forensic 5 week 1

Module 1 (week 1)
FORENSIC 5
Prepared by: Mr. GOA. RC, MSCJ(CAR)
 
Objectives:
At the end of this topic the students may be able to:
1. To discuss the history of Lie Detection.
2. Identify the different scientists who contributed to the historical development of
such a machine.
 
TOPIC:                             HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIE DETECTION
 
CONTENT:
Introduction
In the middle of the 19th century, Dr. Hans Gross, an Austrian known as the “Father of
Criminalistics”, defined search for truth as the basis and goal of all criminal investigations. He
asserted that “a large part of the criminalist’s work is nothing more than a battle against lies. He
has to discover the truth and must fight the opposite. He meets the opposite at every step.
 
The searches for truth and attempts at uncovering falsehood have been a universal and almost
constant endeavor dating back at ancient times. In their attempt to discover deception, primitive
societies developed complex procedures founded on magic and mysticism. The doors to the
truth, divine creatures sent messages through fire, boiling water and torture. In some instances,
faith in this powerful mysticism miraculously allowed the innocent to go unscathed while the
guilty bore the mark of guilt.
 
Some of these rituals were based on sound physiological principles. Oriental people for example
distinguish truth from lying by having the entire accused chew dry rice and then spit it out. While
this was a simple task for the honest, those who were deceiving had difficulty in accomplishing
this task and were then judged to be guilty and punished accordingly. This practice recognized
that fear slows the digestive process, including salivation. Thus, the deceptive were unable to spit
out the dry rice, while the innocent, having faith in the power of their deity to clear them of the
unjust accusation, felt little fear in contrast to the guilty who knew they would be discovered.
 
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
 
Throughout the centuries, man continued to experiment with more scientific methods in
determining truth and deception with the following scientists having contributed much in the
development of the polygraph instrument:
“SCIENTIST WHO CONTRIBUTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYGRAPH” 
A. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOSPYMOGRAPH
 
1.  ANGELO MOSSO – 1895
 He studied fear's influence on the heart and his observation subsequently forms the basis
for detecting technique.
 He developed a type of sphygmomanometer and scientific cardio for the study of fear.
 
2.  CESAR LOMBROSO – 1895
An Italian scientist
 He was accorded the distinction of being the first person to utilize an instrument for the
purpose of detecting lies.
 He employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception.
This machine is called Hydrosphymograph. It measures changes in pulse and blood
pressure when suspects are questioned about their involvement in a particular offense.
He believes that there is such a thing as being born criminal (false).  Through stigmata,
you can determine a person who can be a criminal.
 
**Stigmata – bodily marks like Christ wounds impressed supernaturally.
3.  DR.  WILLIAM Moulton MARSTON – 1915
a  He conducted numerous tests for detecting deception utilizing the changes in systolic
blood pressure
a  He favored discontinuous method of reading systolic blood pressure
He also experimented with galvanograph which registered a change in skin resistance.
 
4.  JOHN A. LARSON – 1921
He devised an instrument capable of continuously recording blood pressure changes,
pulse rate and respiration.
 First Inventor of American Polygraph Machine
He also developed a broad board lie detector which was a polygraphic apparatus in
portable form.
 
5.  Munsterberg (1908)
Proposed that a lie test based on lie detector should be admissible as evidence in court.
The detection is based on using blood pressure variations for deception detection.
He advocates the use of lie detection in court.
But it was not known if the same was followed.

Module 2 (week 2)
FORENSIC 5
Prepared by: Mr. GOA. RC, MSCJ(CAR)
 
Objectives:
At the end of this topic the students may be able to:
1.       Discuss and explain the scientist who contributed to the development of polygraph.
 
TOPIC:                “SCIENTIST WHO CONTRIBUTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
POLYGRAPH” 
CONTENT:
 
B.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
 
1.  STICKER – 1897
®  He made the first suggestion for using a galvanograph for detecting deception based on
the works of several predecessors.
®  He theorized that galvanic skin reflex is influenced by existing mental impressions and
that will have no effect upon it.
®  First Inventor of the Polygraph Machine.
®  He invented the first lie detector using Electro dermal response.
 
