SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

I. OPENING PRAYER

II. CLASS RULES

D. SUBJECT: MANAGEMENT SCIENCE/AE 04

E. COURSE AND YEAR: BSA-1 & 2

F. WEEK 1: (AUGUST 23-AUGUST 27)

III. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to understand, explain and analyze the overview,
meaning, concept and scope Management Science.

IV. PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

A student will be confident enough to understand, explain and analyze the overview, meaning,
concept and scope Management Science.

V. COURSE TOPIC/LESSON WITH VALUES INTEGRATION

Meaning, Concept and Scope of Management Science

Definition of Management Science

• According to Bernard Taylor (2013), it is a scientific approach to solving management

problems. (Profit Maximization and Cost Minimization, Market Analysis, Project Review
& Evaluation.

• Encompasses a number of mathematically oriented techniques and logical approach to

problem solving.

• Can be used in variety of organizations to solve many different types of problems.

(Service, Merchandizing, Manufacturing, Finance & Investment, Single Proprietorship,
Partnership, Corporation, Profit & Non-Profit Business Organizations.

• Also referred to as operation research, quantitative method, quantitative analysis, and

decision sciences through different models and techniques. (Mathematical Programming,
Linear Programming, Cost-Profit-Volume Analysis Model, Transportation Model,
Regression Analysis Model, Simplex Method Model and Project Evaluation and Review
Technique Model)

• Management science is an interdisciplinary study that involves and helps in decision

making and problem-solving in human organizations. It is found to have strong links to
multiple streams such as economics, management, engineering, business consulting, etc.

• Management science is known to use multiple scientific and research-based principles

and analytical methods which include but is not limited to statistical learning algorithms
and mathematical modeling which will help to improve the ability of an organization to
solve complex problems and arrive at a rational decision.
 • Management science acts as a medium that helps businesses to achieve rational goes with
the use of multiple scientific methods.

• Management science is credited to the work of Frederick Taylor who is considered as the
father of modern scientific management. It is because of Taylor that systematic
management techniques were developed in Philadelphia around the year 1880.

• Taylor described that management science is nothing but an integrated approach to the
application based scientific research methods that can be used to solve the problems
arising in business.

Historical Development of Management Science

The roots of management science extend to the work of F.W. Taylor, the father of Scientific
Management. Taylor is known for his systematic development of management techniques which
he started at the Midvale Steel Company in Philadelphia around 1880.

Taylor developed what he called his four principles of management:

i) Research,
(ii) Standardization,
(iii) Control and
(iv) Cooperation.

When installed at the Link Belt Engineering Company in 1905, the system included cost
accounting, time study, inventory control, production control, planning, output scheduling,
functional operation, standardized procedures, a mnemonic system of classification, and means
for maintaining quality production.

Associated with Taylor were other important pioneers of scientific management – Carl Barth,
Henry Gantt, Thompson, Hathaway and many others. Barth brought to the work of scientific
management the use of research mathematics, which he merged with his extensive knowledge of
machine tools. Gantt contributed the recognition of worker psychology, the development of a
bonus plan, and the charts used in production scheduling.

Out of this came the term Industrial Engineering which today is descriptive of the work of
functional staffs responsible for such activities as incentive standards, methods analysis, quality
control, production control, cost control and materials handling.

During the ten years just after World War II, (On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland
from the west; two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany, beginning World
War II. On September 17, Soviet troops invaded Poland from the east). a great deal of
management science was performed under the name of operations research. The influx of
physical scientists many of whom were unacquainted with modern management administration
into war technology and the pressures of total war with new and terrible weapons gave rise to a
rediscovery of a kind of pragmatic scientific management. This merged with an increasingly
popular acceptance of statistical quality control in America and the practical development of
high-speed electronic calculators to give impetus to the operations-research approach.
In brief, management science describes an integrated approach to operational control based on
the application of scientific research methods to business problems. A systematic approach to
problem solving received early impetus from Taylor’s scientific management movement and is
continued today by Industrial engineers and mathematical business analysts. This approach is
characterized by a methodology of sequential investigation steps.

One of the earliest of these theorists was Frederick Winslow Taylor. He started the Scientific
Management movement, and he and his associates were the first people to study the work
process scientifically. They studied how work was performed, and they looked at how this
affected worker productivity. Taylor's philosophy focused on the belief that making people work
as hard as they could was not as efficient as optimizing the way the work was done.

