yee | Yer inthe col IMitochondtla | Release energy from food (glucose) by aerobic respiration Yer | Yer ‘Cellwall | Made from cellulose and gives rigid support tothe cell No | Yes \Vacuole | inflates the cal ike air pumped into a tyre and provides support |No | Usus to the cell Chloroplast | Contains green chlorophyllthat changes sunlight eneray into [No | Yes ‘glucose food enerayDiffusion Diffusion isone of the ways that substances enter and leave cells tran animal cll, oxygen and glucose difuse through the membrane into the cell. This‘ because there is more oxygen and glucose outside the cel than there singe, + Carbon dioxide end waste products diffuse out of the cell into the blood * Ina plant call carbon dionide diffuses in. Oxygen and glucese diffuse out. Unicellular Organisms + Unicelivlar organisms have just one call Euglena has long whipelikestructure to help it move through water. + Amoeba can make finger-ke projections to catch food. Organisation of Cells + ells of the seme type carrying out the same function ere usually grouped’ together to form a tissue, e.9. skin cells. * Different types of issue ere grouped together to form ovgens, eg. the brain + Different types of orgars sre grouped together to form ‘organ systems, ag. the nervous system. * Different types of organ systems work together to form the ‘organism, e.g. a human being + Examples of call and organ systems include: ~ Bone ces in the skeletal sjstem Blood calls in the transport system ~ Neve cells in the nervous ystem Sperm calls in the reproductive system. 1. Name one structure that ie found in plant celle animal cells, 2, Wherein a cll i energy released trom food? 3. Mame the process were molecules move from where there 4218 10 of them to where there are only 3 few, 4. Putthese words in ordes of complexity starting with ‘cell cell organism, organ, system, tise Diffusing substances always move trem where there ka lat of the substance thigh concentration) to where there is very litle (low concentration). A en en ote cells tissues organs = systems organisms ‘membrane ‘oytoplasm nucleus mitochondria cell wall vacuole chloroplast diffusion lunicelhtar organ ‘organ systemCells - the Building Blocks of Life You must be able to: 1+ Understand and oxplan the structure ofthe human reproductive system and how it wees ‘+ Krow how reproduction and fut dispersal works in a lowering plant '*) Understand why plant reproduction important to humans. Reproduction in Humans «Seal reproduction n humans inves alsa feral. ates “Males produce spetm cells in the tastes. Females produce 299 calls nthe ovary, ‘The penis deposits the sperm in the female vagina Sperm swim up through the uterus to the oviduct. Fertilization occurs vihen a sperm cell joins with an egg cell. “The fertiived egg then grows into an embryo and eventually becomes a baby. — rire (it wetter Candee ~ Menstrual Cycle + Females havea menstrual cycle lasting for about 28 days. Thisis called menstruation. + Ondays 1-5, if pregnancy has not occured, the uterus lining breaks down, tissue and blood are lost, and is replaced with new tissue + Fertilisation can enly occur on or around day 14 when ‘an 20g is released from the ovary. Gestation “+ Gestation is the process of the embryo developing in the wom, + The growing baby receives food and oxygen from the mothers blood through the placenta and umbilical cord | Therefore, if the mothor smokes and drinks alcohol the baby vill also receive some of the alcohol and nicotine. + Inhumans, gestation ends after nine months with the birth of the baby. BS X3 Since Roviion Guide) ‘Athumen foetus takes 38 weeks to grow from the cell being fertilised tow baby.Reproduction in Flowering Plants + Some flowers are insect pollinated, e.g. arose. tnsects visit flowers to collect sweet nectar “They transfer pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower “The male pollen fertilses the female egg cell. + Some flowe's are wind pollinated, e.g. oras. ‘Wind blows pollen from ene flower to another ~ Wind pollinated flowers ¢o not have a scent or nectar and petals are not brightly coloured as they do not need to attract