Name Date ____ Class Chemical Equations and Reactions [SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Match the symbol on the left with its appropriate description on the right. dA (a) A precipitate forms. (b) A gas forms. (©) A reversible reaction occurs. (@) Heat is applied to the reactants. (©) A chemical is dissolved in water. (€) A chemical is in the liquid state. 2. Finish balancing the following equation: 3Fe,0, + 8 al _4 A105 + Fe 3. In each of the following formulas, write the total number of atoms present. —_I2atoms _a, 480, atoms __, 60, —__Slatoms___¢, 3A1,(S04)s 3x 10*atoms _ a, 6 x 10” HNO; 4. Convert the following word equation into a balanced chemical equation: aluminum metal + copper(II) fluoride > aluminum fluoride + copper metal 2Al(s) + 3CuF2(aq) > 2AIF3(aq) + 3Cu(s) 5. One way to test the salinity of a water sample is to add a few drops of silver nitrate solution with a known concentration, As the solutions of sodium chloride and silver nitrate mix, a precipitate of silver chloride forms, and sodium nitrate is left in solution. Translate these sentences into a balanced chemical equation. NaCl(aq) + AgNOs(aq) -> AgCI(s) + NaNOs(aq) 6. a. Balance the following equation: NaHCO,(s) + NaxCO3(s) + Hz0(g) + CO2(g) 2NaHCOs(s) 4 NazCO3(s) + H20(g) + CO2(9) MODERN CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTIONS 65:Name Date Class SECTION 1 continued b. Translate the chemical equation in part a into a sentence. When solid sodium hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) is heated, it decomposes into solid sodium carbonate while releasing carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. 7. The poisonous gas hydrogen sulfide, HS, can be neutralized with a base such as sodium hydroxide, NaOH. The unbalanced equation for this reaction follows: NaOH(ag) + HaS(g) > NazS(ag) + Hz0(0) ‘A student who was asked to balance this equation wrote the following: NaOH(aq) + HsS(g) > Na,S(aq) + H30(0) Is this equation balanced? Is it correct? Explain why or why not, and supply the correct balanced equation if necessary. It is balanced but incorrect. In two of the formulas the subscripts were changed, which changed the compounds involved. Water is not H30, and sodium hydroxide is not NazOH. The correct balanced equation is 2NaOH + HzS — NaS + 2H20. PROBLEM Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space provided. 8. Recall that coefficients in a balanced chemical equation give relative amounts of moles as well as ‘numbers of molecules. 20mel a. Calculate the number of moles of CO; that form if 10 mol of CsBs react according tothe following balanced equation: Calle + 40; 9 3C0, + 2H,0 40. mol . Calculate the number of moles of Os that are consumed. 66 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTIONS MODERN CHEMISTRY. Copigh © y Ho, Ric nd Winson. A igh eeeName Date Class Chemical Equations and Reactions — the space provided. SHORT ANSWER Answer the following question: 11, Match the equation type on the left to its representation on the right. synthesis (@) AX +BY > AY + BX d__ decomposition (b) A+ BX SAX +B b __ single-displacement (© A+B 3AX 8 double-displacement @ AXSA+X 2, _&__ In the reaction described by the equation 2AI(s) + 3Fe(NOs)s(aq) — 3Fe(s) + 2AI(NOs)3(aq), iron has been replaced by (@) nitrate, (@) aluminum. (b) water. (@) nitrogen. 