Taylor’s Contribution to Management Science

In 1909, Taylor published "The Principles of Scientific Management." In this, he proposed that
by optimizing and simplifying jobs, productivity would increase. He also advanced the idea that
workers and managers needed to cooperate with one another. This was very different from the
way work was typically done in businesses beforehand. A factory manager at that time of U.S.
Steel Manufacturer had very little contact with the workers, and he left them on their own to
produce the necessary product. There was no standardization, and a worker's main motivation
was often continued employment, so there was no incentive to work as quickly or as efficiently
as possible.

Taylor believed that all workers were motivated by money, so he promoted the idea of "a fair
day's pay for a fair day's work.” In other words, if a worker didn't achieve enough in a day, he
didn't deserve to be paid as much as another worker who was highly productive.

With a background in mechanical engineering, Taylor was very interested in efficiency.

While advancing his career at a U.S. steel manufacturer, he designed workplace experiments to
determine optimal performance levels. In one, he experimented with shovel design until he had a
design that would allow workers to shovel for several hours straight. With bricklayers, he
experimented with the various motions required and developed an efficient way to lay
bricks. And he applied the scientific method to study the optimal way to do any type of
workplace task. As such, he found that by calculating the time needed for the various
elements of a task, he could develop the "best" way to complete that task.

These "time and motion" studies also led Taylor to conclude that certain people could
work more efficiently than others. These were the people whom managers should seek to hire
where possible. Therefore, selecting the right people for the job was another important part of
workplace efficiency. Taking what he learned from these workplace experiments, Taylor
developed four principles of scientific management. These principles are also known simply as
"Taylorism".

Four Principles of Scientific Management

Taylor's four principles are as follows:

1. Replace working by "rule of thumb," or simple habit and common sense, and instead use the
scientific method to study work and determine the most efficient way to perform specific
tasks.

2. Rather than simply assign workers to just any job, match workers to their jobs based on
capability and motivation, and train them to work at maximum efficiency.
3. Monitor worker performance, and provide instructions and supervision to ensure that they're
using the most efficient ways of working.

4. Allocate the work between managers and workers so that the managers spend their time
planning and training, allowing the workers to perform their tasks efficiently.

Four Principles of Scientific Management

Primarily there are five characteristics of management science. These five characteristics are as
follows:

1. Functional Relationships Examination from an Overview of Systems

It is a well-known fact that the activity of one department will have some of the other effects on
the activity of another department. This is why it is necessary to identify all the interactions
which are important and find out their impact on your organization as a whole.

In the initial phases, the functional relationship of management science project deliberately
expanded in order to have significant interaction between their parts and also between their
related components and it is ensured that all of them are combined in a single statement of the
problem.

The entire area which is under the control of the manager is examined by systems overview.
These are the process which provides the basis for starting inquiries into the problems which are
affecting the performance at multiple levels.

2. Interdisciplinary Approach

The primary principle of management science is that it looks at a problem from multiple angles
and approaches it from multiple directions. With this simple principle, it is able to solve multiple
problems.

For example, a chemical scientist might solve a problem with the help of different theories while
an engineer might look at the manufacturing process, or a mathematician might approach the
problem with different mathematical relationships between consumer demand and manufacturing
department.

A chartered accountant may see the problem in inventory management relationship between cost
component and the balance sheet of the organization by considering different costs such as the
cost of overheads, expenses, direct labor costs, etc.

This is why it is emphasized that management is an interdisciplinary approach because of

the individual aspects that a problem can have are understood and solved by different experts in
different fields like biological, accounting, economics, mathematics, engineering, statistical,
psychological, etc.

3. Understand and Uncover Different Problems for Studies:

This is the third characteristic of management science which says that because there are multiple
disciplines involved in management science it may be possible that while solving one problem
on your problem may be surfaced.
Because many problems are interrelated with each other all of them must be approached with
different perspectives and the first thing is to realize that a problem exists. However, it should be
noted that all the interrelated problems cannot be solved in one way and different ways should be
used.

4. Using the Modeling Process Approach for Solving Problems

Management science makes the use of a systematic approach in order to solve a problem. It also
uses a modeling process approach which is a type of mathematical model in order to solve a
problem.