insects ~ ‘They have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen se al eye he ener ome ecpoe re tinted pan Insecta pin Dispersal + After tertilsation, seeds davelop inside fruits. These then must bbe spread over a large area by lsperso. + Some fruit and seeds are spread by animals, e.g. some seeds hhave hooks which stick to an animal's fur Some are spead by wind. These often have wings or parachutes ‘to be carried by the breeze, e4. sycamore and dandelion seeds. Plants produce many seeds a: most fall to grow into a news plant. The Importance of Plant Reproduction + Plants provide us with most cf our food. + Without insects to polinate the flowers, many of us would starve due to lack of food. Bowes om ich two cells join together at fertilisation? 2. On which day of the menstisal cycie isa female egg releases 3. Write down the dferences btwaen an inzect pollinate! flower and a wind pollinated flower 4. Uist two ways that fruits and seecs can be dispersed Key Point Poltination the ranster of pollen by anther of ‘sperm testor 299 cell ovary uterus fertiksation| embryo aestation anther stigma pollination AlisporsalEating, Drinking and Breathing Know and explain how humans moveairintoand out of lungs ‘© Krow and understand ho cxygen and carbon diexide movebetween the blood and the lungs ‘+ Understand the effect of exercise asthma and smoking on the breathing systems Breathing + Breathing involves moving air into and out of the lungs. ‘When we breathe In, airs pushed in by air presture ‘rom the outside Ns move up and out Diphrog laters, ramos down OQ Spece nde the og incense Q This increases the Nelume ord vedes the premure OD Aiir rushes into the Tung tom oui ribs move down andin Diaphragm moves up Space inside the lungs ecreases This decreases the volume and increases the presure Airis pushed out of the lungs. Gas Exchange “© The lungs are made of millions of tiny ar sac called alveoli, = These airsacs are ~ Thin = Moist ~ Have a good blood supply = Have a large surface area, ‘ial+ Gesexchange is when: Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the lungs to be breathed out Cnygan leaves the lungs and enters the blood. * Ges exchange heppens through the thin walls ofthe air sc. + Theexchange happens bacauie of diffusion (08 page 4) Te ingen ben eer aeogm Things that Affect our Breathing Effect on Breathing | exercise Increases lung size + Improves gas exchange. [athe + Causesbreathing tubes (oronchioles) to | narrom making breathing dificult Smoking + Damages the breathing tubes so that ‘mucus buds up, This causes a cough, makes breathing more dificult and ‘makes infections more likely. + Inthe long term can cause emphyseme and lurg cancer B Quick Test 1. Explain how the ribs and diaphragm move to make you breathe in, 2. Explain what happons to the volume and pressure inside the lungs when the rios move down and in, 3. Name-the process by which oxygen moves from the ai in our Jungs into the blood. | 4. Deserve the effect smoking har on the lange. Diffusion isthe movement of particles from a high toa low diaphraam air pressure alveol asthmaEating, Drinking and Breathing You must be able to: plan whats meant by aay et © Exlanthe energy conten of ahesty det and understand nhat happens when a henry dit becomes unbalanced 1 Koow and expan the obs of ifeent prt ofthe digestive syst, AHealthy Diet “© Aheatthy diet contains all the right proportions ofthe following substances: Eee Corbohydrate Gives the body energy Fat ‘Gives the body energy and can be stored in the body Protein Used for growth Vitamins ‘Used to help chemical reactions take place in the body Minerals Used to make bones strong and help the blood cary oxygen Fibre Helps undigested food pass quickly through the gut Water Disolvas chemicals 50 that chemical reactions can take place “© Aealthy diet also contains sufficient food to prowde us with just the right amount of eneray. Energy in food is meatured in calories or joules. 1 alorie =4.2 joules ‘A young man needs about 2500 keal per day. 2500 kcal x 4.2 joules = 10,500 k) per day. An Unbalanced Diet ‘+ Eating an unbalanced diet can cause many problems: 9 ‘When dieticians talk about calories in food they really mean kilecalories.