Abstract

To implement effective spectrum utilization, cognitive radio (CR) has been developed
.A CR system employs dynamic spectrum resource allocation, which allows
secondary users (SUs) to share spectrum resources allocated to the primary users
(PUs) without interfering with the use of resources by PUs. To perceive the existence
of PUs, CR uses the spectrum sensing technique to perceive the existence of PUs. By
sensing the frequency band usage of PUs without changing the allocation of spectrum
resources, CR can greatly improve spectrum utilization.

The problem of spectrum sensing in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) cognitive

radio systems using the cyclostationarity property is considered. Since the noise is not
a Cyclostationary signal and the interference exhibits distinct cyclostationarity as
primary user (PU) signals, spectrum sensing based on cyclostationarity is superior to
traditional methods.
To detect the presence of PU signals, cyclostationarity-based methods tend to use the
second-order cyclostationarity property of Cyclostationary signals. However, the
computation of Cyclostationary statistics is complicated. Thus, the complexity of
conventional Cyclostationary feature detection methods is challenging, especially for
MIMO systems.
Following are the methods used for spectrum sensing and its comparison with
different parameters is as shown below

Non Co Window SNR Accuracy Complexity

-cooperativ operative size
e

Energy Yes Yes Maximum Medium to Lower less

detection window High when
can be noise is
covered more

Matched filter Yes Yes Limited Medium to More more

detection window high accurate
size can
be
covered

Cyclostationary Yes yes Limited Low ,medium Most more

detection window & high accurate
size can
be
covered

Table 1 :Comparison of spectrum sensing methods

Advantages and limitations of each methods
Advantages and disadvantages of energy detection :
1. Least complex method
2. No additional circuit is required
Limitation :
1. The require time to achieve the desire probability of detection may be higher. 
2. The detection performance depends on the uncertainty of the noise. 
3. It is impossible to make distinguish between different primary users because energy
detector is not able to differentiate between the sources of the received energy

Advantages and disadvantages of matched filter :

1. works better in noisy atmosphere
2. False alarm probability is low
Limitations:
1. the transmitted signal characteristics are usually unknown. Therefore, the MFD
performance decrease which leads to unwanted signal detection
2. It requires a specific sensing receiver for different types of the primary user’s
signals.

Advantages and disadvantages of Cyclostationary detection :

1. Noise have no effect while detection
2. Most accurate detection method
Limitation :
1. High computation time
Cyclic Auto-correlation :
The auto-correlation function is correlation of a random variable at different time
instant .

R x ( t 1 , t 2 )=E ¿ (t2)] Eq1.1

For nonstationary signals, on the other hand, the autocorrelation does depend on
central time t. For the special case of nonstationary signals is called cyclostationary
signals, the autocorrelation is either a periodic function or an almost periodic function.
In either case, it can be represented by a Fourier series.

R(t , τ )x =∑ R αx e− j 2 παt Eq1.2

α

(Where Rαx is Fourier series coefficients andα is cyclic frequency)

For many cyclostationary signal like bpsk modulated signal its conjugated
autocorrelation is also non zero .This feature is used for spectrum sensing.

Cyclostationarity Spectrum Sensing:

Cyclostationarity spectrum sensing is used to determine whether an authorized user
signal exists by analyzing the corresponding spectral correlation characteristics . Both
time and spectral cyclic statistics have been appropriately used to detect the presence
of cyclostationarity .
Since authorized users and non-authorized users often have different spectral
correlation features and noise does not demonstrate cyclostationarity,
cyclostationarity spectrum sensing exhibits good performance even when the SNR is
very low.
Objective:
To sense in the given spectrum whether primary user (PU) is present or not .

Assumptions :
1. The signal is bpsk modulated signal
2. System is single input single output (SISO)

Fig 1. Ip and bpsk modulated signal

Simulation Parameters:
1. Modulation technique :bpsk
2. No of symbols :10
3. Carrier frequency :10 MHz
4. Channel condition: flat fading
5. Noise :Gaussian
6. Signal to noise ratio:-30 to 30 db
7. Cyclic frequency :0

Observation:

Fig 2. correlation in presence and absence of pu at snr=30db

Fig 3. Probability of detection vs snr for 10 iterations
 Fig 4. Probability of detection vs snr for 100 iterations

Fig 5.Effect of iteration on detection probability at 30db snr

Objective :
To sense in the given spectrum whether primary user (PU) is present or not and note
the effect of cyclic frequency on probability of detection .Also note the effect
interference of other signal on probability of detection.

Assumptions :
1. The signal is bpsk modulated signal
2. System is single input single output (SISO)

Simulation Parameters:
1.Modulation technique :bpsk
2.No of symbols :10
3.Carrier frequency :10 MHz
4.Channel condition: flat fading
5.Noise :Gaussian
6.Signal to noise ratio:-30 to 30 db
7.Signal to interference ration: 3db
8.Interfence signal modulation :AM
9.Cyclic frequency :2fc

Observation:

Fig 6. Cyclic Auto-Correlation when pu is present

Fig 7. Probability of detection vs snr for 10 iterations at α=2fc

Fig 8. Probability of detection vs snr for 100 iterations at α=2fc

Fig 9. Probability of detection vs snr for 10 iterations at α=2fc+α °
(with interreference)
Objective:
To sense in the given spectrum whether primary user (PU) is present or not . Note the
effect of increasing antenna at the receiver.

Assumptions :
1. The signal is bpsk modulated signal
2. System is multiple input multiple output (MIMO)(2x2)

Simulation Parameters:
1. Modulation technique :bpsk
2. No of symbols :10
3. Carrier frequency :10 MHz
4. Channel condition: flat fading
5. Noise :Gaussian
6. Signal to noise ratio:-30 to 30 db
7. Cyclic frequency :0
8. Combining technique: Selection combining detection

Observation:

Fig 10. Probability of detection vs snr for 100 iterations using selection combining
technique
Objective :
To sense in the given spectrum whether primary user (PU) is present or not and note
the effect of cyclic frequency and increase in on probability of detection .Also note
the effect interference of other signal on probability of detection.

Assumptions :
1. The signal is bpsk modulated signal
2. System is multiple input multiple output (MIMO)(2x2)

Simulation Parameters:
1.Modulation technique :bpsk
2.No of symbols :10
3.Carrier frequency :10 MHz
4.Channel condition: flat fading
5.Noise :Gaussian
6.Signal to noise ratio:-30 to 30 db
7.Cyclic frequency :2fc
8. Combining technique: Selection combining detection

Observation:

Fig 11. Probability of detection vs snr for 100 iterations at α=2fc using selection
combining technique
 Fig 12.Probability of detection vs snr for 100 iterations at α=2fc+α °
(with interreference) using selection combining technique .

Conclusion:
Any modulated signal is cyclostationarity in nature, they have periodic statistical
variation. Modulated signal are highly correlated and noise is random in nature
.Hence this property can be exploited to sensing spectrum for cognitive radio .At
medium and higher snr we get better detection of primary user as compared to lower
snr .Hence at higher snr the detection is immune to noise and better detection is
possible as compared to lower snr. As iteration increases chances of miss detection
increases . Average probability of detection is 0.911. As cyclic frequency increases
the detection probability increases even at the lowest snr values .If cyclic frequency is
taken into consideration then then inference with any other signal is not much affected
at higher snr. There is no considerable effect of increasing antenna on probability of
detection but computation cost increases .