PRIFYSGOL ABERTAWE

SWANSEA UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering

SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATIONS
MAY/JUNE 2019

EG-362
FLUID MECHANICS III
YEAR 3

University calculators permitted only

Translation dictionaries are not permitted, but an English dictionary may be
borrowed from the invigilator on request.

Time allowed: 2 hours

Answer THREE questions

Please insert any standard constants here: -

𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 1 ℎ𝑝 = 745.7 𝑊

Ideal gas law: 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 speed of sound: 𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇
Conversion between Celsius and Kelvin: T(K) = T(°C) + 273
Mach number: Ma = 𝑉/𝑐
Pump water-horsepower = 𝜌𝑔𝒱̇ 𝐻
𝜔
Centrifugal pump net head, 𝐻 = 𝑔 (𝑟2 𝑉2,𝑡 − 𝑟1 𝑉1,𝑡 )
For Pelton wheel: 𝑊̇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡,𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑟𝜔𝒱̇ (𝑉𝑗 − 𝑟𝜔)(1 − cos(𝛽))

PLEASE NOTE: THIS EXAMINATION PAPER IS PRINTED ON BOTH SIDES

TURN OVER
Page 1 of 9
Question 1.

(a) What is boundary layer flow and what are the key assumptions used in simple
analytical solutions. What are the outputs from simple solutions and to what
practical configurations do they apply most closely and why.
[5 marks]

(b) Derive a quadratic function that may be used to represent the velocity profile
in a boundary layer and explain the key physical assumptions in the equation
and how they relate to the flow across the boundary layer.
[5 marks]

(c) Using the momentum integral equation set out below as a starting point and
the quadratic function derived in part (b), establish an equation to describe the
local shear stress within the boundary layer.

U df ( ) d
1

 f ( )(1  f ( ))d
2
   0  U
 d dx 0

[8 marks]

(d) The friction coefficient for fluid flowing over a surface aligned with the flow
under turbulent conditions is given by 𝑓 = 0.074𝑅𝑒𝐿−0.2 where symbols have
their usual meaning.

A flat plate measuring 30cm long by 10cm wide is immersed in a water

channel with the longest side aligned with the flow and the force on the plate
is used to estimate the flow velocity. If the drag force on the plate when
immersed centrally in the channel at the water mid depth is 100N, determine
the flow velocity and for a channel width of 0.5m and a water depth of 0.3m,
estimate the flow rate. If the transition to turbulent flow takes place at Re=106
is the velocity estimate likely to be accurate and if so, why.

Water density =1000kg/m3 Water viscosity = 0.001Pas

Note F=0.5ρU2Af
[7 marks]

(TOTAL 25 MARKS)

Page 2 of 9 TURN OVER

 2. Question 2.

(a) Contrast the governing physical assumptions that are made in analysing flow
under models of both ideal and real fluids. For what type of flow is the ideal
model a reasonable approximation. Using sketches in your answer, include an
illustrative example to show the differences that occur when applying these
models. h
[6 marks]

y
film
surface
x

air

Figure Q2 Vertical Film Flow

(b) Figure Q2 shows a section through a water film flowing down a vertical
surface. The conservation equations that describe the flow may be written in
full as:

Mass conservation
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Momentum conservation

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜇 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢
+𝑢 +𝑣 = − + [ + ] + 𝐹𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜇 𝜕 2 𝑣 𝜕 2 𝑣
+𝑢 +𝑣 = − + [ + ] + 𝐹𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Determine and justify the boundary conditions that apply and simplify the
governing equations, with justification to show that:

Question 2 continues on following page

Page 3 of 9 TURN OVER
Question 2 continued

𝑑2 𝑢 𝜌𝑔
= − , where g is the acceleration due to gravity
𝑑𝑦 2 𝜇

[8 marks]

c) Solve the governing equation to predict the velocity profile as the film flow down the
surface for a fluid density of 900kg/m3, viscosity of 0.01Pas and g=9.81m/s2.
[4 marks]

d) If the plane is tilted to incline at 60° to the horizontal, how will this modify the
governing equation and what is the likely impact on the maximum velocity in the
film.
[7 marks]

