School of Electrical Information

Chapter 10
AC Power Analysis
 10.1 Instantaneous and Average Power
Ø Instantaneous Power !(#)

The instantaneous power !(#) (in watts) is the power at any instant of time

%(#) = '( )*+(,# + .% )

/(#) = 0( )*+(,# + ./ )

! # = / # % # = 0( '( )*+ ,# + .% )*+ ,# + ./

)*+ ./ − .% + )*+ 2,# + .% + ./
= 0 ( '(
2
3 3
= 0( '( )*+ ./ − .% + 0( '( )*+ 2,# + .% + ./
2 2

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 10.1 Instantaneous and Average Power

Ø Average Power !

The average power " (in watts) is the average of the instantaneous
power over one period.

7(*) = 0/ 123(9* + 47 ) 0 = 0/ ∠47

Phasor form
5(*) = ./ 123(9* + 45 ) : = ./ ∠45

$ % $ % $ $
! = ∫' ((*),* = ∫' ( ./ 0/ 123 45 − 47 + ./ 0/ 123 -9* + 47 + 45 ),*
% % - -
$
= ./ 0/ 123 45 − 47
-

:̇ ./
<= = ∠45 − 47
̇0 0/
45 − 47 >? @AB >CDEFGBG HCIEB JB@KBBC LAH?MN OME@HIB HCG LAH?MN DFNNBC@

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 10.1 Instantaneous and Average Power

Ø Average Power !

# $ #
! = % '())+) = -. /. 012 34 − 36
$ & ,

When 34 = 36 , the voltage and current are in phase.

This implies a purely resistive circuit or resistive load R

# # # ,
!= -. /. = /,. 7 = /̇ 7
, , ,

When 34 − 36 = ±:&° , we have a purely reactive circuit

#
! = -. /. 012:&° = &
,

A resistive load (R) absorbs power all the time, while a reactive
load (L or C) absorbs zero power.
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 10.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer

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 10.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer

For maximum average power transfer, the load

impedance !" must be equal to the complex
conjugate of the Thevenin impedance !#$

!" = -" + /0" = -#$ − /0#$ = !∗#$

*#$ +
%&'( =
,-#$

When the load is purely real, by setting 0" = 3 in Eq. (11.18), we get

-" = -+#$ + 0+#$ = !#$

For maximum average power transfer to a purely resistive load, the load
impedance (or resistance) is equal to the magnitude of the Thevenin
impedance.

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 10.3 Effective Value
The effective value of a periodic current (voltage) is the dc current
(voltage) that delivers the same average power to a resistor as the
periodic current (voltage)

% &* % & *
!"## = ' ) +, -"## = ' . +,
& ( & (

For #/0 ) = !1 2/34,

% &* % & * !*1 & %

5"## = ' ) +, = ' !1 2/3* 4,+, = ' (% + 2/3*4,)+,
& ( & ( & ( *
!1
=
*
Similarly, -1
V"## =
*
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 10.3 Effective Value
The effective value is scalar

The effective phasor:

"̇
"̇ #$$ = "#$$ ∠'( =
)

*̇
*̇ #$$ = *#$$ ∠'+ =
)

"̇ "̇ #$$ "- "#$$

,= = = ∠'( − '+ = ∠'( − '+
̇* ̇*#$$ *- *#$$

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 10.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor

Ø Apparent Power S: The product of the effective value of voltage and

current, measured in VA.

Ø Power Factor pf: The cosine of the phase difference between voltage
and current.
It is also the cosine of the angle of the load impedance.

$
!" = = &'((*+ − *- )
%

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 10.5 Complex Power
Complex Power ! (#$ %&)

) ∗
!= %̇ ,̇
*
= %.// ,.// ∠12 − 1#
= %.// ,.// 456 12 − 1# + 8%.// ,.// 6#$ 12 − 1#
= 9 + 8:

%*.//
! = ,*.// F = = %̇ .// ,̇ ∗.//
F∗
Real power 9 (#$ =>??):

9 = ;. ! = %.// ,.// 456 12 − 1#

Reactive power : (#$ A5B? − ><C.D. D.>4?#A., %&;):

: = ,< ! = %.// ,.// 6#$ 12 − 1#

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 10.5 Complex Power
Power Conservation

!& = $ !% = $ !" = $

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 10.5 Complex Power
Reactive power ! (#$ %&'):

Ø ! = + ,-. ./0#01#2/ 3-450 (6$#17 8,)(96 − 9# = +)

Ø ! < + ,-. <484<#1#2/ 3-450 (3/45#$= 8,)(96 − 9# < +)

Ø ! > + ,-. #$56<1#2/ 3-450 (34==#$= 8,)(96 − 9# > +)

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 10.6 Power Factor Correction
To obtain reactive power compensation by connecting
capacitor in parallel with original equipment (circuit)

Given *,̇ 1% = +456, ,-./0% = 4. 8, ,-./ = 4. 9, ! =?

$ = $% + $!
$! = −()!*+
$,-./ = $% ,-./0% = 1%

$.0:/ = $% .0:/0% − )!*+

1%
!= (<=:/0% − <=:/)
)*+
/ = =?,,-.4. 9 = +@. AB∘ 0:DE,<0FG

/ = =?,,-.4. 8 = @H. %H∘ 0:DE,<0FG

! = HIB. @% JK

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