madona qebaZe

TurqeTis respublika XX
saukunis I mesamedSi da
mustafa qemal aTaTurqi
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo

 
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2014
UDC(uak) 94(560)
q-351

wignSi ”TurqeTis respublika XX saukunis I mesa-

medSi da mustafa qemal aTaTurqi”, ganxilulia am
periodis TurqeTis istoriis politikuri da social-
ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, TurqeTis respublikis saSinao
da sagareo politika, mustafa qemalis mier gata-
rebuli reformebi. saTanadodo aris gaSuqebuli
TurqeTis pirveli prezidentis moRvaweoba.
wigni gaTvaliswinebulia istorikosebisaTvis,
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi saswavleblis
studentebisaTvis.

redaqtorebi: giorgi gociriZe,

istoriis doqtori, profesori;
maia abdelani, ganaTlebis doqtori;

recenzentebi: malxaz cirekiZe, istoriis doqtori,

asocirebuli profesori;
Teimuraz axalmosuliSvili,
istoriis doqtori,
asistent-profesori;

© m. qebaZe, 2014 

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2014

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-22-367-9 

2   
 TurqeTis respublika XX saukunis I mesamedSi da
mustafa qemal aTaTurqi

samSoblo is miwaa, romelic Cveni Svilebisa da

SviliSvilebisaTvis samoTxed unda vaqcioT. mklavi,
romelsac xmali uWiravs, adre Tu gvian daiRleba da
xmals qarqaSSi Caagebs, magram marjvena, romelsac
xnuli gahyavs, dRiTi dRe unda gaZlierdes . . .

mustafa qemal aTaTurqi

  
  
 Sesavali

XX saukunis I mesamedi saintereso periods warmo-

adgens TurqeTis saxelmwifos istoriaSi. am dros mox-
da ori mniSvnelovani movlena: daiSala osmaleTis im-
peria da mis nangrevebze Seiqmna axali saxelmwifo -
TurqeTis respublika, magram manamde iyo sami omi, ro-
melSic osmaleTis imperia damarcxda. I msoflio omis
win, TurqeTma or omSi moaswro damarcxeba, italias-
Tan 1911-1912 da balkaneTis 1912-13 wlebis omSi. aqve
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom orjerve misi mowinaaRmdege-
ni bevrad ufro sustebi iyvnen, vidre TviTon osmale-
Tis imperia. or omSi zedized ori damarcxeba da isic
sust mowinaaRmdegeebTan, cxads xdida, rom momavali
omi evropis nebismier saxelmwifosTan, misTvis katas-
trofuli iqneboda. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, osma-
leTis imperia mainc uyoymanod Caeba omSi. albaT arc
is iyo ubralo SemTxveva, rom omSi TurqTi germaniis
mokavSired mogvevlina. didi iyo miTi da xalxs brmad
sjeroda germaniis uZlevelobisa da gamarjvebisa mo-
maval omSi. am mZime da sapasuxismgeblo viTarebaSi,
qveyanas moevlina mustafa qemali, romlis moRvaweo-
bac oqros asoebiT Sevida TurqeTis saxelmwifos is-
toriaSi.

