SPE 140632

Application of Integrated Production System Modelling in Effective Well

and Reservoir Management of the Bonga Field
Ehimhen Okoh, Sekhar Sathyamoorthy, Elozino Olaniyan, and Ozioma Ezeokeke, Shell Nigeria Exploration and
Production Company
Copyright 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the 34th Annual SPE International Conference and Exhibition held in Tinapa – Calabar, Nigeria, 31 July–7 August 2010.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
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Abstract maintain the Bonga IPSM ‘live’ through calibration

with well test data and update with the latest field
The Bonga field located offshore Nigeria in OML information.
118, has produced more than 275 MMstb in the last
4 years. Production rates from 16 subsea high rate
The 2 key benefits of the IPSM are:
oil producer wells from 5 different manifolds are
being sustained by waterflooding that was
implemented from the onset of production. Currently, • Integration of multi-disciplines (from subsurface
mostly single zone oil producer wells drain 5 to topside) in model update and calibration, and
different deepwater turbidite reservoirs in the field. to ensure all aspects are considered for a robust
Fully treated seawater is injected from 13 subsea forecast
high rate water injector wells daisy chained onto 2
separate injection lines. Oil offtake on reservoir level • Testing new optimization opportunities or ideas
is highly dependable on successful voidage for improving oil offtake and water injection prior
replacement and pressure maintenance. In addition, to implementation in the field
constraints and operating envelopes in both the
production and injection system make day-to-day Examples of successful application of IPSM in WRM
optimizations extremely challenging. As with all are described in this paper, which also highlights
waterflood and Enhanced Oil Recovery schemes, future applications of IPSM for the Bonga asset.
‘world-class’ Well and Reservoir Management
(WRM) is the foundation of a successful project.
One key element of effective WRM is the application Introduction
of Integrated Production System Modelling (IPSM).
The Bonga field, located in OML 118 offshore Nigeria, is
Advanced and robust tools that model complex the first major deepwater field (water depth ranging from
integrated systems from the reservoir to the topsides 3100 to 3800 ft) operated by Shell in partnership with
have been developed and applied extensively in the ExxonMobil, Total and Agip, and under a Production
industry. An IPSM was built for Bonga allowing Sharing Contract with NNPC1. Within 4 years, the field
detailed dynamic reservoir simulation models to be has produced more than 275MMstb from five main
linked with well, flowline / subsea and topside reservoirs (690, 702, 710/740, 740SE and 803) at depths
models. Both the injection and production network of between 6000 and 12000 ftss.
models were incorporated to simulate the actual field
situation. In addition, an optimization script was built The reservoirs are comprised of fine-grained
to manage offtake and distribution of injection water amalgamated turbidite channel fill, massive sands and
aligned to the field pressure policy. This enables the overbank deposits. These reservoirs are generally less
model to duplicate as closely as possible actions than 100 ft thick, and measured sand porosities, ranging
taken in the field. An integrated-discipline workflow from 25 to 35%, are associated with multi-Darcy
was developed and applied on a monthly basis to permeabilities. Bonga crude is low viscosity and good
2 E. Okoh, S. Sathyamoorthy, E. Olaniyan, and O. Ezeokeke; SNEPCO
quality with an average of 30 API. Bonga’s reservoir
management plan was developed with the intention to
maximize and sustain oil production whilst ensuring
optimum reserves development. Pressure maintenance
was started from onset of production due to the relatively
low-pressured environment and excellent reservoir and
fluid properties. This has been achieved by waterflooding
in all reservoirs.
All subsea wells are connected by manifolds and
flowlines that are routed back to a spread moored FPSO
(Figure 1). The 16 subsea oil producer wells are arranged
in five clusters around dedicated subsea production
manifolds (PM-1 to PM-5) with each being capable of
receiving production from up to four wells. The wells are
tied in to the manifolds via rigid well jumper spools. Each
manifold is connected to a flowline pair (3 x 10” pairs
and 1 x 12” pair). These flowlines are provided with
(single point) gas lift at the riser base. Treated lift gas is
delivered to each riser via a dedicated gas lift riser and
flow control. The 13 subsea water injector wells are
‘daisy-chained’ along two 12” injection lines – East and
West.
Bonga oil producer wells are capable of delivering high
liquid rate (up to 50 kbopd). Most oil producer wells have