3. —@__ Of the following chemical equations, the only reaction that is both synthesis and ie a ly combustion is, (a) C(s) + Og) > CO4(). (b) 2C4Hyo(!) + 1302(g) > 8COx(g) + 10H20(0), (©) 6CO,(g) + 6H,O(g) > CeH20«(ag) + 60218), (@) CoH:20¢(ag) + 603(g) > 6COz(aq) + 6H;0(1), 4, —b__ of the following chemical equations, the only reaction that is both combustion and decomposition is (a) S(s) + O2(g) > SO2(8). (b) 2CHyo(1) + 1303(g) > 8CO,(g) + 10H,0(0). (©) 2H0,{1) + 2H,0() + Ox(¢) (@) 2Hg0(s) 4 2H) + Ox) 5. Identify the products when the following substances decompose: its separate elements a. a binary compound metal oxide + water 'b. most metal hydroxides metal oxide + carbon dioxide __¢, 4 metal carbonate ___Water + sulfur dioxide _q the acid H,SO3, 6. ‘The complete combustion of a hydrocarbon in excess oxygen yields the products ©O2_ and H20 MODERN CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTIONS 67 Copigh ©by Ho, Rint ad Weson,A iis oveName Date Class, SECTION 2 continued 7. For the following four reactions, identify the type, predict the products (make sure formulas are correct), and balance the equations: a, Chy(aq) + Nallag) > single-displacement; Cla(aq) + 2Nal(aq) — I2(aq) + 2NaCi(aq) b. Mg(s) + Nate) > synthesis; 3Mg(s) + N2(g) > MgsNz2(s) & Co(NOs)a(aq) + H:S(aq) > double-displacement; Co(NOs)2(aq) + H2S(aq) > CoS(s) + 2HNO3(aq) d. C,HsOH(aq) + Ox(g) > combustion; CzHsOH(aq) + 302(g) — 2CO2(g) + 3H20(!) 8. Acetylene gas, C2H, is burned to provide the high temperature needed in welding. 1a, Write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of CzHz in oxygen, 2C2H2(g) + 502(g) ~» 4C02(9) + 2H20() mol b If L0 mol of Calis burned, how many moles of CO; are formed? 2.5 mol ¢. If 1.0 mol of CH: is bumed how many moles of oxygen gas are consumed? 9. a, Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when solutions of barium chloride and sodium carbonate are mixed. Refer to Table 1 on page 437 in Chapter 13 for solubility BaCl,(aq) + NazCO3(aq) > BaCOs(s) + 2NaCI(aq) b. To which of the five basic types of reactions does this reaction belong? double-displacement 10. For the commercial preparation of aluminum metal, the metal is extracted by electrolysis from. alumina, AlsOs. Write the balanced chemical equation for the electrolysis of molten Al;Os. 2Alz03(1) > 4Al(5) + 302(9) 68 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTIONS MODERN CHEMISTRYName Date Class rN ee a Chemical Equations and Reactions EEE = = } }©}©}©—~—— SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. List four metals that will not replace hydrogen in an acid, Choose from Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Sb, Bi, and Hg. 2. Consider the metals iron and silver, both listed in Table 3 on page 286 of the text. Which one readily forms an oxide in nature, and which one does not? Fe forms an oxide in nature, and Ag does not, because it is much less active. 3. In each of the following pairs, identify the more active element. —fa_ a. and; Kb, Mnand K He, CuandH 4, Use the information in Table 3 on page 286 of the text to predict whether each of the following reactions will occur. For each reaction that will occur, complete the chemical equation by writing in the products formed and balancing the final equation a, Al(s) + CHsCOOH(ag) 25 2Al(s) + 6CH3COOH(aq) =" 2AK(CH;COO)3(aq) + 3H2(9) b, Alls) + HOW) 225) no reaction ©. Cr(s) + CaCI ag) > 2Cr(s) + 3CdCI,(ag) > 2CrCIs(aq) + 3Cd(s) 4. Br) + KCK(ag) > no reaction MODERN CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTIONS 69 epyigt Oy Ha td Winn Al ig een,Name Date Class SECTION 3 continued 5. Very active metals will react with water to release hydrogen gas and form hydroxides. ‘a. Complete, and then balance, the equation for the reaction of Ca(s) with water. Ca(s) + 2H20(/) ~ Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(9) b, The reaction of rubidium, Rb, with water is faster and more violent than the reaction of Na with ‘water. Use the atomic structure and radius of each metal to account for this difference. Both are