  5 
 Tavi I

TurqeTi XIX -XX saukuneebis mijnze da

mustafa qemali

revoluciis damarcxebis miuxedavad, osmaleTis

imperiaSi revoluciuri moZraoba kvlavac grZeldebo-
da. mas axla saTaveSi organizacia---erTianoba da
progresi Caudga, romelic maleve politikur partiad
gardaiqmna. am partiis wevrebs axalgazrda Turqebi
ewodebodaT. Tavdapirvelad axalgazrda Turqebs som-
xur da makedonur erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZra-
obasTan kargi urTierToba hqondaT da parizSi maTTan
erTad kongresic ki Seqmnes. 1905-1907 wlebis ruseTis
revoluciam axalgazrda Turqebze didi gavlena moax-
dina. TurqeTSi kvlavac revoluciuri situacia mom-
wifda. amis gamo erTianoba da progresis ucxoeTSi
myofma birTvma Tavisi saqmianoba makedoniaSi, qalaq sa-
lonikSi gadmoitana, romelic am dros osmaleTSi Sedi-
oda da sadac oficerTa Soris mravali momxre hyavda.
1908 wels makedoniis erT patara qalaqSi ajanye-
bam ifeTqa. ajanyebulebma saloniki aiRes da 1876 wlis
konstituciis aRdgena gamoacxades. osmaleTis sulTa-
ni mixvda rom CaTrevas Cayola sjobda da konstituci-
is aRdgenas moawera xeli.
ase dasrulda TurqeTSi usisxlo revolucia da
saTaveSi axalgazrda Turqebi movidnen. axalgazrda
Turqebi ar isaxavdnen miznad revoluciis Semdeg raime
arsebiTi xasiaTis socialuri reformebis Catarebas.
TandaTanobiT maT dakarges popularoba xalxis maseb-
Si da kidev ufro metad ki---mxardaWera araTurqi mo-
saxleobisa, radganac erovnuli sakiTxis gadaWra maT
surdaT osmanizmis doqtrinis safuZvelze. axal-
gazrda Turqebma osmanizms misces sruliad axali Sina-
arsi. ”me upirveles yovlisa osmalo var”--werda jemal
faSa ”erTobisa da progresis” erTerTi lideri.

6   
 glexebma, rogorc Turqebma, ise araTurqebma,
naTlad dainaxes rom revoluciam maT araferi mouta-
na. glexebis mdgomareoba Zalze savalalo iyo. 1908/9
wlis zamTarSi aRmosavleT anatoliaSi daiwyo SimSili.
aseT xelsayrel viTrebaSi 1909 wels moxda konrrevo-
luciuri amboxeba axalgazrda Turqebis winaaRmdeg.
magram amboxebulebis kargad momzadebis miuxedvad
axalgazrda Turqebma 1909 wlis 24 aprils isini daamar-
cxes. 27 aprils senatisa da deputatTa palatis gaer-
Tianebul sxdomaze waikiTxes Seihul-islamis fetva ab-
dul hamid II-is taxtidan gadayenebis da taxtze mehmed
V-is ayvanis Sesaxeb.
daiwyo osmaleTis istoriis axali periodi. axal-
gazrda Turqebma xelSi aiRes qveynis mmarTveloba.
”erTobisa da progrsisi” partiis centraluri komite-
ti warmarTavda mTavrobis mTel saqmianobas.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg axalgazrda Tur-
qebma TaviaanTi dapirebebi maleve daiviwyes da erTiani
da ganuyofeli osmaleTis imperiis SenarCunebis gzas
daadgnen. erovnul sakiTxebSic maT axal osmanTa doq-
trina gaimeores--------mzad iyvnen dapyrobili xalxe-
bisaTvis religia SeenarCunebinaT, magram maTagan
mSobliuri enis daviwyebas da TurqebTan asimilacias
moiTxovdnen. arCevnebis uflebasac isini marto maT aZ-
levdnen, vinc Turquli kargad icoda.
aseT rTul situaciaSi samoRvaweo asparezze ga-
modis mustafa faSa, TurqeTis respublikis momavali
prezidenti (1923-1938 ww.).
Turqi xalxis erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli
brZolis organizatori, TurqeTis respublikis dama-
arsebeli da misi pirveli prezidenti, Turqi xalxis ma-
ma, qemalisturi moZRvrebis mamamTavari mustafa qemal
aTaTurqi miCneulia, rom daibada 1881 wels saberZne-
Tis qalaq salonikSi, romelic maSin rumeliis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan qalaqs warmoadgenda.
aTaTurqma TviTon gansazRvra Tavisi dabadebis
  7 
TariRi. im periodis gansxvavebuli kalendrebis gamo,
aTaTurqis zusti dabadebis TariRi ucnobia. otoman-
Ta imperia cnobda hijis da rumis kalendars. hiji iyo
islamTa kalendari, romelic religiuri dResaswaule-
bisTvis gamoiyeneboda, weliwadSi 354 an 355 dRes aR-
niSnavda. rumi ki iyo samoqalaqo kalendari, SemoRe-
buli 1839 wels. es iyo mzis kalendari, iuliuseuli ka-
lendris msgavsi. orive kalendari aTvlas iwyebda hij-
ras periodidan, anu muhamedis medinaSi Casvlis perio-
didan. orive kalendarSi gasuli wlebi gansxvavebuli
TariRiT iqna aRniSnuli. mravali reforma iqna gata-
rebuli, rom maT Soris gansxvaveba moespoT, magram
uSedegod.
aTaTurqis dabadebis TariRi da adgili TurqeTis
selanikis samoqalaqo Canawerebis mixedviT miTiTebu-
lia, rogorc 1296 wels negara. magram miTiTebuli ar
aris es TariRi romeli kalendris mixedviT aris gan-
sazRvruli, rumis Tu hijris. am gaugebrobis gamo, 1927
wels samsunSi warmoTqmul sityvaSi, aTaTurqma Tavis
dabadebis TariRad gansazRvra 1919 wlis 19 maisi. rea-
lurad misi dabadebis weli, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo 1919,
magram es TariRi man miuTiTa damoukideblobis dRis
aRsaniSnavad. mogvianebiT aTaTurqma Tavis dabadebis
TariRad 1881 wlis 19 maisi gamoacxada.
aTaTurqis winaprebi, rogorc dedis ise mamis
mxridan, rumeliaSi anatoliidan gadasaxlebuli Tur-
qebi iyvnen. mama ali-riza effendi ruseT-TurqeTis
omis monawile, ufrosi leitenantis CiniT wvril moxe-
led msaxurobda. igi erTxans jarSic iyo Cawerili mo-
xalised. samsaxuridan gadadgomis Semdeg xelmokleo-
bis gamo vaWrobas mihyo xeli, magram male saqme cudad
wauvida, xangrZlivi avadmyofobis gamo igi 50 wlis
asakSi gardaicvala. deda zubeide hanimi, salonikis Se-
mogarenidan iyo, wera-kiTxva icoda, magram meuRlisa-