5 ½” tubing while four horizontal producers have 6 5/8”
tubing to cater for the higher well productivity. Water
injectors on the other hand, are designed to inject under
fracturing conditions at high rates (up to 70 kbwpd).
Injector wells are either 6 5/8” and 7” GRE lined tubulars.
Bonga wells are completed with downhole sand control.
With an oil production capacity of 225,000 bopd, a liquid
capacity of 280,000 bpd, a produced water handling
capacity of 100,000 bwpd and an water injection capacity
of 300,000 bwpd, Bonga was the first major Floating
Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) facility
offshore Nigeria. The 2 MMstb storage capacity spread
moored FPSO has full processing capability for oil and
produced water and injection water treatment. Production
is routed to one of two LP (3-phase) separators, from
where gas is further processed and compressed for
internal use (fuel & riser lift) or export. Oil is further
treated in the Bulk Oil Treater to remove water prior to
storage in the FPSO tanks. Produced water from the
process system is routed to the treatment plant
(Hydrocyclone and Induced Floatation Unit) to polish
down to less than 30 mg/l Oil-in-Water content before
discharge overboard.
Raw seawater is extracted from below the sea surface on
the starboard side of the FPSO, using 2 source pumps
rated to 200,000 bwpd each. The waterflood treatment
plant follows a conventional design that includes
hypochlorite generator, two-stage filtration, chemical
injection, deoxygenation and pumping. Two high-
SPE 140632
pressure injection pumps, rated to 150,000 bwpd, supply
water to the two subsea injection lines.
Integrated Production System Model (IPSM)
Modelling is an important link between data (acquisition
and interpretation) and the decision-making and
execution necessary to generate business value2 – Figure
2. Advanced and robust tools that model complex
integrated systems from the reservoir to the topsides have
been developed and applied extensively in the
industry3,4,5,6. This unified process commonly known as
Integrated Production System Modelling (IPSM) links the
simulation models at the reservoir levels to nodal analysis
at the well and surface network, incorporating the basic
physics at each node. IPSM is an essential part of Well
and Reservoir Management7,8 – forecasting, well
performance evaluation and optimization of production
and injection systems. It is a process of predicting the
effect of changes through a systematic analysis of
individual components and the impact of their
interactions on field performance5.
An IPSM was built for Bonga allowing detailed dynamic
reservoir simulation models (using Shell propriety
MoReS software) to be linked with well, flowline /
subsea and topside models (PROSPER / GAP / Resolve –
Petroleum Experts Ltd. software). The Bonga IPSM
model comprises 5 dynamic reservoir simulation models,
2 GAP network models – separate production and
injection systems, 16 oil-producer PROSPER well models
and 13 water-injector PROSPER well models. Additional
development wells in future development phases are also
included in the models. MoReS simulates pressure drop
and saturation changes in each reservoir with respect to
time. Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) curves are
passed on to GAP.
Both the injection and production network models were
incorporated to simulate the actual field situation. The
impact of infill drilling, varying injectivity, changes in
field allowable offtake limits, new equipment, flowline
and FPSO constraints on oil production and water
injection capacity can easily be evaluated using the Bonga
IPSM. The GAP models are connected to welland
reservoir models in Resolve. Schematics of the Bonga
IPSM are illustrated in Figures 3 to 5.
Application of 3-D Dynamic Reservoir
Simulation Model
The tracking of the average reservoir pressures and the
near well pressures are critical for the optimal ultimate
recovery and day-to-day management of the field and
experience has shown that in these turbidite reservoirs
with varying degree of heterogeneity, a material balance
3 Application of Integrated Production System Modeling in Effective Well and Reservoir Management of the Bonga Field SPE 140632
approach is inadequate. Dynamic modelling has been
adopted to enable the proper prediction of pressures and
saturations over time within the reservoirs. Other
advantages of the dynamic simulator over material
balance are that it incorporates the structural model and
the heterogeneity of the rock properties as well as
providing a means of specifically modelling the
behaviour of individual wells.
In a field where oil offtake is heavily reliant on
performance of a producer-injector pair, the use of
dynamic models as a platform for forecasting has a major
advantage as it allows the tracking of pressures in defined
producer-injector regions and fault blocks, rather than the
material balance average reservoir pressure. In order to