2.  VERGUTH – 1926
®  He was the first who used the term psycho-galvanic reflex.
®  He believed that electrical phenomena are due to the activity of sweat glands.
 
3.  Fere – (1888)
®  French Scientist
®  Discovered that electro-dermal response is caused by an increase in the action of the
heart and vital energy converted with human emotions.
®  He asserted that the human body has the ability to generate stored, discharged high
voltage static electricity.
4.  D’Arsonval
®  French Scientist
®  Declared that electricity is generated by the body and named External Friction as
source of generation.
®  He assorted those sweat glands which the body at times stored the electricity and at
other times discharged them.
 
5.  Paul Wilhelm and Donald Burns (1951)
®  Michigan City, Indiana, USA, (Independent Lie Detector Specialists)
®  Invented an Electronic Psychometric using Electro dermal Response as a basis for lie
detection.
®  Both have proven the results of lie detection tests (during) using their instrumental
95% accuracy.
 
C.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
 
1.  VITTORIO BENUSSI – 1914
÷  He noted changes in respiration ratio during deception.
÷  He recorded respiratory course with the pneumograph component
 
2.  HAROLD E. BURTT – 1918
÷  He determine the respiratory changes was indication of deception
÷  He found that changes in systolic blood pressure were of greater value in determining
deception than in changes in respiration.
3.  LEONARD KEELER – 1926
 ÷  He devised metal recording bellows
÷  Rolled chart paper
÷  Incorporated galvanograph with the measurement of blood pressure and respiration
÷  Method of question
÷  Kymograph
 
4.  Darrow (1930)
÷  Devised a research photo polygraph which records several responses simultaneously,
which are;
A.    Electro dermal response (skin)
B.     Blood pressure
C.     Heart Beat Frequency
D.    Tine between verbal stimuli and verbal response.
E.     Signal Marks
F.      Involuntary tremors of one hand
G.    Breathing amplitude and frequency
H.    Voluntary movement of the hand.
÷  This method did not however last long.
 
5.  John E. Reid - 1945
÷  Devised an instrument for recording muscular activity.
÷  The recording made simultaneously with blood pressure pulse respiration tracings,
renders much more accurate any diagnosis based upon these later phenomena.
 
6.  Sir James Mackenzle
÷  Generally overlooked in the history of the lie detector technique is the fact that so
called polygraph was in existence at least as early as 1906.
÷  Its invention, however, was not for lie detection purposes, rather for the use in medical
examination.
÷  Nevertheless, it did contain the essential features of present day instruments and first
construction was based upon the same principle.
÷  Its inventor was Sir James Mackenzle, the famous English Heart Specialist with an
article entitled “The Ink Polygraph” which appeared in the 1908 number of the English
Journal.
 
7.  Cleve Backster – 1947
÷  Develop the control question technique which introduces a lie in the polygraph chart to
establish a yard stick so that one would know what the reaction really means.
÷  If this person responds to this control lie to a greater extent than does to the actual
questions under investigation we assume and establish the subject is telling the truth at
that point.
÷  If the reverse is true we state that he is not telling the truth at that point.
 
The Pioneers who used blood pressure in detecting deception are the following:
1. Lombroso (1895)
2. Munster burg (1908)
 3. Marston (1917)
4. John Larson (1921)
5. Darrow (1930 )
6. Leonard Keeler (1930)
 
Pioneers who used heartbeat in detecting Deception
1.  Erasistratus
ê  Greek Physician (300B.C.)
ê  Had successfully noted the frequency of heartbeat, upon application of some stimuli
related to the question at hand.
 
2.  Galileo (1581)
ê  Devised a gadget called “Pulsilogium”
ê  Instrument used to measure heartbeat frequency.
ê  He did not use this device for lie detection purposes.
 