alkali metals and readily form a stable 1+ lon by ejecting an s" electron. Rb has a larger radius than Na and holds its electron less tightly, making it more reactive. Gold, Au, is often used in jewelry. How does the relative activity of Au relate to its use in jewelry? Gold has a low reactivity and therefore does not corrode over time. 7. Explain how to use an activity series to predict the outcome of a single-displacement reaction. ity of the free element is greater than In single-displacement reactions, if the ai that of the element in the compound, the reaction will take place. Aluminum is above copper in the activity series. Will aluminum metal react with copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO4),, to form aluminum nitrate, AI(NO;)s? If so, write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction Yes; because aluminum is above copper in the activity series, aluminum metal will replace copper in copper({i) nitrate. 2Al(s) + 3Cu(NO5)2(aq) > 2AI(NOs)3(aq) + 3Cu(s) 70 _CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTIONS MODERN CHEMISTRYName Date Class rN es TA Chemical Equations and Reactions k=... SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1, —}__ A balanced chemical equation represents all the following except (a) experimentally established facts, (b) the mechanism by which reactants combine to form products, (©) identities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction (@) relative quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. ‘According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of the reacting substances is, (a) always more than the total mass of the products (b) always less than the total mass of the products. (©) sometimes more and sometimes less than the total mass of the products. (@) always equal to the total mass of the products. 3. Predict whether each of the following chemical reactions will occur. For each reaction that will ‘occur, identify the reaction type and complete the chemical equation by writing in the products formed and balancing the final equation. General solubility rules are in Table 1 on page 437 of the text. a. Ba(NOs)2(ag) + NasPO,(aq) > double-displacement; 3Ba(NOs)2(aq) + 2NasPO4(aq) > Ba;(PO,)a(3) + 6NaNO3(aq) b. Al(s) + Oxf@) > synthesis; 4Al(s) + 302(g) > 2A1203(s) €. Ti66) + NaBr(ag) > no reaction d. CsHa(g) + Or(g) > combustion; CsH4(g) + 402(g) > 3CO2(g) + 2H20(g) MODERN CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTIONS 717 pig © by Hk, incu ad Wins. AL igus evelName Date Class MIXED REVIEW continued €. electrolysis of molten potassium chloride decomposition; 2KCI(I) + 2K(s) + Cl(9) 4. Some small rockets are powered by the reaction represented by the following unbalanced equation: (CH)aNaHa(0) + NzOc(g) > Na(g) + HzO(@) + COz(g) + heat 1, Translate this chemical equation into a sentence. (Hint: The name for (CH,)2N:H. is imethylhydrazine.) When liquid dimethylhydrazine is mixed with dinitrogen tetroxide gas, the products are nitrogen gas, water vapor, and gaseous carbon dioxide, along with energy in the form of heat. b. Balance the formula equation. (CH3)2N2H2 (I) + 2N204(9) > 3N2(g) + 4H20(g) + 2CO2( 9) 5. In the laboratory, you are given two small chips of each of the unknown metals X, Y, and Z, along with dropper bottles containing solutions of XCl3(ag) and ZCl,(aq). Describe an experimental strategy you could use to determine the relative activities of X, Y, and Z. Wording and strategies will vary. First, place one chip of Y into XCl,(aq) and another into ZCI,(aq). If ¥ reacts with one solution but not the other, the activity series can be established. If ¥ replaces X but not Z, the series is Z > Y > X. If Y replaces Z but