build a robust simulation model several static, dynamic,
and analysed data types and most importantly, the
knowledge gained from the field by day to day WRM are
incorporated.
Modelling Workflow
The Bonga IPSM team comprise key people (in reservoir
engineering, production technology, process engineering
and production programming disciplines) from the core
WRM team. The models are updated on monthly basis
prior to end of month production planning meetings
following a workflow as illustrated in Figure 6.
The first step is model validation and calibration – once
the historical field performance data is updated into the
Oil Field Manager® (OFM) database, the reservoir, well
and flowline models are calibrated. MoReS simulations
and sensitivities are performed to history match pressures
and rates. PROSPER well models are matched using
pressure and well test data. Similarly, the subsea flowline
models in GAP are matched against measured pressures
and rates. Wells and flowline matching are done on a
quarterly basis.
The short (90-day) and mid-term (2-year) Integrated
Activity Plans (IAPs) are key inputs to the model build -
maintenance activities and subsea interventions which
require any planned deferments, new wells start-up and
intervention jobs on rig sequence are among information
incorporated into the GAP models. The 90-day IAP is
updated on a monthly basis while the 2-year IAP is
updated every quarter. Unplanned deferement is entered
into the GAP model on a well level as percentage
downtime. This information is obtained from historical
trends in the field.
Well and system constraints and operating envelopes are
updated in the model on a monthly basis. In addition, on
each reservoir, there is a minimum and maximum
pressure limit and a maximum allowable production rate
as set by the Nigerian Department of Petroleum
Resources. These oil allowable rates are provided for 6
monthly intervals based on Maximum Efficient Rate
(MER) tests conducted in the field. The oil allowables by
reservoir cannot be exceeded on day-to-day production.
Maximum liquid rates for oil producers are capped at
actual tested rates recorded during MER tests. This
maximum rate takes into account downhole sand control
screen erosion limit, screen velocity and casing velocity
to maintain safe production envelope. Minimum liquid
production for the wells are based on flow assurance –
between 8-10 kbpd. Maximum injection rate for water
injectors on Bonga are 70 kbwpd based on erosional
limits for installed well completion design. In addition
injector wells also have minimum injection rate to ensure
effective fracture propagation - which is the minimum
rate the injector well should operate to avoid injectivity
decline caused by impairment.
The sub-sea flowlines have a maximum rate capacity limit
linked to their erosional velocity. The erosional velocity,
which is a function of the mixture density, is derived from
the API 14E equation. For the 10” sub-sea flowline, the
rate limit is 55kbpd and for the 12” flowline limit is
65kbpd. These values may vary depending on the gas
rates and the sand cuts from wells flowing into a
particular flowline.
Pressure maintenance is an important part of Bonga
WRM. Each well pair is managed from an offtake and
injection perspective based on compliance to minimum
and maximum pressure envelope determined at a specific
grid-block between the well pair in the MoReS model that
represents reservoir pressure. The minimum pressure is
set at 50 psi above the bubble point, while the maximum
pressure is ca. 150-250 psi above the initial reservoir
pressure to prevent fracturing of the cap rock.
History Matching and Model Calibration
Dynamic Reservoir Simulation Models
History matching is the critical step in achieving a model
that truly represents the subsurface dynamics of the
Bonga reservoirs. Confidence in a model as a prediction
tool can only begin from a history matched model and the
definition of what a good history match model is needs to
be defined from the beginning of the process. For the
Bonga field, critical parameters for a good history match
have been identified as; water breakthrough times,
average reservoir pressures as observed by MDTs in
recent wells and the flowing bottom/tubing head pressure
data. Other history match parameters are the development
of the water cut trend and the gas rates.
4 E. Okoh, S. Sathyamoorthy, E. Olaniyan, and O. Ezeokeke; SNEPCO
For the Bonga history match process, 3 broad classes of
poor, good and excellent history matches have been
defined. A poor history match would be defined as one
where there is no match on any of the critical history
match parameters. None of the Bonga reservoirs fall in
this category. A good match is defined as a match of all
the critical parameters, however some of the other match
parameters could be off but within the tolerance of the
measurement/gauge errors. Reservoirs that fall into this
