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Island Biogeography
Island Biogeography
1948‐6596 news and update
symposium summary
Island biogeography
A contributed session at the 5th International Biogeography Society Conference – Heraklion,
Greece, 7–11 January 2011
It is now almost 50 years since the publication of of the Theory of Island Biogeography, the effects
Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson’s of area, isolation, geological age and climate on
1963 paper, An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zo‐ bryophyte species richness on Macaronesian Is‐
ogeography which led to their famous book, The lands. They provided evidence that, in addition to
Theory of Island Biogeography (MacArthur and area, it is necessary to quantify other variables
Wilson 1967). These publications were instrumen‐ that are also critical for the establishment of bio‐
tal in a switch from a static, historically oriented diversity and at the same time have high explana‐
biogeography, based in the direct interpretation tory power (such as island age and climate), if we
of the data collected in the field, to a ‘dynamic’ are to build up a more predictive science of spe‐
equilibrium paradigm, based on a synthetic ap‐ cies richness variation across island systems.
proach to biogeographical processes. However, island area remains the most
By their nature, the processes underlying powerful single variable in explaining variation in
biogeographic distributions and evolution on the number of species occupying an island and the
(remote) islands occur on large scales of time and species–area relationship (SAR) is one of ecology’s
space and remain among the most difficult to few laws. Even and Kathleen Tjørve showed that
study and understand. Although some of the top‐ we should consider with caution the common
ics emphasized by MacArthur and Wilson still re‐ assumption that the power law of Arrhenius is
main relatively unexplored, recent advances in appropriate for both sample‐area (mainland) SARs
island theory demonstrate that we are moving and isolate (island) SARs. Especially regarding iso‐
towards a new synthesis, identifying and incorpo‐ late SARs, they argue that the form of the rela‐
rating aspects of the island systems that were not tionship is actually sigmoid when the finest scales
considered in the past. All the talks in the island are included. Based on this assumption, they pro‐
biogeography session pointed in this direction. posed a new species–area model and presented
One of the first lessons taught to us by Wal‐ results from different archipelagos and taxa.
lace, decades before MacArthur and Wilson, is Fifty years ago E.O Wilson, studying Mela‐
that comparisons among different archipelagos nesian ants, coined the term ‘taxon cycle’ to de‐
and biogeographic regions of the globe can offer scribe ‘the inferred cyclical evolution of species [of
significant insights and increase our understand‐ Melanesian ants], from the ability to live in mar‐
ing of the processes regulating biodiversity across ginal habitats and disperse widely, to preference
time and space (see Wallace 1887). Daniel Car‐ for more central, species‐rich habitats with an as‐
stensen and colleagues compared the bio‐ sociated loss of dispersal ability, and back
geographical patterns of birds in Wallacea and again’ (Wilson 1961). However, the taxon cycle
the West Indies, adopting a network approach to has, until recently, been difficult to test (see Rick‐
detect biogeographical modules (i.e. sub‐regions lefs and Bermingham 2002). Evan Economo and Eli
of islands compartmentalized on the basis of a Sarnat evaluated taxon cycle predictions with a
common avifauna) and the roles of each island new dataset on habitat distributions of the entire
according to its spatial location and the topology Fijian ant fauna and a community phylogeny for
of the geographical network. They discussed the one of the genera present in that archipelago.
relative importance of island features and species They provided evidence that as lineages progress
richness on the local and regional fauna of the two to higher levels of endemism, they undergo shifts
biogeographical regions. Similarly, Silvia Aranda from marginal to interior primary habitats, from
and co‐workers compared, within the framework ecological generalism to specialization, and from
frontiers of biogeography 3.1, 2011 — © 2011 the authors; journal compilation © 2011 The International Biogeography Society 21
news and update
22 © 2011 the authors; journal compilation © 2011 The International Biogeography Society — frontiers of biogeography 3.1, 2011