5. Application of Science to Decision Making

As stated earlier, management science uses science and combines it with the decision making
process. There are many decisions taken the day in and day out in a business. These decisions are
complex and based on different departments as well as different models and situations in
business.

Most of the times because of the complexity of the problem, the company requires the use of
management science to solve the problem. This decision-making process are important to the
company and should be applied carefully because they affect the organization at multiple levels.
This is the reason why the use of management science is very crucial in decision making.
Other Characteristics of Management Science are:

(5) A primary focus on managerial decision-making.

(6) The application of science to decision-making.

(7) A dependence on electronic computers.

(8) An appraisal resting on criteria of economic effectiveness. Effectiveness may be defined as

the extent to which goals are achieved. Effectiveness is evaluated by measures of effectiveness
(also known as measures of performance).

V1. ASSESSMENT: ACTIVITIES/QUIZ GRADED RECITATION

Discuss the following:

1. Discuss the meaning, concept and scope of Management Science.

2. Briefly discuss the history of Management Science.
3. Discuss the contribution of Frederick Taylor in Management Science.
4. What are the four principles of Management Science?
5. Discuss the important characteristics of Management Science.
6. Discuss the other important characteristics of Management Science.
7. Compare and contrast Scientific Management from Management Science.
8. What are the important steps involved in Scientific Method?
VII. REFERENCES:

https://www.marketing91.com/management-science/

https://businessjargons.com/treasury-management.html

https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/essays/management-science-definition-
characteristics-and-tools/9080

Prepared by:

Mr. Jun Cristobal

College Faculty
 SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
I. OPENING PRAYER

II. CLASS RULES

D. SUBJECT: MANAGEMENT SCIENCE/AE 04

E. COURSE AND YEAR: BSA-1 & 2

F. WEEK 2: (AUGUST 30-AUGUST SEPTEMBER 03)

III. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to understand, explain and analyze the different
scientific methods used in Management Science and the different classifications of data.

IV. PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

A student will be confident enough to understand, explain and analyze the different scientific
methods used in Management Science and the different classifications of data.

V. COURSE TOPIC/LESSON WITH VALUES INTEGRATION

Scientific Methods in Management Science

That procedure in management science is commonly called the scientific method and consists of
the following eight steps: observation, asking a question, gathering information, forming a
hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, making conclusions, reporting, and evaluating.

Management Science involves basic scientific procedures which include:

1. Observation consists of receiving knowledge of the outside world through our senses, or
recording information using scientific tools and instruments. Any data recorded during an
experiment can be called an observation.

Observation is meant to set a realistic target for both small scale and large scale businesses.
Information such as growth and sales are some of the market elements you should tap into when
setting targets. Observation helps solve business problems. It will help you research and work
out what the problem is. It involves reading and assessing and presenting the given business
situation.

2. Asking Questions involves:

• Identifying the possible specific problems in a certain business situation/operations.

• Analyzing those factors that render difficulties on the part of the business.
• Getting clues or feedback that might need immediate attention.
• Gathering open or closed questions that might need survey or research.
• Identifying the business aspects/areas that possibly needs further improvement.

3. Collection of Data

Data are individual pieces of factual information recorded and used for the purpose of
analysis. It is the raw information from which statistics are created to meet certain business
objectives or aid in determining problems that need immediate actions. Some important
classifications of data are quantitative, qualitative, nominal, ordinal, discrete, continuous,
raw, in array, ratio, interval, grouped, ungrouped and others.

4. Data Analysis and Interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to the collected
information and determining the conclusions, significance, and implications of the findings.
The standard deviation, in conjunction with the mean, provides a better understanding of the
data. Data must be working data and not only collected. Examples are Market Acceptability
Ratio, Frequency of Agreement and Rate of Market Share in the case of Market Analysis
Model.

5. Formulating Models/Techniques to Solve the Problem is the employment of different

quantitative tools and Management Science tools/Models best suited for the company in order to
solve various risks and problems arising in the business operations in terms of profitability,
cost, production, distribution of products and services and project planning. Some common
Management Science models include Correlational Model, Regression Analysis, Linear
Programming Model (LPM), Cost-Profit-Volume Analysis (CPV), Market Analysis Model,
Project Review and Evaluation Technique (PERT) and others.
6. Application of Models/Techniques means putting in practice those important Management
Science tools in different disciplines and aspects of the business such as finance, accounting,
engineering, science and technology.

