Chem 130 Name: Minh Khai Nguyen email: khaiminhng02@ku.

edu

How to mastered Enthalpy change calculation

This chapter in this CHEM 150 is one of the most formidable topics learned, but it is the fundamental concept that is crucial in the chemical energy change the feasibility of the reaction.

Definition and the basic terms:

- Enthalpy: the flow of heat is the system is useful to be described when the pressure remain constant and equal to the atmospheric pressure. In other words, it is the heat
transferred/absorbed by a process. It is a state function and is independent of the path taken from the initial to the final product. (Jessica White et al, 2019, part 1)

- Standard state: the condition where the substance is the most stable at the temperature of 25 Celsius degree (298K) and 1 atm pressure, this is the conditions when most of the
enthalpy change is measured. (Jessica White et al, 2019, part 2)
Some of the enthalpy change can be measured experimentally by using a calorimeter, the device/method to study the heat transferred by measuring the temperature change in the substances
involved and its formula:

+ the constant-pressure calorimeter, which is often used in the undergraduate lab to directly measured the heat transferred between the substances, includes a styrofoam cup, a
lid(plastic.cardboard), a thermometer, and a magnetic stirrer. In this calorimeter, the heat change is equal to the change in enthalpy. The styrofoam cup is a good heat insulator that prevent heat
losing to the surroundings from the system; its formula: qsol=-qp, where qsol is the heat change by the solution and the qp is the heat change of the reaction; its opposite sign can be explained by
the the heat that released by the reaction will be absorbed by the solution and vice versa. As mentioned before, this type of calorimeter can be used to directly measured the heat transferred,
in which the heat change of the reaction is also equal to the enthalpy change of the reaction;
+ the constant-volume calorimeter, which is also be used to measure the heat transfer in a chemical reaction, carried out in a bomb calorimeter. The bomb calorimeter is a special instrument
to measure the heat of combustion reaction. Therefor, it is a highly rigid container that can withstand the high temperature change (p), pressure differences. It is also better sealed so that the
volume is remained constant but the pressure is varied. In addition, the techniques of measuring heat flow are also fundamentally different in manners; the heat transferred in the bomb
calorimeter is correspond to the change in the internal energy, delta U which equal to the sum of the heat and work done by the reaction. But the volume is constant as the shape of the container
is maintained unchanged during the reaction, the work done of the reaction to the container is assumedly equal to zero, given the internal energies change is equal to the heat changed. In bomb
calorimeter, it is standard to measure the heat capacity of both the calorimeter components and the water inside this calorimeter. This combined heat capacity is known as Ccal, which equal to
sum of the known mass substance and the volume of water and the heat capacity of the calorimeter. Its formula: qsol =Ccal*dalta T. With the same concept of heat flow fro, the volume of water
to the reaction, the qsol=-qv (where it is presented the heat flow of the reaction).
- Enthalpy change: it is the heat transferred for a process carried out at constant pressure (Jessica White et al, 2019, part 3). There are many other type of enthalpy change in different
reactions:
+ delta Hsol: enthalpy change when a solid dissolved in a solvent.
+ delta Hcap: enthalpy change of the vaporization.
+ delta Hf: enthalpy change of formation of 1 mole of a compound from its elements under their standard state (198 K, 1 atm)
+ delta Hfusion: enthalpy change for a solid to melt.
- Hess’s Law: related to the state function concept, when two or m processes combined to give a resulting process, in which it is used to determine the enthalpy change for reactions
that involving in manipulating equations of other reaction with known enthalpy changes(Jessica White et al, 2019, part 3).This known enthalpy changes is adding up to give the enthalpy
change of the resulting process.
There are 3 main rules to follow that is legitimate to the Hess’s Law:
+ The enthalpy change will change its sign if the reaction’s orientation is reversed.
+ The coefficient in equation are multiplied/divided corresponding to its factors.
+ When the reactions are sum, the enthalpy change of the overall reaction is the total of each component reactions
Equation evaluation:
In fact, some enthalpy change can be measured experimentally, but some reactions are too slow, or very difficult to carry out clearly, known enthalpy change of other reactions is
useful for calculating the enthalpy change of the reaction, delta H rxn. In particular, enthalpy change of formation is the most common. The reason that Hess’s Law worked in this case is also
related to the state function’s concept, where it is only about the initial and final state of a process, not its pathway.
Its overall formulas given:

In case there is mole of reactants/product, multiply each component by its mole

The enthalpy change of element is zero because it is the same state in the process under a controlled standard state; its energy does not change after all. Here, I will illustrate another diagram
called enthalpy cycle help to prove the above equations and be as a guide for more in-depth understanding. I would like to use the example from the book in the sake of easy to follow. (Jessica
White et al, 2019)

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Chem 130 Name: Minh Khai Nguyen email: khaiminhng02@ku.edu

References list:
- Jessica White et al, 2019 Interactive General Chemistry, 1st Edn, Chapter 10- Thermochemistry; 10.3 Energy as a State Function [online], part 1:pg. 581. Available at:
<https://achieve.macmillanlearning.com/courses/n7zv7r/e-book> (Accessed May 8th, 2021).
- Jessica White et al, 2019 Interactive General Chemistry, 1st Edn, Chapter 10- Thermochemistry; 10.8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation [online], part 2:pg. 623 Available at:
<https://achieve.macmillanlearning.com/courses/n7zv7r/e-book> (Accessed May 9th, 2021).
- Jessica White et al, 2019 Interactive General Chemistry, 1st Edn, Chapter 10- Thermochemistry; 10.7 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions [online], part 3:pg. 612. Available at:
<https://achieve.macmillanlearning.com/courses/n7zv7r/e-book> (Accessed May 9th, 2021).
- Lawrie Ryan, Roger Norris, 2014, Cambridge International AS and A level Chemistry course book, 2nd edn; Chapter 6: Enthalpy Changes – enthalpy changes of formation from enthalpy
change of combustion, work example-Latimer Trend, 2011 [picture scanned from book], pg 98-99. (Access May 11th, 2021).