& klocalorie s 1000 calorie. em Problem Eating too much ‘Obesity Eating too litle Starvationimalnutition [Not eating enough protein | Kwashiorkor an illness caused by severe protein deficlency. His mostly seen in developing countries. ‘Not eating enough 1 lack (or deficen) of different vitamins causes different vitamins diseases, 0.9.2 ack of vitamin C causes scurvy. Not eating enough ‘A lock of iron causes anaemia, minerals 2 lac of calcium causes soft bonesThe Digestive System + The digestive system processes food that is eaten in the mouth, Foos travel through the oscophagus, stamach, intestine and recturn unt the waste is eliminated from the anus. ‘©The pancreas aso plays a kay role indigestion by procucing digestive enzymes which help break down the food. Food in Plants Unlike animals that eat food, plants make their own food. ‘The process is called photosynthesis. Plants toke woter and minerals from the zo “They take carton dioxide from the ae ‘They use energy from the Sun to convert these substances into carbohydrates in their leaves Tare ‘water+ carbon diovide —> glucose + oxygen diorapny Quick Test 1. Name five components of healthy dt. 2. Name three possible consequences of eating an unbatanced diet. White down the different parts of the digestive system inthe order food travels through them Start with mouth 4. Describe the difference in feeding between plants end anual TET * Key Point ‘Animale eat t00d, plant | make it carbohydrate fat protein Vitamins minerals fibre washiorkor scurvy ‘oesophagus stomach intestine rectum PhotosynthesisReview Questions Key Stage 2 Concepts © 2iiivng organi have certain tings in common, the box next tothe characteristic found in al a) Copy the table below and puta tick ( living things. Hardness Nutrition Trensperent Fying Flexible Growth Reproduction Melting — 8 ') One of the characteristics of living things s movement. Human beings use askeleton to help ‘them move. The skeleton also protects different parts of the body. “Trace or sketch the diagram of the skeleton. 1) Draw a.Jon the diagram to show the position of a joint for movement. a fi) Drew e Pon the diegrem to show part of the skeleton thet protects the body a uaa’ KS9Scionco Revision Gu© teria nave many dierent properties, tack found these materials in his father's shed Z etn eam iowa Ii) maoketoat 4) Which of the three materia isthe most flexible? u 'b) Which of tho matorials is magnet? 0 Which of the materials isthe worst thermal conductor? uw «d) Which of the matarial isthe best electrical conductor? i (9) Which of tho matariais isthe hardest? w © Tris question about te Earth the Sun and the Moon, 2) Which word best desribes the shape of al tree objects? > oun caine aphorcal =) tanguar =) 1) hich ofthe flowing statements about the Sun ae conect? i) The Sun rises in the East. The Sun set in the South, Ii) The Sun i highes: in the sky at midday. 'x) The Sun has phases just ike the Moon. ¥)_ Tho Sun is losor tothe Earth than the Moon 0 Match each statement with its correct number of days seen soo ore [hetero the sin] = [The Earth ott once | [4 [The Moon etisthe tar] a] ok=» Practice Questions > Cells - the Building Blocks of Life © Mares ine part of ocelot fonction vat ca function Cytoplasm ] Inflates the cell [wes Supporsthecell | Miodiendia Temes eneray Remakes | cetwat Stoves information and contol te cell Vacuole Where chemical reactions take place Ghoropiat Controle what enters and leavera cell OO rr) © These piant cals were seen using a microscope, Make 2 labled drawing of one a hem. ro} © winich of these words describes how substances can enter or leave a call? ropes i vacuole 1) fhsion macai) Eating, Drinking and Breathing © tumans need to eat a heatiy et 2) fxplan whats meant by a healthy det. a 5) Wee dow trae things that can happen if we donot havea healthy dit. kxplan your thee anne f © 00k tthe lagram ofthe digestive stem. a) Give the correct names for each port 1-8, fa 'b) Explain what each of the parts you have labelled does. @) © Cen the dfeence betneen feeding in animale