Wave Propagation in Waveguides

Rajbala
Ph.D. Student and Teaching Assistant
Electrical Engineering Department
IIT Bombay, Powai- 400076

rajbala@iitb.ac.in
rajbala21@gmail.com
 Outline
• Fundamentals of Waveguide

• Parallel Plane Waveguide

• Rectangular Waveguide

• Applications

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 2

 Basics of Waveguides
• At microwave frequencies, transmission of electromagnetic
energy along the transmission lines and co-axial cables becomes
difficult due to-
– Dielectric Losses
– Conductor Losses/Skin Effect
• A metallic tube (Waveguide) can be used to transmit
electromagnetic power at the microwave frequencies.
– Waveguides are made from copper, aluminum or brass

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 3

 Parallel Plane Waveguide
X

• The plates are infinite in one

direction (y- direction) and
separated by a distance ‘a’ in
𝒙=𝒂
x-direction. Z
• The direction of propagation a
𝒙=𝟎
is z-direction.
Y

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 4

 Maxwell’s Equations
𝛻. 𝐷 = 𝜌
𝜕𝐵
𝛻×𝐸 =−
𝜕𝑡
𝛻. 𝐵 = 0
𝜕𝐷
𝛻×𝐻 =𝐽+
𝜕𝑡

Longitudinal Fields: 𝐸𝑧 , 𝐻𝑍
Transverse Fields in terms of longitudinal Fields:
𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽
𝐻𝑥 = − 2 + 2 𝐸𝑥 = − − 2
ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑦
𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜀
𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝐻𝑦 = − − 2 𝐸𝑦 = − + 2
ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 = 𝛾 2 + 𝑘 2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 5
 Wave Equations
𝛻 2 𝐸 + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐸 = 0 𝛻 2 𝐻 + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐻 = 0

𝜕 2 𝐸𝑥 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑥 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑥 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑥 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑥 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑥
+ + =−𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐸𝑥 2
+ 2
+ 2
= −𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐻𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑦 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑦 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑦 2 𝜇𝜀𝐻
+ + = −𝜔 2
𝜇𝜀𝐸𝑦 + + = −𝜔 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 2 𝐸𝑧 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑧 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑧 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑧 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑧 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑧 2 𝜇𝜀𝐻
+ + = −𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀𝐸 + + = −𝜔 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
Helmholtz Equations
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 6
 Fields in Parallel Plane Waveguide
𝜕
=0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝐸𝑧 𝜕2 𝐸𝑧
+ = −𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐸𝑧 ; 𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑍(𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 2
′′ ′′
𝑋 𝑍
𝑍𝑋 ′′ + 𝑋𝑍 ′′ = −𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝑋𝑍 ⇒ + = −𝑘 2
𝑋 𝑍
⇒ −𝑘𝑥2 + 𝛾 2 = −𝑘 2 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑘𝑥2 − 𝛽2 = −𝑘 2
𝑋 ′′
= −𝑘𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑋 ′′ + 𝑘𝑥2 𝑋 = 0 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥
𝑋
𝑍 ′′
= 𝛾 2 𝑜𝑟 − 𝛽2 ⇒ 𝑍 ′′ − 𝛾 2 𝑍 = 0 ⇒ 𝑍 = 𝐶3 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 + 𝐶4 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑍 Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 7
 Fields in Parallel Plane Waveguide
𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝐶3 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 + 𝐶4 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
Wave Propagation: Along +z direction ⇒ 𝐶3 = 0
𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = (𝐴1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐴2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 )𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = (𝐵1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐵2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 )𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽
𝐻𝑥 = − 2 𝐸𝑥 = − 2
ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑥 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜀

𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝜕𝐸𝑧 ℎ2 = 𝛾 2 + 𝑘 2
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝐻𝑦 = − 2 𝐸𝑦 = 2 = 𝑘𝑥2
ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑥
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 8
 TEM Mode
𝐻𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐸𝑥 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑥 = 0; 𝐻𝑦 = 0
• All field component vanish
• Parallel Plane Waveguide can not support TEM mode