 
Objectives of a polygraph examination
ê  Ascertain of a person is telling the truth by verifying statements or comparing
conflicting statements.
ê  Obtain additional investigative leads to the facts of an offense;
ê  Locate fruits of tools of crime or whereabouts of wanted persons;
ê  Identify other person involved;
ê  Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses and;
ê  Most important is the elimination of innocent suspects.
 

 
Module 2 (week 2) FORENSIC 5
Module 2 (week 2)
FORENSIC 5
Prepared by: Mr. GOA. RC, MSCJ(CAR)
 
Objectives:
At the end of this topic the students may be able to:
1.       Discuss and explain the scientist who contributed to the development of polygraph.
 
TOPIC:                “SCIENTIST WHO CONTRIBUTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
POLYGRAPH” 
CONTENT:
 
B.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
 
1.  STICKER – 1897
®  He made the first suggestion for using a galvanograph for detecting deception based on
the works of several predecessors.
 ®  He theorized that galvanic skin reflex is influenced by existing mental impressions and
that will have no effect upon it.
®  First Inventor of the Polygraph Machine.
®  He invented the first lie detector using Electro dermal response.
 
2.  VERGUTH – 1926
®  He was the first who used the term psycho-galvanic reflex.
®  He believed that electrical phenomena are due to the activity of sweat glands.
 
3.  Fere – (1888)
®  French Scientist
®  Discovered that electro-dermal response is caused by an increase in the action of the
heart and vital energy converted with human emotions.
®  He asserted that the human body has the ability to generate stored, discharged high
voltage static electricity.
4.  D’Arsonval
®  French Scientist
®  Declared that electricity is generated by the body and named External Friction as
source of generation.
®  He assorted those sweat glands which the body at times stored the electricity and at
other times discharged them.
 
5.  Paul Wilhelm and Donald Burns (1951)
®  Michigan City, Indiana, USA, (Independent Lie Detector Specialists)
®  Invented an Electronic Psychometric using Electro dermal Response as a basis for lie
detection.
®  Both have proven the results of lie detection tests (during) using their instrumental
95% accuracy.
 
C.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
 
1.  VITTORIO BENUSSI – 1914
÷  He noted changes in respiration ratio during deception.
÷  He recorded respiratory course with the pneumograph component
 
2.  HAROLD E. BURTT – 1918
÷  He determine the respiratory changes was indication of deception
÷  He found that changes in systolic blood pressure were of greater value in determining
deception than in changes in respiration.
3.  LEONARD KEELER – 1926
÷  He devised metal recording bellows
÷  Rolled chart paper
÷  Incorporated galvanograph with the measurement of blood pressure and respiration
÷  Method of question
÷  Kymograph
 
4.  Darrow (1930)
÷  Devised a research photo polygraph which records several responses simultaneously,
which are;
A.    Electro dermal response (skin)
B.     Blood pressure
C.     Heart Beat Frequency
D.    Tine between verbal stimuli and verbal response.
E.     Signal Marks
F.      Involuntary tremors of one hand
G.    Breathing amplitude and frequency
H.    Voluntary movement of the hand.
÷  This method did not however last long.
 
5.  John E. Reid - 1945
÷  Devised an instrument for recording muscular activity.
÷  The recording made simultaneously with blood pressure pulse respiration tracings,
renders much more accurate any diagnosis based upon these later phenomena.
 
6.  Sir James Mackenzle
÷  Generally overlooked in the history of the lie detector technique is the fact that so
called polygraph was in existence at least as early as 1906.
÷  Its invention, however, was not for lie detection purposes, rather for the use in medical
examination.
÷  Nevertheless, it did contain the essential features of present day instruments and first
construction was based upon the same principle.
÷  Its inventor was Sir James Mackenzle, the famous English Heart Specialist with an
article entitled “The Ink Polygraph” which appeared in the 1908 number of the English
Journal.
 
7.  Cleve Backster – 1947
÷  Develop the control question technique which introduces a lie in the polygraph chart to
establish a yard stick so that one would know what the reaction really means.
÷  If this person responds to this control lie to a greater extent than does to the actual
questions under investigation we assume and establish the subject is telling the truth at
that point.
÷  If the reverse is true we state that he is not telling the truth at that point.
 