feeding in plansGetting the Energy your Body Needs You must bo ableto: ‘© «plain whac respiration Is ‘= Understend an explain aerobic and anaerobic respiration, ncl-cing the differences between them Respiration + Respiration isthe process by which organisms release energy from food. + The energy is needed to power al the chemical processes necessary for life + There are two types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic Respiration “+ Humane release energy from glucose and oxygon by aerobic respiration. = Carbon dioxige anc water are produced as warte products ‘lucose + oxygen —D> carbon dioxide + water + Anaerobic Respiration + Anaerobic respiration takes place in humans when not enough be Key Point ble. cnygenise + Humans can break down glucose into lactic acid. Although humans can 1 Les energy released dutinganerobic esptation saeenislak eypet 1 Lbete aur ao released, The qui camer muce pal and wean ony do this for fatiue. vey ime + ‘Getting the burn’ is when muscles produce lactic acid in ‘happens when we need reerbicrepition {tof open very anaerobes li cacreneon we hicose —> acc ac + fun afesrace + Yeost isa microorganism that can also respire without oxygen (anaerobic respiration). Yeast breaks glucose down into alcoho e KeyPoint ‘end earbon dioxide. + “Thisproces is called fermentation. Fermentation bused to produce alcoholic drinks ‘glucose —> alcohol + carbon dloxide + ii se wine alaSimilarities and Differences between LSE) Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Key Point tie ghee ly = Both aer and Use onsen vir con metaten Prods carbon donde | |v rermerttioninyean [rsenar a cy X but not in humans. aoe rode wate zie cidrearveines Relene onoteney [wv _ |x paint can produce laced’ |, [vn amare Fut not by fementation Can produce akcohol |, |v armentationinyeast | et tin hues Coser nandetatgue [x |v respiration pou 1. What i the type of respiration tha aerobic | 2 Name tine type of respiration that re one ‘anaerobic 3. Give the type of resprat ‘glucose 44 Which type of respiration oxygen 5. Other than carbon dioxide lacticacd duty tormentatios fermentationGetting the Energy your Body Needs You must beable to: ‘© Explain the structure and function of the human skeleton ‘= Explain how muscles make the skeleton move, The Human Skeleton ‘The human skeleton has several different functions: ~ Supports the body and gives it shape. Acts 36a framework that enables muscles to move the body. Protects parts of the bod), for example, the skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lunes. ~ Makes red biood cells in the marrow ‘of the long bones, fer example, humerus ‘and femur. Joints and Muscles asin the skeleton are held together + Joints allow the skeleton to move. ints are held together by ligaments, + “The end of each bone is covered in cartilage for a smooth surface that cushions the joint. +The joint i filed with a fluid that lubricates the joint ee, opmentMuscles and Force Revise + Muscles move joints, + Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. © Each jolnt noads two muscle to make it work, This calles an antagonistic pai One muscle moves the joint in one direction. The other muscle ‘moves the joint in the opposite direction. + Muscles work by contracting and getting shorter in length. This, pulls the bone and moves the joint ‘Some muscles work in pairs callec antagonistic firs. When one muscle contract the other muscle relaxes + The force exerted by muscles can be measured in Newtons. <4 + To work out the force applied by 8 muzcle multiply the mes $869 ey lifted by its distance from the joint. vane al + The annwer is maz dtanc fom joint equals force dtance ee from the same joint. So in the diagram 10kgx30em=300 2MxSem=300 therefore the se oreo (7)= 501" S| Quick Test 1. Give four functions performed by the skeleton joint 2. Nome the tissue that ettaches bones to each other in ligament a joint, cantlage 3. Name the tsiue that attaches muscle to bone. tendon | 4 exalain what antagonistic means antagonistic pair‘You must beable to: ‘© Explainhow photosynthesis takes place = Unde Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make