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 9

 TM Mode
𝐻𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑧 ≠ 0
General Solution:
𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = (𝐴1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐴2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 ) 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
Boundary Conditions:
𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝐸𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝐸𝑧 = 0 ⇒ sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑚𝜋 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝜋/𝑎
𝑚𝜋
⇒ 𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑎

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 10

Propagating and Non-propagating TM Modes
𝑚𝜋
𝐻𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑎
𝛾 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋
𝐸𝑥 = − 2 𝐸0 cos 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ; 𝐸𝑦 = 0
ℎ 𝑎 𝑎
𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋
𝐻𝑦 = − 2 𝐸0 cos 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ; 𝐻𝑥 = 0
ℎ 𝑎 𝑎
Non-propagating modes:
• 𝑇𝑀0 : 𝐻𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑥 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = 0; 𝐻𝑥 = 0; 𝐻𝑦 = 0
Same as TEM mode
Propagating modes:
• 𝑇𝑀𝑚 ; 𝑚 ≥ 1
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 11
 Fields in TM1 Mode
Magnetic Field Electric Field

𝛼≅0 𝑗𝛽 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
−𝑗 𝑧
𝐸𝑥 = − 2 𝐸0 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝜆
𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
−𝑗 𝑧 ℎ 𝑎 𝑎
𝐻𝑦 = − 2 𝐸0 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝜆 𝜋 2𝜋
−𝑗 𝑧
ℎ 𝑎 𝑎 𝐸𝑧 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝜆
𝑎
Images Source: Electromagnetic Waves by R K Shevgaonkar Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 12
 TE Mode
𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐻𝑧 ≠ 0
General Solution:
𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = (𝐵1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐵2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 ) 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧
Boundary Conditions: 𝐸𝑦 = 2
ℎ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐻𝑧
(𝑖)𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝐸𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝐻0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝐸𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 = 0 ⇒ sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑚𝜋 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝜋/𝑎
𝜕𝑥

𝑚𝜋
⇒ 𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝐻0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑎
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 13
Propagating and Non-propagating TE Modes

𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋
𝑚𝜋 𝐸𝑥 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = − 2 𝐻0 sin 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐻𝑧 = 𝐻0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ⇒ ℎ 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝛾 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋
𝐻𝑥 = 2 𝐻0 sin 𝑥 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ; 𝐻𝑦 = 0
ℎ 𝑎 𝑎

Non-propagating modes:
• 𝑇𝐸0 : 𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐻𝑧 ≠ 0; 𝐸𝑥 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = 0; 𝐻𝑥 = 0; 𝐻𝑦 = 0
Propagating modes:
• 𝑇𝐸𝑚 ; 𝑚 ≥ 1
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 14
 Fields in TE2 Mode
Electric Field Magnetic Field

𝛼≅0 𝑗𝛽 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
−𝑗 𝑧
𝐻𝑥 = 2 𝐻 sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝜆
ℎ 𝑎 0 𝑎
𝑗𝜔𝜇 2𝜋 2𝜋 −𝑗
2𝜋
𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = − 2 𝐻 sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝜆 2𝜋 2𝜋
−𝑗 𝑧
ℎ 𝑎 0 𝑎 𝐻𝑧 = 𝐻0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑒 𝜆
𝑎
Images Source: Electromagnetic Waves by R K Shevgaonkar Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 15
Cut-off Frequency: Parallel Plane Waveguide
ℎ2 = 𝛾 2 + 𝑘 2 = 𝑘𝑥2 ⇒ 𝛾 = 𝑘𝑥2 − 𝑘 2
𝑚𝜋 2 1 𝑚
Case1 Evanescent: 𝛾 = 𝛼 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥2 − 𝑘2 >0⇒ 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 < ⇒𝑓<
𝑎 2 𝜇𝜀 𝑎

𝑚𝜋 2 1 𝑚
Case2 Propagation: 𝛾 = 𝑗𝛽 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥2 − 𝑘2 <0⇒ 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 > ⇒𝑓>
𝑎 2 𝜇𝜀 𝑎

