3.

1 Industrial Load Systems

Lecture 3

Electrical Drive Systems

Outline 3.1 Industrial Load Systems

 Industrial Load Systems Industrial Load Systems
 Transmission of Mechanical Power

 Types of Industrial Loads

Passive Load Systems Active Load Systems

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3.1 Industrial Load Systems 3.1 Industrial Load Systems

Passive Load Systems Active Load Systems

Gravity does not put the system in motion. Forces acting on an electric vehicle moving uphill

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3.1 Industrial Load Systems

Active Load Systems

Gravity puts the system in motion.

3.2 Transmission of Mechanical

Power

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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power
P1  P2  P1
Rotating-Rotating Transmission
TL
The conversion of rotational motion into another rotational
Jm Tem m T1
motion is used for:
L T2

 Reduction or increasing of speed,

Ploss
 Resolution increase,

 Torque increase,

 Change of rotation direction

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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Transmission Mechanisms Rotating-Rotating Transmission

Gears:

Rotating-Rotating Trans. Rotating-Linear Trans.

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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Rotating-Rotating Transmission
Gears:

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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Rotating-Rotating Transmission

Pulleys and belt:

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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Rotating-Rotating Transmission Rotating-Linear Transmission

Pulleys and belt: Pulleys and notch belt

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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Rotating-Linear Transmission Rotating-Linear Transmission

This type of transmission is used for:

 Change of rotation direction,

 Conversion and control of speed,

 Conversion and control of position,

 Force generation

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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Rotating-Linear Transmission
Connecting rod and crank:

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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Rotating-Linear Transmission Friction

Gearing and rack: Cam System: Friction exists in motion systems due to mechanical
components and aerodynamics.

Friction and windage/drag can be considered as opposing

forces or torque that must be overcome.

The friction is highly nonlinear in nature.

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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power
Friction
Friction
Friction can be considered as consisting of 3 components:  The friction model is highly nonlinear. However, it can be
approximated by a linear model.
 Stiction (friction at zero speed) Tv  Bm
 Coulumb friction (independent of speed magnitude)  Coulomb friction component has a small magnitude at
high speed levels. Therefore, it can be neglected at high
speeds.
 Viscous friction ( increases linearly with speed)
 For large mechanical structures, the effect of coulomb
friction can be neglected in low speeds.
T f  Tc  Ts  Tv
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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Friction
Tf  Tc  Ts  Tv Windage Torque/Friction
Tc  Tc sign   Ts  Ts sign    0 Tv  B
When motor runs, air generates a torque opposing the
motion.

Tw  C 2
So, torque due to friction and windage can be defined as

Tfw  Tc  Ts  Tv  Tw
T f  Tc  Ts  Tv
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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Aerodynamic Drag Force

It is the opposing fluid drag force that acts on any moving
solid body in the direction of fluid flow.

1
Drag force fD   CD Av 2
2

1
Drag Power PD  f D v  CD Av3
2
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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power

Aerodynamic Drag Force Traction force required on a slope

Example: Consider the following electric vehicles

CD  0.3 CD  0.5
A  1.8m2 A  1.8m2
Calculate the drag forces and powers acting on the vehicles
for v  50 km h    1.269 kg m3 
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3.2 Transmission of Mechanical Power 3.3 Types of Industrial Loads
In practice, industrial loads can be classified into the
following categories depending on their torque-speed
characteristics:

1. Constant-Power Loads
2. Constant-Torque Loads
3. Squared-Power Loads
4. Centrifugal (squared) Torque Loads

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3.3 Types of Industrial Loads

1. Constant-Power Loads
In this case, load toque is inversely proportional to the
angular speed and the load power remains approximately
constant with speed.
3.3 Types of Industrial Loads

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3.3 Types of Industrial Loads 3.3 Types of Industrial Loads

Constant-Power Loads 2. Constant-Torque Loads

Winders In constant-torque loads, torque remains constant with
driven at constant speed v speed and the load power varies linearly with speed.
With constant pulling force F

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3.3 Types of Industrial Loads 3.3 Types of Industrial Loads

2. Constant-Torque Loads
Examples: Conveyors, hoists, cranes, elevators (active loads)

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3.3 Types of Industrial Loads 3.3 Types of Industrial Loads

3. Squared-Power Loads 4. Squared-Torque Loads

In squared-power loads, torque varies linearly with speed Squared-torque loads require torque that varies with
and the load power varies with speed2 speed2 and load power that varies with speed3

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3.3 Types of Industrial Loads 3.3 Types of Industrial Loads

3. Squared-Power Loads 4. Squared-Torque Loads

Examples: Compressors and rollers Examples: Fans and blowers

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3.3 Types of Industrial Loads
We can define general torque-speed characteristic of a load
by using the following polynomial

TL    k0  k1  k2 2  k3 1

This definition can directly be used in calculations after

determining suitable coefficients.

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Thanks for your attention..

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