(TOTAL 25 MARKS)

Page 4 of 9 TURN OVER

Question 3.
Answer the following questions:
(a) A simple single-stage axial turbine is being designed to produce power from water
flowing through a tube as shown in Figure 3. The stator and rotor are both
approximated as thin, made of bent sheet metal. The upstream stator blades have a
leading edge angle 𝛽sl = 0 and a trailing edge angle 𝛽st = 50.3o. At design
conditions, the axial flow speed is 8.31 m/s, the rotor runs at 360 rpm, and it is desired
that there be no swirl downstream of the turbine. At a radius of 0.324 m, answer the
following questions:
i. Draw the velocity diagrams at the trailing edges of the stator and the rotor.
[5 marks]
ii. Calculate the leading and trailing edge angles of the rotor blade.
[10 marks]

Hub and generator

Stator Rotor
Figure 3

(b) A Pelton wheel turbine with a fixed turning angle 𝛽 and radius 𝑟 is designed for a
fluid of constant density 𝜌, constant jet velocity 𝑉𝑗 , and a fixed volumetric flow rate 𝒱̇.
Assuming that the angular velocity of the turbine is 𝜔, answer the following questions
i. For one turbine bucket, draw the velocity diagrams for the incoming and
outgoing fluid jets.
[3 marks]
ii. Determine the relationship between the jet velocity 𝑉𝑗 , radius 𝑟, and angular
velocity 𝜔 of the turbine when brake horsepower of the turbine shaft is zero.
[2 marks]
Question 3 continues on following page

Page 5 of 9 TURN OVER

Question 3 continued

iii. Determine the relationship between the jet velocity 𝑉𝑗 , radius 𝑟, and angular
velocity 𝜔 of the turbine when brake horsepower of the turbine shaft is
maximum.
Show all your work.
[5 marks]

(TOTAL 25 MARKS)

Page 6 of 9 TURN OVER

Question 4.

Answer the following:

(a) Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle at a pressure of 1 MPa and temperature of

35°C with a low velocity. The flow area of the test section is 0.5 m2 . Calculate the
pressure, temperature, velocity, density, and mass flow rate in the test section where
the Mach number is Ma = 2. Assume the flow to be steady, one-dimensional, and
isentropic with k = 1.4. The gas constant of air is 0.287 kJ/kg•K. If required, use the
data and equations provided in Figure 4.1 and Table Q4.1.
[10 marks]
(b) Consider a converging nozzle (nozzle-1) and a converging-diverging nozzle (nozzle-
2) with equal throat areas. For identical inlet conditions, explain which nozzle has a
higher mass flow rate when
i. the exiting flow is sonic for nozzle-1 and supersonic for nozzle-2.
ii. the exiting flow is subsonic for both the nozzles.
[3 marks]
(c) Argon gas enters a constant cross-sectional area heated duct at a mach number of
Ma1 = 0.2, a pressure of P1 = 320 kPa, and a temperature of T1 = 400 K at a rate of
1.2 kg/s. Disregarding frictional losses, determine the rate of heat transfer to Argon if
the flow at the exit of the heated section is choked. Assume that the mass flow rate
remains constant. The constant pressure specific heat of Argon is 𝑐𝑝 = 0.5203
kJ/kg•K. The gas constant of Argon is 0.2081 kJ/kg•K and assume k = 1.667. If
required, use the data and equations provided in Figures 4.1 and 4.2, and Tables 4.1
and 4.2.
[12 marks]

(TOTAL 25 MARKS)

Question 4 continues on the following pages

Page 7 of 9 TURN OVER

Question 4 continued

Figure 4.1: one dimensional isentropic flow

Page 8 of 9 TURN OVER

Question 4 continued

Figure 4.2: Rayleigh flow

END OF PAPER
Page 9 of 9