𝑚𝜋 2
Case3 Cut-off: 𝛾 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥2 − 𝑘2 =0⇒ 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 =
𝑎
1 𝑚𝜋 1 𝑚
⇒ 𝜔𝑐 = & 𝑓𝑐 =
𝜇𝜀 𝑎 2 𝜇𝜀 𝑎
𝑚𝑣 𝑚𝑐
𝑓𝑐 = ; For TMm & TEm modes 𝑓𝑐 = for air filled waveguide
2𝑎 2𝑎
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 16
 Cut-off Frequency for Different Modes
𝑚𝑣 1
𝑓𝑐 = ; 𝑣=
2𝑎 𝜇𝜀

TM1 TM2 TM3 TM4

TE1 TE2 TE3 TE4

0 𝑣 2𝑣 3𝑣 4𝑣 Frequency
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
Fundamental mode: Mode with lowest cut-off frequency- TM1 & TE1
Degenerate modes: Modes with same cut-off frequency- TMm & TEm
TM1 & TE1; TM2 & TE2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 17
Phase Constant and Intrinsic Impedance
𝑚𝜋 2
𝛾= − 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀
𝑎

𝑚𝜋 2 𝑓𝑐 2
Phase Constant: 𝛽 = 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀 − = 𝜔 𝜇𝜀 1 −
𝑎 𝑓

𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦
Intrinsic Impedance: 𝜂 = =−
𝐻𝑦 𝐻𝑥

𝐸𝑥 𝛽 𝜇 𝑓𝑐 2 𝑓𝑐 2
𝜂 𝑇𝑀 = = = 1− = 𝜂0 1 − For air filled waveguide
𝐻𝑦 𝜔𝜀 𝜀 𝑓 𝑓

𝐸𝑦 𝜔𝜇 𝜇 1 𝜂0
𝜂 𝑇𝐸 = − = = = For air filled waveguide
𝐻𝑥 𝛽 𝜀 2
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 2
1− 1−
𝑓 𝑓
𝜂0 = 120𝜋 𝑜ℎ𝑚
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 18
Intrinsic Impedances: TM and TE Mode
2
𝜂
𝑓𝑐
𝜂 𝑇𝑀 = 𝜂0 1 −
𝑓
𝜂 𝑇𝐸
𝜂0
𝜂 𝑇𝐸 = 𝜂0
2
𝑓𝑐
1− 𝜂 𝑇𝑀
𝑓

𝜂 𝑇𝐸 𝜂 𝑇𝑀 = 𝜂02 0 𝑓𝑐 Frequency
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 19
 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity
𝑥=𝑎 𝑓𝑐
x 𝒌𝒙  𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝛽 = 𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑓
𝒌
𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ,  𝑓𝑐 2
𝒌𝒛 = 𝜷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1−
𝑓
z 𝑥=0

𝜔 𝜔 𝑣 𝑣
Phase Velocity: 𝑣𝑝 = = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑔 = 𝑐 2
𝛽 𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑓 2
1− 𝑐
𝑓

1 𝑓𝑐 2
Group Velocity: 𝑣𝑔 = 𝜕𝛽 =𝑣 1− 𝑓
= 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
ൗ𝜕𝜔
1
𝑣=
𝜇𝜀 Image Source: Electromagnetic
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay Waves by R K Shevgaonkar 20
 Example: Parallel Plane Waveguide
An air-filled parallel plane waveguide has height 𝑎 = 10 𝑐𝑚.
(i) Find cut-off frequencies in TE2 and TM3 modes.
𝑚𝑐 2×3×1010
Cut-off frequency: 𝑓𝑐 = = = 3 𝐺𝐻𝑧 for TE2 mode
2𝑎 2×10
3×3×1010
= = 4.5 𝐺𝐻𝑧 for TM3 mode
2×10
(ii) If the phase velocity in TE2 mode is 3c, then find the frequency and guided
wavelength.
𝑐 𝑓𝑐 2 1 𝑓𝑐 2 3 3
𝑣𝑝 = = 3𝑐 ⇒ 1 − = ⇒ = ⇒𝑓= 𝑓 =3 𝐺𝐻𝑧
𝑓 3 𝑓 3 2 𝑐 2
𝑓𝑐 2
1− 𝑓