category are mainly those where data gathering is a
challenge due to faulty gauges etc as shown in Figure 7.
An excellent match would demonstrate clear unarguable
matches on all the parameters. A majority of the Bonga
reserves are associated with the reservoirs where
excellent history matches have been obtainable. A typical
example is shown in Figure 8.
Well Models
PROSPER well models are matched quarterly with well
test data. As a statutory requirement, well tests are
performed monthly on all wells. Raw well test data are
quality checked with previous test results and well
performance trends. In Bonga, all oil producer wells are
equipped with Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDGs).
However due to installation failures, only half are in
operation today. Generally, PDGs are installed some 200
– 400ft from the top of perforation. Average static
pressures in the reservoir are usually estimated from
observation wells or from routine Pressure Build-Up
(PBU).
Once well test data are entered, models are calibrated
using a specified multiphase flow correlation for vertical
lift. For most of the Bonga wells, a good match is
obtained by manually adjusting the data with the most
likely source of error – usually the gas rate i.e. GOR and
the water cut. Water cut measurements are usually exigent
as Bonga wells are tested with carrier wells, as some
wells cannot flow unaccompanied. Errors in water cut
measurements are carried into GOR values. Figure 9
shows an example of good match of the vertical lift
correlation matched to well test data. The Vertical Lift
Performance (VLP) and Inflow Performance Relationship
(IPR) matching is then performed on the final calibrated
model. For Bonga wells, the Productivity Index (PI)
inflow model is used – in this case, the IPR is tuned by
adjusting either the static reservoir pressures or/and the PI
value to force the IPR curve to intersect with the outflow
curve at the test point as shown in Figure 10.
Presently, seven wells have experienced water break-
through and these wells require more frequent calibration
as their performance can easily vary within a shorter time
span. Where applicable, well models are updated to
reflect re-completions and workovers.
SPE 140632
Flowline Models
The surface network in GAP comprise of key components
of the subsea infrastructure - jumpers, flowlines and
risers. The Bonga GAP model also caters for flexibility
on well selection to specific flowlines, as represented in
the field by manifolds. Gas lift injection points are
modelled at riser bases for gas lift optimisation purpose.
The production system model terminates at the topside LP
separator, which provides a fixed pressure point and also
serves as the starting reference point for model iterative
calculations. On the other hand, the injection system
model takes its reference from the topsides water
injection pump.
Prior to flowline calibration, the matched PROSPER well
models are imported into GAP. Well tests and flowline
pressures and rate data are used for the calibration
exercise. Pipeline mutiphase flow correlation parameters
(friction and gravity) are adjusted to achieve good match.
The friction and gravity correction factors obtained from
the matching are recorded for future reference and
condition monitoring purpose. This information could
reveal flow assurance issues experienced by the flowlines
over time – sand accumulation, scale precipitation, etc.
Following successful matching, the model is further
validated by lining up wells as applicable in the field on a
reference case data and solving the entire network. The
production rate from the integrated system at top node
(separator) and individual flowlines are compared with
the measure rate in the field. Experience has shown that
prediction from the Bonga GAP models lies within an
average error margin of +/-10%. Once this is completed,
lift curves are generated for all flowlines and used for
IPSM. This reduces run time significantly.
Optimizer for Reservoir Management
In order to duplicate day-to-day field actions an optimizer
script was incorporated into Resolve. In practice,
reservoirs are operated within the minimum and
maximum operating envelopes while maximizing oil
production. Water injection and offtake are managed
accordingly, within this envelope. Injection water in the
model is distributed across wells in the injection system
based on Well Optimization Weighting (WOW) factor
defined in Equation 1. This weighting factor takes into
consideration reservoir pressure against its defined
operating envelope.
WOW = 1/[(1 + 1× ((TargetPr- Pr) /(TargetPr- Pmin))] (1)
where,
Pr is the pressure extracted from region in MoRes
5 Application of Integrated Production System Modeling in Effective Well and Reservoir Management of the Bonga Field SPE 140632
TargetPr is the target pressure defined by user to remain
within envelope
Pmin is the minimum reservoir pressure (50psi above
bubble point)