7. Getting the Appropriate Solutions for the Problem involves testing different management
science models and finally deciding which of those will be best and most applicable for the
business. Models that tend to efficiently solve the existing problems will be the most appropriate
and will be used for long-term operations.

8. Testing and Checking the Solutions involves continuous experiment, study and observation
of the Management Science Models previously applied in order to prove/check its viability and
efficiency in dealing with existing problems of an organization.

Data can be classified into:

a. Nominal Data is “labeled” or “named” data which can be divided into various groups
that do not overlap. Data is not measured or evaluated in this case, it is just assigned to multiple
groups. These groups are unique and have no common elements. In some cases, nominal data is
also called “Categorical Data”. Nominal data can be quantitative or qualitative data.

b. Quantitative Data can be counted, measured, and expressed using numbers. Amount of
money you have, height, weight, number of people living in your town, number of students who
take Management Science.

c. Qualitative Data can be categorized based on traits and characteristics. Qualitative data is
descriptive and conceptual. Hair color, blood type, ethnic group, the car a person drives, the
street a person lives on.

d. Ordinal Data is a statistical type of quantitative data in which variables exist in naturally
occurring ordered categories. The distance between two categories is not established using
ordinal data.

In statistics, a group of ordinal numbers indicates ordinal data and a group of ordinal data are
represented using an ordinal scale. The main difference between nominal and ordinal data is that
ordinal has an order of categories while nominal doesn’t.

Likert Scale is a popular ordinal data example. For a question such as: “Please express the
importance pricing has for you to purchase a product.”, a Likert Scale will have the following
 options which are coded to 1,2,3,4 and 5 (numbers). 1 is lesser than 2, which is lesser than 3,
which is lesser than 4, which in turn is lesser than 5.

Very Important Important Neutral Unimportant Very Unimportant

1 2 3 4 5

Ordinal Data is thus a collection of ordinal variables, i.e., if you have variables in a particular
order – “low, medium, high”, they can be represented as ordinal data. There are two important
factors to consider for ordinal data –

• There are multiple terms that represent “order” such as “High, Higher, Highest” or “Satisfied,
Dissatisfied, Extremely Dissatisfied”.
• The difference between variables is not uniform.
Characteristics of Ordinal Data
For a question such as the following, here are five ordinal data characteristics:

• Which of the following categories best describes your last purchasing experiences with a
product/service?

• Very Pleasant
• Somewhat Pleasant
• Neutral
• Somewhat Unpleasant
• Very Unpleasant

1. Establish a relative rank: In the above-mentioned example, Somewhat pleasant is definitely

worse than very pleasant or very unpleasant is worse than somewhat unpleasant. There clearly
is a rank within the options – which is a sign of ordinal data.

2. Value of interval is unknown: The variation between very pleasant and somewhat pleasant
need not be the same as the difference between somewhat unpleasant and very unpleasant.
This interval can’t be concluded using the ordinal scale.

3. Measure non-numeric traits: In the given example, all the answer options are non-numeric
and similarly ordinal data can be used to capture feelings such as satisfaction, happiness,
frequency etc.

4. Add-on to nominal data: Nominal data is “labeled” data. Ordinal data is labeled data in a
specific order. In the above mention sample, there is a notable order in the options which
makes it a classic case of ordinal data.

5. Ordinal data has a median: Median is the value in the middle but not the middle value of a
scale and can be calculated with data which has an innate order.

Ordinal Data Analysis

Easy methods of Ordinal Data analysis

Ordinal data is presented in a tabular format which makes analysis easier for the researcher.
Mosaic plots are also used to establish the relationship between nominal and ordinal data.

For instance, if an organization intends to analyze the number of employees in each hierarchy to
make a systematic hiring process for the upcoming year – they can put this data in an ordered
tabular format. HR executives will find this data extremely easy to refer to and analyze for any
future updates.

Mann-Whitney U test

To compare two ordinal data groups, the Mann-Whitney U test should be used. – This test allows
a researcher to conclude that a variable from one sample is greater or lesser than another variable
randomly selected from another sample.

For example, a psychological researcher can understand various existing behavior patterns so
that an analysis of two different medicines can be observed and evaluated.