𝑣𝑝 3×3×1010
𝜆𝑔 = = = 10 2𝑐𝑚
𝑓 3
3 2
×109
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 21
 Rectangular Waveguide
𝜕 2𝐸 𝜕 2𝐸 𝜕 2𝐸
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝛻 2 𝐸 + 𝑘 2 𝐸 = 0; 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐸𝑧 = 0 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑧
𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌 𝑦 𝑍(𝑧)
𝑏
𝑋 ′′ 𝑌 ′′ 𝑍 ′′
+ + = −𝑘 2 ⇒ −𝑘𝑥2 − 𝑘𝑦2 + 𝛾 2 = −𝑘 2 𝑥
𝑋 𝑌 𝑍 𝑎
𝑜𝑟 − 𝑘𝑥2 − 𝑘𝑦2 − 𝛽 2 = −𝑘 2
𝑋 ′′
= −𝑘𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑋 ′′ + 𝑘𝑥2 𝑋 = 0 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥
𝑋
𝑌 ′′
= −𝑘𝑦2 ⇒ 𝑌 ′′ + 𝑘𝑦2 𝑌 = 0 ⇒ 𝑌 = 𝐶3 cos 𝑘𝑦 𝑦 + 𝐶4 sin(𝑘𝑦 𝑦)
𝑌
𝑍 ′′
= 𝛾 2 ⇒ 𝑍 ′′ − 𝛾 2 𝑍 = 0 ⇒ 𝑍 = 𝐶5 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 + 𝐶6 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑍 Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 22
 Rectangular Waveguide
𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝐶3 cos 𝑘𝑦 𝑦 + 𝐶4 sin 𝑘𝑦 𝑦 𝐶5 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 + 𝐶6 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧

Wave Propagation: Along +z direction ⇒ 𝐶5 = 0

𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = (𝐴1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐴2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 )(𝐴3 cos 𝑘𝑦 𝑦 + 𝐴4 sin(𝑘𝑦 𝑦)) 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧

𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = (𝐵1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐵2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 )(𝐵3 cos 𝑘𝑦 𝑦 + 𝐵4 sin(𝑘𝑦 𝑦)) 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽
𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝐻𝑥 = − 2 + 2 𝐸𝑥 = − − 2 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜀
ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑦

𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 ℎ2 = 𝛾 2 + 𝑘 2

𝐻𝑦 = − 2 − 2 𝐸𝑦 = − 2 + 2
ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 23
 TEM Mode
𝐻𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝐸𝑥 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑥 = 0; 𝐻𝑦 = 0
• All field component vanish
• Rectangular Waveguide can not support TEM mode

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 24

 TM Mode
𝐻𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑧 ≠ 0
General Solution:
𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = (𝐴1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐴2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 )(𝐴3 cos 𝑘𝑦 𝑦 + 𝐴4 sin(𝑘𝑦 𝑦)) 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
Boundary Conditions:
𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑥=0, 𝐸𝑧 =0 ⇒𝐴1 =0
𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑦=0, 𝐸𝑧 =0 ⇒𝐴3 =0
ቅ ⇒ 𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 sin(𝑘𝑦 𝑦)) 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝐸𝑧 = 0 ⇒ sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑚𝜋 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝜋/𝑎
𝑖𝑣 𝐴𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝐸𝑧 = 0 ⇒ sin 𝑘𝑦 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑛𝜋 ⇒ 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑛𝜋/𝑏
𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑎 𝑏
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 25
Propagating and Non-propagating TM Modes
𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ; 𝐻𝑧 = 0
𝑎 𝑏
𝛾 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝛾 𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐸𝑥 = − ℎ2 𝑎
𝐸0 cos 𝑎
𝑥 sin 𝑏
𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ; 𝐸𝑦 = − ℎ2 𝐸
𝑏 0
sin 𝑎
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏
𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐻𝑥 = 𝐸 sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ; 𝐻𝑦 = − ℎ2 𝑎 𝐸0 cos 𝑎 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
ℎ2 𝑏 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏

Non-propagating modes:
• 𝑇𝑀00 : 𝐻𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑥 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = 0; 𝐻𝑥 = 0; 𝐻𝑦 = 0
• 𝑇𝑀𝑚0 : 𝐻𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑥 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = 0; 𝐻𝑥 = 0; 𝐻𝑦 = 0
• 𝑇𝑀0𝑛 : 𝐻𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑥 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = 0; 𝐻𝑥 = 0; 𝐻𝑦 = 0
Propagating modes:
• 𝑇𝑀𝑚𝑛 ; 𝑚 ≥ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ≥ 1
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 26
 Propagating TM Modes
𝑦

𝑇𝑀21 Image Source: Elements

Of Electromagnetics -
Sadiku - 3rd ed

𝑥 𝑧
E- Field
H-Field
𝑇𝑀11 𝑇𝑀12 𝑇𝑀21 𝑇𝑀31

Image Source: Jensen, E. (2016). RF Cavity

Design. 10.5170/CERN-2014-009.405 Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 27
 TE Mode
𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐻𝑧 ≠ 0
General Solution:
𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = (𝐴1 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐴2 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 )(𝐴3 cos 𝑘𝑦 𝑦 + 𝐴4 sin(𝑘𝑦 𝑦)) 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
Boundary Conditions: 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝐸𝑥 = − ; 𝐸 =
𝜕𝐻
ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥
𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑥=0, 𝐸𝑦 =0 𝑜𝑟 𝜕𝑥𝑧 =0 ⇒ 𝐴2 =0
𝜕𝐻 ൡ ⇒ 𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐻0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘𝑦 𝑦)) 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑦=0, 𝐸𝑥 =0 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 =0 ⇒ 𝐴4 =0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝐸𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 = 0 ⇒ sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑚𝜋 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝜋/𝑎
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐻
𝑖𝑣 𝐴𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝐸𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ sin 𝑘𝑦 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑛𝜋 ⇒ 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑛𝜋/𝑎
𝜕𝑦
𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐻0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑎 𝑏
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 28
Propagating and Non-propagating TE Modes
𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐻0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ; 𝐸𝑧 = 0
𝑎 𝑏
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐸𝑥 = ℎ2 𝑏
𝐻0 cos 𝑎
𝑥 sin 𝑏
𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ; 𝐸𝑦 = − ℎ 2 𝑎
𝐻 0 sin 𝑎
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏
𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧

𝛾 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝛾 𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐻𝑥 = ℎ2 𝑎 𝐻0 sin 𝑎 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ; 𝐻𝑦 = 2 𝐻0 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝑏 ℎ 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

Non-propagating modes:
• 𝑇𝐸00 : 𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐻𝑧 ≠ 0; 𝐸𝑥 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = 0; 𝐻𝑥 = 0; 𝐻𝑦 = 0
Propagating modes:
• 𝑇𝐸0𝑛 ; 𝑛 ≥ 1
• 𝑇𝐸𝑚0 ; 𝑚 ≥ 1
• 𝑇𝐸𝑚𝑛 ; 𝑚 ≥ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ≥ 1
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 29
 Propagating TE Modes
𝑇𝐸10 𝑇𝐸20 𝑇𝐸01
y
E
Field
x
z

H
Field
Image Source: https://www.cst.com/academia/examples/hollow-rectangular-waveguide

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 30

Cut-off Frequency: Rectangular Waveguide
ℎ2 = 𝛾 2 + 𝑘 2 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 ⇒ 𝛾 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 − 𝑘 2

𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
Case1 Evanescent: 𝛾 = 𝛼 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 − 𝑘2 >0⇒ 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 < +
𝑎 𝑏
𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
Case2 Propagation: 𝛾 = 𝑗𝛽 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 2
− 𝑘 < 0 ⇒ 𝜔 𝜇𝜀 > 2
+
𝑎 𝑏