A grid block (region) is defined at an ‘observation-post’
between producer and injector pair in a particular
reservoir in MoReS for pressure monitoring. Minimum,
maximum, and target pressures for each region are pre-
defined based on the WRM plan. Typically, for well pairs
with pressure close to minimum more injected water is
allocated to the associated injector well to enable pressure
build-up. Oil producer wells are shut-in if reservoir
pressures are lower than the minimum pressure defined
and, vice-versa, injector wells are shut-in if reservoir
pressures are higher than the maximum pre-defined
pressures.
Application of IPSM in Bonga WRM
To date the Bonga IPSM has demonstrated tremendous
value, especially in WRM. A few examples of IPSM
applications in Bonga are described below to show how
the tool was effectively applied to support WRM.
Example 1: Optimization of Injection and
Production
Figure 11 illustrates the location of water injector and oil
producer well pairs in the 702 South Channel Complex
reservoir – each oil producer is supported by a water
injector. However, interference tests at start-up confirmed
that the 702 reservoir was largely better connected than
initial expected. Therefore, at start-up injector well W-2,
a mid-dip water injector, was kept shut-in due to potential
risk of reducing Ultimate Recovery (UR). Production
from the 3 oil producer wells was sustained by two
injector wells – W-1 and W-3.
In early 2008, injector wells W-1 and W-3 experienced
significant injectivity decline resulting in lower Voidage
Replacement Ratio (VRR). Both injector wells W-1 and
W-3 were scheduled for acid stimulation later in 2008
using a rigless intervention vessel. However vessel and
equipment availability as well as long preparation time
for the activity meant that injectivity in those wells could
not be restored immediately. In the interim, two options
were considered to improve VRR; 1.) reduce offtake from
P-1, P-2 and P-3 and 2.) open injector well W-2 for a
short period to supplement injection. These scenarios
were simulated with the Bonga IPSM to determine impact
on reservoir pressure, short-term oil production and long
term recovery. Figure 12 shows that by curtailing ca. 35-
kbopd production, reservoir pressure could be increased
gradually to 70psi above the minimum pressure. This is
achieved in approximately 90 days. Faster build-up of
reservoir pressure could be accomplished with further
curtailment of offtake.
In the case where injector well W-2 was started-up
immediately to increase VRR, no impact on ultimate
recovery was observed for the proposed short injection
period (3-4 months) into the well. In addition, this option
had the advantage of maintaining offtake from the
reservoir (no curtailment) until time the acid stimulation
could be executed on W-1 and W-3. The IPSM results
were used to ascertain the best option for the 702
reservoir.
Example 2: Decision on Well Sidetrack
The Bonga field development plan entails sidetracking
high water cut wells to new targets to sustain oil
production plauteau. Several wells have started producing
water since start-up earlier than anticipated. Subsurface
understanding increases over time with more production
and injection data, and from 4-D seismic information.
While uncertainties in subsurface architecture and rock
properties are usually the main culprit, changes in WRM
strategy caused by water injection distribution /
optimization, injectivity decline, well integrity issues, etc,
could also result in un-expected water-breakthrough.
Hence, it is very important that the latest subsurface
understanding and any changes to WRM strategy are
quickly incorporated into the simulation model to
understand its impact on future production.
Figure 13 illustrates production (oil and water) rate and
reservoir pressure forecast for well P-5. This well was the
first well to experience water breakthrough in the field in
late 2006 and water cut was expected to increase rapidly
within a short period. The low net oil rate would make the
well a suitable candidate for sidetracking. However, latest
forecast shows that the well continues to produce at stable
rate more than 3 kbopd net oil for the next 5 – 7 years,
thereby delaying a decision to sidetrack well.
Example 3: Mid Term Forecast
The primary tool for the Bonga Mid Term Forecast
(MTF) is the IPSM. The monthly updated IPSM provides
a robust 2 year forecast that is used to evaluate latest field
performance against target. Figure 14 illustrates an
example of Bonga oil and water production MTF using
IPSM.
In this particular example, waterflood system upgrade /
maintenance work resulted in lower oil offtake due to
shut-in of selected water injector wells. Any shut-in of
existing water injector wells during Phase 2 drilling to
prevent high pressures in target reservoirs also results in
significant loss of field production. On the other hand,
6 E. Okoh, S. Sathyamoorthy, E. Olaniyan, and O. Ezeokeke; SNEPCO