The Pioneers who used blood pressure in detecting deception are the following:
1. Lombroso (1895)
2. Munster burg (1908)
3. Marston (1917)
4. John Larson (1921)
5. Darrow (1930 )
6. Leonard Keeler (1930)
 
Pioneers who used heartbeat in detecting Deception
1.  Erasistratus
 ê  Greek Physician (300B.C.)
ê  Had successfully noted the frequency of heartbeat, upon application of some stimuli
related to the question at hand.
 
2.  Galileo (1581)
ê  Devised a gadget called “Pulsilogium”
ê  Instrument used to measure heartbeat frequency.
ê  He did not use this device for lie detection purposes.
 
 
Objectives of a polygraph examination
ê  Ascertain of a person is telling the truth by verifying statements or comparing
conflicting statements.
ê  Obtain additional investigative leads to the facts of an offense;
ê  Locate fruits of tools of crime or whereabouts of wanted persons;
ê  Identify other person involved;
ê  Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses and;
ê  Most important is the elimination of innocent suspects.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Module 3 (week 3)
FORENSIC 5
Prepared by: Mr. GOA. RC, MSCJ (CAR
Objectives:
At the end of this topic the students may be able to:
1. Identify the theory of Lie detection.
2. To know the recent development of Lie detection instrumentation.
 
TOPIC:                                                            THEORY OF LIE DETECTION     
CONTENT:
THEORY OF LIE DETECTION
 
i)                    It must be recognized that there is no such thing as an instrument that will
detect lies. The popular name, Lie Detector, given to a collection of certain medical
instruments, is somewhat misleading. No collection of inanimate objects including
the very finest and complicated modern computers, can detect lies on the part of any
human being.
ii)                  The students can understandably ask, “Well, what does this do called “lie
detector” do?” The answer to that question is that the lie detector records certain
 physiological activities of the body. These activities are constantly in operation as
long as the person is alive. The student should be aware that the most common lie
detectors record a breathing pattern of inspiration and expiration, a continuous pattern
of relative blood pressure and pulse rate, and a pattern of electro dermal activity.
iii)                It is well known that the body adapts itself as efficiently as possible to its
environment. If the environment changes, the body will rapidly adjust itself to these
changes. This is done by a complicated system of internal checks and balance
primarily involving the autonomic nervous system. This ability to adjust is necessary
if the organism if the organism or body is to survive in a constantly changing world.
Those organisms that cannot adjust rapidly die out.
 
RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN LIE DETECTION INSTRUMENTATION
 
i)                    Since Mr. Trovillo’s article was written, there have been no great changes in
lie detector instrumentation.
ii)                  The consensus among lie detector operators is that present instrumentation is
adequate and any changes due must come in techniques of question formulation and
chart interpretation
iii)                Most people have tendency to relate lie detection strictly to police activities.
It is true that the police application have received the most publicity and the results
obtained have been most spectacular, however, it should be noted that lie detectors
are used by many modern hospitals abroad to aid in the study of mental conditions
and emotionality.
iv)                The most common of lie detection is in the field of business. Approximately
80% of lie detector examinations being conducted in the United States today are
related to the field of personal employment screening (job seekers), and employee
screening.
v)                  Obviously employers are interested in reducing their insidious drain of
company’s funds and inventory due to employees stealing of cash and property. The
lie detector is being used to reduce this drain by periodically screening employees. In
other words, helping honest people to stay honest.
vi)                As a rule, the results of a lie detector test are inadmissible as evidence.
However, if a lie detector subject confesses to the examiner during examination, this
confession can be admitted in court subject to the provisions of the rules of evidence.
vii)              Reasons why the results of a lie detector test are inadmissible as evidence:
(a)    Not standardized as to the qualifications of the examiner;
(b)   Not standardized as to the test procedure; and
(c)    Not standardized as to instrumentation.