not X, the series is X > Y > Z. IF reacts with neither solution, Y is at the bottom of the series. Next, put one chip of X into ZCl,(aq). If it reacts, the series is X > Z> Y. If it does not react, the series is Z > X > Y. If ¥ reacts with both solutions, Y is the most reactive. Last, put a chip of X into ZCI,(aq). If it reacts, the series is Y > X > Z. If it does not react, the series is Y > Z > X. List the observations that would indicate that a reaction had occurred. Signs of a reaction include generation of energy as heat or light, formation of a precipitate, formation of a gas, and change in color. 72 __ CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTIONS MODERN CHEMISTRYName Date Class Stoichiometry Et #& #8 # 8§=[] —h—.lrlr SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1, —b _ ‘he coefficients in a chemical equation represent the (a) masses in grams of all reactants and products. (b) relative number of moles of reactants and products. (©) number of atoms of each element in each compound in a reaction, (@) number of valence electrons involved in a reaction, Which of the following would not be studied within the topic of stoichiometry? (@) the mole ratio of Al to Cl in the compound aluminum chloride (b) the mass of carbon produced when a known mass of sucrose decomposes (©) the number of moles of hydrogen that will react with a known quantity of oxygen (@) the amount of energy required to break the ionic bonds in CaP, A balanced chemical equation allows you to determine the (a) mole ratio of any two substances in the reaction. (b) energy released in the reaction. (©) electron configuration of all elements inthe reaction. (@) reaction mechanism involved in the reaction. 4, © _ The relative number of moles of hydrogen to moles of oxygen that react to form water represents a(n) (a) reaction sequence. (b) bond energy. (©) mole ratio, (@) element proportion, 5. Given the reaction represented by the following unbalanced equation: NzO(g) + Ox(g) > NOx(e) ‘a, Balance the equation, 2N20(g) + 302(g) > 4NO2(9) Amol NO2i3 mol O2__ jp, What is the mole ratio of NO2 to O2? 15.0 mol © If 20.0 mol of NO, form, how many moles of O; must have been consumed? True d. Twice as many moles of NO; form as moles of N2O are consumed True or False? False ¢. Twice as many grams of NO form as grams of NzO are consumed: True or False? MODERN CHEMISTRY stoichiometry 73 Gopi © by Hot, Rint ad Waa A age wenName Date Class SECTION 1 continued PROBLEMS Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space provided. 6. Given the following equation: N3(g) + 3H2(g) > 2NHs(g) 28.0 g/mol N2_ a, Determine to one decimal place the molar mass of each substance and express each mass in grams per mole. 2.0 g/mol Ho 17.0 g/mol NH3 b. There are six different mole ratios inthis system. Write out each one. 3. mol Hy:1 mol Nz; 2 mol NHs:1 mol Nz; 2 mol NH3:3 mol H,; oF their reciprocals 7. Given the following equation: 4NHs(g) + 6NOCg) > SN.(g) + 6H.O(8) ‘1 mol NO:1 mol H20 _ a, What is the mole ratio of NO to H,0? 3 mol NO:2 mol NH3_h, What is the mole ratio of NO to NH? 0.360 mol__¢, 10.240 mol of NH; react according to the above equation, how many moles of NO will be consumed? Propyne gas can be used as a fuel. The combustion reaction of propyne can be represented by the following equation CsH.(g) + 402(g) > 3CO2(g) + 2H,0(8) a, Write all the possible mole ratios in this system. 