new Phase 2 wells started-up during the year, increased
field oil production rate. The main reason for only a slight
increase in oil rate from new wells during initial years is
because of limited injection water.
In order to maintain plauteau production at nameplate
capacity, new drilling opportunities are fast-tracked to fill
any gaps, while planned activities on topsides / facilities
that would cause deferments were reviewed by the
integrated team to ensure minimum impact on the 2-year
production. The MTF allows the integrated team to
evaluate various options and risks prior to implementation
and ensures that the monthly IAP supports the annual
production target and business plan.
Example 4: Tool for Production System
Optimization (PSO)
Production System Optimisation (PSO) is an important
part of WRM that identifies opportunities to maximise oil
production. This is achieved by combining regular
surveillance with a clear understanding of elements of the
production and injection system and how they perform in
an integrated manner. Implementing PSO opportunities
results in changes to existing production and injection
system components, whilst honouring operating
constraints including those that will maximise life cycle
value. Most of these changes cannot be implemented in
the field without first testing their possible outcomes.
IPSM is an ideal tool for performing such studies of
various full field optimization ideas and creating a basis
for ranking opportunities. The GAP models could be used
as anodal analysis tool, once decoupled from MoReS, to
provide quick screening for opportunities.
The Bonga water injection pumps were scheduled for
upgrade in early 2010. The upgrade work was phased
starting with one pump and turbine at a time. Hence,
during that period injection would be reduced to one
injection pump at maximum capacity into one injection
line - either East or West (see Figure 5). During that
period, average injection rate was expected to be ca.
130kbwpd and corresponding oil production rate from the
field of ca. 120 kbopd.
Upon further technical evaluation, the engineering team
proposed that the cross-over (X-Over) valve on topside
connecting both injection lines could be safely opened
during the waterflood upgrade by isolating the system
where upgrade work was performed further upstream.
This allowed injection of water into both injection lines
for the period of upgrade work. Hence, it was possible to
direct the limited injection water to key water injectors
(with high Water Utilization Factor) to deliver optimum
oil production rate. This scenario was quickly tested using
the GAP network models. Simulation results showed that
SPE 140632
field injection rate could be increased to ca. 155 kbwpd
by diverting water to two injector wells on each line. This
proposed well configuration with X-Over valve open was
able to sustain an oil production rate of ca. 140 kbopd (ca.
20 kbopd gain).
Conclusions
One key element of effective Well and Reservoir
Management is the application of Integrated Production
System Modelling. This paper describes the workflow
used to create an Integrated Production System Model
using the MoReS - GAP software for the Bonga field.
Models are kept “alive” through a systematic and multi-
disciplinary approach of calibration and validation with
historical production and well test data. This validates our
current understanding of the Bonga field and ensures
models are representative.
The IPSM application, as demonstrated by examples in
this paper, has been extremely valuable for the Bonga
WRM team as a result of:
• Ability to model actions to be undertaken in the
field, and optimize production & injection while
complying to WRM Plan and honouring /
integrating all constraints in the system
• User friendly yet powerful tool available for
testing WRM and Production System
Optimization opportunities and changes in IAP
or rig sequence prior to implementation
• Better understanding of Bonga when performing
calibration exercises, and keeping model ‘alive’
on monthly basis
• Early identification of system issues during
monthly calibration. For example – flowline
plugging, well performance decline, etc
• Integrated approach to forecasting, resulting in
more robust tool due to ownership by all
disciplines
Future plans for Bonga IPSM include roll-out of
Integrated Field Management (IFM®) by Petroleum
Experts which will allow more automated workflow to
keep the models ‘live’. IFM is the front-end of IPM and
links real-time well performance data (pressure, rate, etc)
from Plant Information® for calibration of models.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank NNPC/NAPIMS, the
management of Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production
Company Limited and partners Esso Exploration and
7 Application of Integrated Production System Modeling in Effective Well and Reservoir Management of the Bonga Field SPE 140632