Kruskal–Wallis H Test
To compare more than two ordinal groups, Kruskal–Wallis H test should be used – In this test,
there is no assumption that the data is coming from a particular source. This test concludes
whether the median of two or more groups is varied. It will show the difference between more
than two ordinal data groups.

For example, if a researcher intends to evaluate the impact of stress at work on the quality of
work – the independent variable will be stress at work which ideally will have three stages: no
stress, too much stress and handleable stress and quality of work will vary from poor to
excellent.

Examples of Ordinal Data

In a school with 3000 students, there are various categories – freshmen, sophomores, juniors,
seniors. After the term begins, this is the count of each category :

• 1000 – Freshmen
• 800 – Sophomores
• 750 – Juniors
• 450 – Seniors

An organization conducts a quarterly employee satisfaction survey which primarily highlights

this question: “How happy are you with your manager and peers?”

• Extremely Happy – 1
• Happy – 2
• Neural – 3
• Unhappy – 4
• Extremely Unhappy – 5

According to your preferences, please rate these 5 best-selling books:

• Fire and Fury – 1

• A Higher Loyalty: Truth, Lies, and Leadership – 2
• The Woman in the Window – 3
• The Great Alone – 4
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving

e. Discrete Data is a count that involves integers. Only a limited number of values is possible.
The discrete values cannot be subdivided into parts. For example, the number of children in a
school is discrete data. You can count whole individuals. You can’t count 1.5 kids. So, discrete
data can take only certain values. The data variables cannot be divided into smaller parts.

Discrete Data Key Characteristics:

▪ You can count the data. It is usually units counted in whole numbers.
▪ The values cannot be divided into smaller pieces and add additional meaning.
▪ You cannot measure the data. By nature, discrete data cannot be measured at all. For example,
you can measure your weight with the help of a scale. So, your weight is not a discrete data.
▪ It has a limited number of possible values e.g. days of the month.
▪ Discrete data is graphically displayed by a bar graph.

f. Continuous Data is all about accuracy. Variables in these data sets often carry decimal points,
with the number to the right stretched out as far as possible. This level of detail is paramount for
scientists, doctors, and manufacturers, to name a few.

Key Characteristics of Continuous Data

Unlike discrete data, continuous data can be either numeric or distributed over date and time.
This data type uses advanced statistical analysis methods taking into account the infinite number
of possible values. Key characteristics of continuous data are:

• Continuous data changes over time and can have different values at different time
intervals.
• Continuous data is made up of random variables, which may or may not be whole
numbers.
• Continuous data is measured using data analysis methods such as line graphs, skews, and
so on.
• Regression analysis is one of the most common types of continuous data analysis.

g. Raw Data are data which grouped or arranged from lowest to highest or vise versa.

h. Data in Array are the exact opposites of raw data which are unarranged.

Ratio Data is defined as quantitative data, having the same properties as interval data, with an
equal and definitive ratio between each data and absolute “zero” being treated as a point of
origin. In other words, there can be no negative numerical value in ratio data.

For example:

Four people are randomly selected and asked how much money they have with them. Here are
the results : $20, $40, $60, and $80.

• Is there an order to this data? Yes, $20 < $40 < $60 < $80.
• Are the differences between the data values meaningful? Sure, the person who has $40 has
$20 more than the person with $20.
• Can we calculate ratios based on this data? Yes, because $0 is the absolute minimum amount
of money a person could have with them.
• The person with $80 has four times as much as the person with $20.
Ratio data has all properties of interval data such as – data should have numeric values, a
distance between the two points are equal, etc. but, unlike interval data where zero is arbitrary, in
ratio data, zero is absolute.

An excellent example of ratio data is the measurement of heights. Height could be measured in
centimeters, meters, inches, or feet. It is not possible to have a negative height. When comparing
to interval data, for example, the temperature can be – 10-degree Celsius, but height cannot be
negative, as stated above.

Ratio data can be multiplied and divided, and this is one of the significant differences between
ratio data and interval data, which can only be added and subtracted. In ratio data, the difference
 between 1 and 2 is the same as the difference between 3 and 4, but also here 4 is twice as much
as 2. This comparison is impossible in interval data.

Ratio Data Analysis

Ratio data, alongside the 3 other variable measurement scales, is fundamentally a quantitative
data capturing method. This means all types of statistical analysis techniques can be applied to
Ratio Data.