1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
⇒𝜔> + 𝑜𝑟 𝑓> +
𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏 2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏
𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
Case3 Cut-off: 𝛾 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 − 𝑘 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 = +
𝑎 𝑏

1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 1 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
⇒ 𝑓𝑐 = + = +
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏 2 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 31
 Cut-off Frequency for Different Modes
𝑣 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 1
𝑓𝑐 = + ; 𝑣=
2 𝑎 𝑏 𝜇𝜀
Fundamental modes: Modes with lowest cut-off frequency
For TM mode: TM11
For TE mode: TE01 or TE10

Degenerate modes:
Modes with same cut-off
frequency- TM11 & TE11 Cut-off frequencies of Rectangular waveguide with
a=2.5cm and b=1cm
TM21 & TE21; TM31 & TE31 Image Source: Elements Of
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay Electromagnetics - Sadiku - 3rd ed 32
Phase Constant and Intrinsic Impedance
𝛾= 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 − 𝑘 2

𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑓𝑐 2
Phase Constant: 𝛽 = 𝑘2 − − = 𝜔 𝜇𝜀 1 −
𝑎 𝑏 𝑓
Intrinsic Impedance:
𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦 𝛽 𝜇 𝑓𝑐 2 𝑓𝑐 2
𝜂 𝑇𝑀 = =− = = 1− = 𝜂0 1 −
𝐻𝑦 𝐻𝑥 𝜔𝜀 𝜀 𝑓 𝑓

𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦 𝜔𝜇 𝜇 1 𝜂0
𝜂 𝑇𝐸 = =− = = =
𝐻𝑦 𝐻𝑥 𝛽 𝜀
𝑓𝑐 2 𝑓𝑐 2
1− 𝑓 1− 𝑓
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 33
Phase Velocity and Group Velocity
𝜔 𝑣
Phase Velocity: 𝑣𝑝 = =
𝛽 𝑓𝑐 2
1− 𝑓

1 𝑓𝑐 2
Group Velocity: 𝑣𝑔 = 𝜕𝛽 =𝑣 1−
ൗ𝜕𝜔 𝑓

1
𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣 2 𝑣=
𝜇𝜀
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 34
 Example: Rectangular Waveguide
For an air-filled rectangular waveguide WR430.
(i) Find cut-off frequencies in TE10 and TM21 modes.
Dimensions of WR430:
𝑎 = 4.3′′ = 4.3 × 2.54𝑐𝑚 = 10.922𝑐𝑚; 𝑏 = 𝑎/2 = 5.461𝑐𝑚
𝑐 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 3×1010 1
Cut-off frequency: 𝑓𝑐 = + = = 1.372 𝐺𝐻𝑧 for TE10
2 𝑎 𝑏 2 10.922
3×1010 2 2 1 2
= + = 3.884 𝐺𝐻𝑧 for TM21
2 10.922 5.461
(ii) If the given waveguide is filled with dielectric with 𝜀𝑟 = 2.2, then find the cut-off
frequencies.
𝑐 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 1.372
Cut-off frequency: 𝑓𝑐 = + = = 0.925 𝐺𝐻𝑧 for TE10
2 𝜀𝑟 𝑎 𝑏 2.2
3.884
= = 2.619 𝐺𝐻𝑧 for TM21
2.2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 35
 1. E-Plane Tee (Series Tee)
Port1

Port2 Port3

E-Arm

Collinear Arms Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 36
 2. H-Plane Tee (Shunt Tee)
Port2
Collinear Arms

Port1

H-Arm
Port3

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 37

 3. Magic Tee
Port4
Port3 E-Arm

Port1 Port2

H-Arm

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 38

 4. Coupler

Port4 Port3
Isolated port Coupled port

Port1 Port2
Through port
Source

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 39

 5. Attenuator
• Attenuates the RF signal in a waveguide.
Fixed Type

10 dB Attenuator
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 40