Production Nigeria Limited, Total Exploration and
Production Nigeria Limited and Nigeria Agip Exploration
Limited for permission to publish this paper. In addition,
expert advice from Burney Waring, Fidelis Tendo and
Harry Sommerdijk were most appreciated.
8. Martijn Hooimeijer and Mohamad Azmi “Advanced
Production Monitoring”, SPE 104161, presented at
SPE International Oil & Gas Conference and
Exhibition, Beijing, China, 5-7 December 2006.

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8 E. Okoh, S. Sathyamoorthy, E. Olaniyan, and O. Ezeokeke; SNEPCO SPE 140632

Figure 1: Bonga subsea infrastructure showing oil producer wells connected to the 5 production manifolds and
daisy chained water injector wells along two injection lines (East and West)
9 Application of Integrated Production System Modeling in Effective Well and Reservoir Management of the Bonga Field SPE 140632

Field Optimization Surveillance - Data Gathering

Measure Model

Decide

Execute

Figure 2 : Modelling is an important part of field optimization – linking data gathering and analysis with decision
making and execution

RESOLVE – BONGA MAIN IPM

Key:

Figure 3 : Overall layout of Bonga IPSM showing the 5 MoReS reservoir models linking injection and
production GAP models
 10 E. Okoh, S. Sathyamoorthy, E. Olaniyan, and O. Ezeokeke; SNEPCO SPE 140632

PRODUCTION SYSTEM – BONGA MAIN IPM

Figure 4 : Bonga production system model in GAP showing wells, manifolds, flowlines and connection to topside

INJECTION SYSTEM – BONGA MAIN IPM

Figure 5 : Bonga injection system model in GAP showing wells, two injection lines (East and West), cross-over line
and topside injection pumps
11 Application of Integrated Production System Modeling in Effective Well and Reservoir Management of the Bonga Field SPE 140632

Update Historical Data from OFM

Calibration Ready for Use

- Wells and Subsea (3- Monthly)
- Reservoir (Quarterly)

Test Runs
- Check with field data
Update Schedule
- Integrated Activity Plan
- Start-ups of new wells
- Rig Schedule Update Un-Planned Deferment

Update Constraints
- Max well rates
Update Pressure Table
- Reservoir allowable - Min. pressure bubble point + 50 psi
- Flowline limits - Max. pressure shale frac + 150-250 psi
- Surface limits

Figure 6 : Bonga monthly IPSM workflow

12 E. Okoh, S. Sathyamoorthy, E. Olaniyan, and O. Ezeokeke; SNEPCO SPE 140632

Simulated BHP

Simulated THP

Gas rate

Oil rate

Bsw

Figure 7 : Dynamic reservoir simulation results showing a “good” history match for one of Bonga Reservoirs
 13 Application of Integrated Production System Modeling in Effective Well and Reservoir Management of the Bonga Field SPE 140632

Simulated THP

Oil rate

Gas rate

Bsw

Figure 8 : Dynamic reservoir simulation results showing an “Excellent” history match for one of Bonga Reservoirs

.
 14 E. Okoh, S. Sathyamoorthy, E. Olaniyan, and O. Ezeokeke; SNEPCO SPE 140632

Well test
data point

Figure 9: Well test data match to vertical lift correlation for an oil producer well

Well test
data point

Figure 10: IPR/ VLP matching to well test data for an oil producer well
 15 Application of Integrated Production System Modeling in Effective Well and Reservoir Management of the Bonga Field SPE 140632

Producer
P-3
Injector
W-3

Producer
P-2

Injector Producer Injector

W-1 P-1 W-2

Figure 11: Reservoir map for 702 showing location of water injector and oil producer pairs

Reservoir pressureclose to
minimum limit

70 psi buffer
Minimum pressure
90 days

Figure 12: IPSM results for scenario where 702 offtake is reduced to build pressure above minimum limit
 16 E. Okoh, S. Sathyamoorthy, E. Olaniyan, and O. Ezeokeke; SNEPCO SPE 140632

Oil Producer Well P-5

Oil production rate sustained

for next 5 – 7 years

Figure 13: Forecast for oil producer well P-5 showing unexpected flow profiles after latest subsurface
understanding and water injection strategy incorporated into the IPSM

East Line - Injection pump turbine

Waterflood shut-in for
Grayloc repairs. Producer
wells curtailed to maintain
Producer well A & B
VRR of 1
shut-in due to infill
drilling
engine replacement, pump impeller
and 2nd source pump change-out
and caisson inspection
West Line - Injection pump
turbine engine replacement
and cartridge filter upgrade

Start-up of new Phase 2 well Start-up of new Phase 2 well

Figure 14: Example of 2 year oil and water production forecast (Mid Term Forecast) using IPSM