Below are some of the popular ratio data analysis techniques:

• Trend analysis
Trend analysis is a popular ratio data analysis technique used to draw trends and insights by
capturing survey data over a certain period of time. In other words, trend analysis on ratio data is
conducted by capturing data using a ratio scale survey in multiple iterations, using the same
question. Trend analysis also plays a critical role in the predictive analysis, where a set of time-
bound data is compared and analyzed for predicting future trends.

• SWOT Analysis
Analysis conducted to evaluate an organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats is called SWOT analysis and is widely used to evaluate ratio data. Strengths and
weaknesses are internal aspects of an organization, while opportunities and threats are external to
an organization. An organization can measure ratio data to evaluate market competition as well
as plan future marketing activities using the SWOT analysis results.

• Conjoint Analysis
Conjoint Analysis is an advanced level market research technique usually implemented to
analyze how individuals make complicated decisions on a ratio scale. It helps find important
factors for customers before they make decisions when they have multiple options available at
their disposal. Marketers can test their websites, conduct price research, or improve product
features using conjoint analysis.

• Cross Tabulation
Cross-tabulation, in statistics, is a method to understand the relationship between multiple
variables. The contingency table, also known as a crosstab, is used to establish a correlation
between multiple ratio data variables in a tabular format. Informed decisions can be taken after
analyzing the data from a contingency table. Market researchers usually analyze customer intent
and product performance using cross-tabulation as they provide a comparison between two or
more variables.

• TURF Analysis

TURF analysis stands for Totally Unduplicated Reach and Frequency analysis- is a method that
allows a marketer to analyze the potential of market research for a combination of products and
services. It evaluates the ratio data of customers reached by a particular source of communication
and its frequency. This analysis technique is used by researchers to understand whether a new
product or service will be well-received in the target market or not. This analysis method was
used mainly for designing media campaigns but has expanded to being used in product
distribution and line analysis.

Characteristics of Ratio Data

1. Absolute Point Zero – Ratio data is measured on a ratio scale. One of the distinctive
characteristics of ratio data is the true absolute zero point, which makes the data relevant and
 meaningful in a manner where it is right to say, “one object is twice as long as the other” or 4 has
twice the value as 2.

2. No Negative Numerical Value – Ratio data doesn’t have any negative numerical value. For a
value to be a ratio data researcher, first must evaluate if it meets all the criteria of interval data
and has an absolute zero point. For example, weight cannot be negative, -20 Kgs doesn’t exist.

3. Calculation – Ratio data values can be added, subtracted, divided, and multiplied. A unique
statistical analysis is possible for ratio data. Chi-square can be calculated using a ratio scale for
ratio data. Mean, mode and median can also be calculated for the ratio data.

Ratio Data Examples

Following are the most commonly used examples of ratio data that can be used in surveys to
extract ratio data:

What is your weight in kgs?

• Less than 50 kgs

• 51-60 kgs
• 61-70 kgs
• 71-80 kgs
• 81-90 kgs
• Above 90 Kgs
What is your height in feet and inches?

• Less than 5 feet.

• 5 feet 1 inch – 5 feet 5 inches
• 5 feet 6 inches- 6 feet
• More than 6 feet
What is the number of burgers you can eat daily?

• 1-2
• 2-3
• 3-4
• 4-5
• 5-6
• More than 6

j. Interval Data The difference between interval and ratio scales comes from their ability to
dip below zero. Interval scales hold no true zero and can represent values below zero. For
example, you can measure temperature below 0 degrees Celsius, such as -10 degrees. Ratio
variables, on the other hand, never fall below zero.

VII. REFERENCES:

https://www.marketing91.com/management-science/

https://businessjargons.com/treasury-management.html

https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/essays/management-science-definition-
characteristics-and-tools/9080

V1. ASSESSMENT: ACTIVITIES/QUIZ GRADED RECITATION

 Discuss the following:

1. Discuss the meaning, concept and scope of Management Science.

2. Briefly discuss the history of Management Science.
3. Discuss the contribution of Frederick Taylor in Management Science.
4. What are the four principles of Management Science?
5. Discuss the important characteristics of Management Science.
6. Discuss the other important characteristics of Management Science.
7. Compare and contrast Scientific Management from Management Science.
8. What are the important steps involved in Scientific Method?

Prepared by:

Mr. Jun Cristobal

College Faculty