4 mol Oz:1 mol CsHa; 3 mol CO,:1 mol C3H4; 2 mol H20:1 mol C3Ha: 3 mol COg:4 mol 02; 2 mol H,0:4 mol 2; 2 mol H,0:3 mol CO; or their reciprocals 1b, Suppose that x moles of water form in the above reaction. The other three mole quantities (not in order) are 2x, 1.5x, and 0.5x. Match these quantities to their respective components in the ‘equation above. C3Ha is 0.5x; Op is 2x; and CO2 is 1.5x 74 STOICHIOMETRY MODERN CHEMISTRY. ‘opyiis y Ho Raat nd Wis, Al ight eaveName Date Class MIXED REVIEW continued ¢. If0.1 mol of No combine with Hz, what must be true about the quantity of Hz for Nz to be the ting reactant? At least 0.3 mol of Hz must be provided. 4, ___75% __ if a reaction’s theoretical yield is 8.0 g and the actual yield is 6.0 g, ‘what is the percentage yield? 5. Joseph Priestley generated oxygen gas by strongly heating mercury(II) oxide according to the following equation: 2HgO(s) + 2Hg() + O2(8) 0.0693 mol a. If 15.0 g HO decompose, how many moles of HgO does this represent? 0.0346 mol__, How many moles of O, are theoretically produced? 119 c. How many grams of O, is this? 0.786 L If the density of O, gas is 1.41 g/L, how many liters of O2 are produced? If the percentage yield is 95.0%, how many grams of O, are actually collected? e 80 STOICHIOMETRY MODERN CHEMISTRY ‘Coit © by Hae Ric wd Wino. Al igh seveName Date Class rN ee AS Stoichiometry i PROBLEMS Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space provided. 1 4.5 mol 2 2009 3 0.539 34.89 MODERN CHEMISTRY ‘The following equation represents a laboratory preparation for oxygen as: 2KCIO5(s) > 2KCKs) + 30218) How many moles of O2 form if 3.0 mol of KCIO, are totally consumed? Given the following equation: Ha(g) + Fa(g) -> 2HF(@) How many grams of HF gas are produced as 5 mol of fluorine react? Water can be made to decompose into its elements by using electricity according to the following equation: 2H,0() ~ 2Ha(g) + O2(g) How many grams of O, are produced when 0.033 mol of water decompose? Sodium metal reacts with water to produce NaOH according to the following equation: 2Na(s) + 2H,0() > 2NaOH(aq) + Hag) How many grams of NaOH are produced if 20.0 g of sodium metal react with excess oxygen? sToicHiometrY 75 (Cpyiht © by Ho, intr ad Wino Alig evelName Date Class SECTION 2 continued 60.29 __ a, What mass of oxygen gas is produced if 100. g of lithium perchlorate are heated and allowed to decompose according to the following equation? LiCIO4(s) > LiCl(s) + 202(g) b, The oxygen gas produced in part a has a density of 1.43 g/L. Calculate the volume of this gas. 6. A car air bag requires 70. L of nitrogen gas to inflate properly. The following equation represents the production of nitrogen gas: ‘2NaNa(s) —> 2Na(s) + 3N(@) 819 ‘a. The density of nitrogen gas is typically 1.16 g/L at room temperature, Calculate the number of grams of No that are needed to inflate the air bag. 2.9 mol b, Calculate the number of moles of No that are needed. 2 1.3% 109 6, Calculate the number of grams of NaN that must be used to generate the amount of Ny necessary to properly inflate the air bag, 76 STOICHIOMETRY MODERN CHEMISTRY Copii © Hk, Rina sd Wino. Allg seedName Date Class CHAPTER 9 REVIEW Stoichiometry kz # © PROBLEMS Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space provided. 1, ___ 88% __ The actual yield of a reaction is 22 g and the theoretical yield is 25 g. Calculate the percentage yield 2. 6.0 mol of Nz are mixed with 12.0 mol of Hz according to the following equation: No(g) + 3Ha(¢) > 2NH(@) Nz 2.0 mol____ a, Which chemical is in excess? What is the excess in moles? 8.0 mol b. eoretically, how many moles of NH; will be produced? ____6.4mol___¢. If the percentage yield of NHs is 80%, how many moles of NH3 are actually produced? 3. 0,050 mol of Ca(OH), are combined with 0,080 mol of HCl according to the following equation: Ca(OH),{ag) + 2HCI(ag) -> CaCla(ag) + 2H,0() 9.10 mol a, How many moles of HCI are required to neutralize all 0.050 mol of Ca(OH)2? MODERN CHEMISTRY. STOICHIOMETRY 77 ony © by Ho, Rss nd Winston, Al nighName Date Class SECTION 3 continued Hel , What is the limiting reactant in this neutralization reaction? 