food. © Green plants absorb energy trom sunlight. = They use the energy to react water with carbon dioxide to make glucose. = The energy is stored in the glucose, © Oxygen is released as a waste product. = Plants use a green chemicel called chlorophyll inside chloroplasts to pertorm photosynthesis Looking at Plants and Ecosystems \dhowe green leafis adapted for photosynthesis ‘+ Understand the importance of photosynthesis to other living things When youwrite down the word equation for Tht photosyrtiesis bays waters carbon dioxide —p> glucose + oxygen include light and waters + energy a ') for fermentation in yoast alucose > + + energy e © for anaerobic respiration in humans glucore 3 energy m © explain why expiration in ving organismsisso important ea© Tre steteton ican important suc ‘Copy the table and put a tick 7) in the boxes next to each function performed by the skeleton, Carries oxygen around the body Supports the body Helps with movement ihere food Ie éigested Protects some organs Makes red blood cols whore anaerobic respiration takes place 4) © eins stow the sksletonto move entity the structures numbered 1-Sin the diagram ofthe {5} nee jin. © to0k tthe iagram ofthe human ar, a a) Explain the job cone by organ A. a) a. 1) expen the ob done organ 8 ea ©) What single word best describes these two organs? [1] Looking at Plants and Ecosystems © 2 comphea tis wonderin fr photognshes weter + > ghse + e 1) wets down two other things needed for phates to take place B © sig tetas, carn ii anid yar sh ew anal ai ait ne dependent upon each etherPractice Questions a Variation for Survival © cesar serena em asi tana ain arson ow camccnaoear at hint found oS lef ts pes rer cel a Ss Muscle a ewe ci Sperm cell £9 cell Embryo cll bi © Give the comes abet for Ato D onthe dasram Choose from the words given below (4 ucleus call gene chromosome A aecla © The graph shou variation of character ound in humans. Vaation canbe ether zens or tone Ios pi apc ARTES : Ene Our Health and the Effects of Drugs tion. By © Lock ste cutne dain ofthe human body Add labels to the drawing to show how the body prevents the entry of microbes. vy Explain the difference be:ween a medical drug and a recreational drug. By Recreational drugs can belived into three categories: depressants. stimulants and hallucinogens Give one examale of each type of drug and describe its effects on the human body. [6] ‘Many people drink alcohol excessively and smoke, Describe the possible longeterm effects (on the human body of drinking alcohol excessively end smoking. (51‘You mustbe able to: ‘+ Demonstrate arange of laboratory skills Reiie Pure and Impure Substances + In chemistry a "pure substance is one that contains only one {ype of atom or compound. ‘+ An impure substance contains more than one substance {element or compound), forming a mixture. + The substances inthe mixture are not chemically joined together soit should be easy to separate ther, + Acommon example of a mixture is sugar dissolved in water. Chromatography + Chrometoorophy separates disohed pigments in solution, e ‘the pigment in nk @ The sample mixture is loaded on a premarked line at the bottom af apiece of ehromatagrapty paper ard dipped into solvent. @ As te solvent moves up the paper it takes the citsolved pigments with it ince the pigments have citferant solubilities they travel at different speeds and so separate, @ the most soluble pigments move the furthest; les soluble igrnents move Iss fx Filtering ‘+ tration separates an insoluble solid from a ligule by passing the soldiliquid mixture through filter paper. {The filtrate isthe liquid whieh pastes through the titer paper and the solid left behind is the residue. + Excess copper oxide In copper sulfate solution can be separated by filtration. Copper sulfate is the filtrate, copper oxide isthe residue Mixing, Dissolving and Separating Represent pure substances and mixtures using simple particle pictures ‘© Apply aporopriate saparation techniques t diferent moctures Speman thus sd Sour metcrs ‘A pencil ine marke the starting point as it will ‘not mavewith the ink pigments ad eae