149 ‘How many grams of water will form in this reaction? 4, Acid rain can form in a two-step process, producing HNO3(aq) Na(g) + 202g) - 2NO2(g) 3NO,(g) + Hz0(g) > 2HNOs(aq) + NO(g) 1.26 x 10% g ‘A car burns 420. g of Nz according to the above equations. How ‘many grams of HNO will be produced? . For the above reactions to occur, Oz must be in excess in the first step. What is the minimum amount of O2 needed in grams? 6:9 x 10°L What volume does the amount of Os in part b occupy if its density is 1.4 g/L? 78 STOICHIOMETRY MODERN CHEMISTRY. Coppi yn, Ret ed Wanson. A igh eve- Date Class Stoichiometry 1. What is the value of the coefficient « in this equation? 1. What is the molar mass of CH? ‘What is the mole ratio of 3 to HO in the above equation? How many moles are in an 8.0 g sample of CsH,? If z mol of CsH, react, how many moles of CO, are produced, in terms of 2? 2. a. What ‘meant by ideal conditions relative to stoichiometric calculations? The limiting reactant is completely converted to product with no losses, as dictated by the ratio of coeffi nts. ‘What function do ideal stoichiometric calculations serve? They determine the theoretical yield of the products of the reaction. ‘e. Are actual yields typically larger or smaller than theoretical yields? smaller PROBLEMS Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space provided. 3. Assume the reaction represented by the following equation goes ell the way to completion: Nz + 3H) > 2NHs 4 mol If 6 mol of Hy are consumed, how many moles of NHs are produced? 859 b. How many grams are in a sample of NH that contains 3.0 10°” molecules? MODERN CHEMISTRY. sToicHiometry 79 Copyright © by Hot, Rint nd Wins. Alig wevePieterameer uaa 5 The Perdioc Law Section: History of the Per ible La Ra 3d aa 5b be he 8b 9b tod Section: Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table Lb 2d 3b aa 5b b Zb a aXe 10.¢ Section: Electron Configuration and Periodic Properties La ae 3c 4a 5b 6a he Ba Qa 10. d 6 Chemical Bonding Sec Introduction to Chemis Bonding le 3b Ba 24 Qa Section: Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds he Be Ba Z4 . Qa 10. Section: lonic Bonding and lonic Compounds Ld Be 5d zd . Qa 10, Section: Metallic Bonding Ld Ra 3c 4c 5b ea zd ab ae 10. Section: Molecular Geometry Ld Ra 3b ad 5.b Bc Zab c Sa lod 7 Chemical Formulas and Chemical Compounds Section: Chemical Names and Formulas .b Re 3c aa B.d 6c 2b a ad 10.¢ Section: Oxidation Numbers Le 2b 3a c 5b 6d za ab 10. a Chemical Formulas 2a 8 Chemical Equa’ Reactions Section: Describing Chemi 1b 2d 3.4 ae Bec 6d na Be 9d tod Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston lights reserved, Modern Chemistry 153 ‘answer KeyiNerameer Uneawced eecac 1 3 5 7 9. 2 2 ceoRe 9 Stoichiometry Se Le Be Bc 1d 9. Section: Ideal Stoichiometric Calculations jon: Activity Series of the Elements : Introduction to Stoichiometry 2d 4b Bc ac 10.0, aae oe Section: Limiting Reactants and Percentage Yield eum Roces caoce 10 States of Matter Section: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Matter Lb 3d cock Begoo Section: Solids a 3d 5b zd Ba Section: Changes of State La 2b 3b 4c 5.b qa ae Section: Water le Re 3b 4d Bc 62 ha &b a6 10.8 11 Gases Section: Gases and Pressure La Re 3d 4a 5.b Bc 7 Be a. 10.2 Section: The Gas Laws 1 Re 3b ac Bd 6c Ld Be 8 10. ¢ Section: Gas Volumes and the Ideal Gas Law Lb 2b Bea 4d 5c 6a Le d da 10. Section: Diffusion and Effusion Ld 2b Bd aa Bc Bc 14 Ba ab 10.c Copyeight © by Hol, Rinehart end Winston. Al rghs reserved. ‘Modern Chemistry 154 ‘Answer Key