8   
gan gansxvavebiT konservatoruli Sexedulebis mqone
tradiciebis mimdevari qali iyo. ali-riza efendisa da
zubeide hanimis xuTi Svili SeeZinaT, romelTagan mxo-
lod ori-mustafa da makbule-SerCaT. mustafa rom
daibada, adaTis Tanaxmad, ali riza efendim mas bavSo-
baSi gardacvlili Zmis saxeli uCurCula, raTa bavSvi
cocxali darCeniliyo. aTaT, Turquli tradiciis mi-
xedviT, saxelebs gramatikuli funqciis garda aqvT da-
matebiT sapativsacemo da samaxsovro Rirebulebac. sa-
xelebis Targmna Turqulidan sxva enebze SesaZlebe-
lia, magram aq gasaTvaliswinebelia enobrivi gansxvave-
bebi sityvebs Soris.
aTaTurqs dabadebidan ewoda saxeli mustafa (rCe-
uli). im droisaTvis es saxeli iyo islamTa winaswarmet-
yvelis---muhamedis epiTeti. aTaTurqi swavlobda sela-
nikis (Tu salonikis - g.g)samxedro skolaSi, sadac misma
maTematikis maswavlebelma damatebiT uwoda qemali
(srulyofileba) misi akademiuri miRwevebis gamo.

mustafa, zebeide da makbule

  9 
 arabi ZiZa mustafas rumeliis xalxur simRerebs
umReroda, romlebic bizantiuri, slavuri da Turqu-
li melodiebis narevs warmoadgenda. mas es mTeli si-
cocxlis manZilze Caesmoda yurSi.
zubeide hanimi tradiciebis mimdevari, morwmune
adamiani gaxldaT. Zalian amayobda imiT, rom misa da mi-
si meuRlis winaprebs Soris araerTi haji eria (haji
aris morwmune, romelsac meqa aqvs movlili). dedas mi-
aCnda, rom mustafac maT kvals unda gahyoloda da ha-
fizi an hoja gamxdariyo. amitom ubnis skolaSi unda
eswavla da sxva marTlmorwmune muslimi bavSvebis
msgavsad yuranis mcnebebis Sesabamisi ganaTleba mieRo.
mama TiTqmis ar ereoda bavSvis aRzrdis saqmeSi da
vaWrobiT iyo dakavebuli. ojaxis namdvili ufrosi de-
da iyo. saxis nakvTebiT, cisferi TvalebiT, Ria feris
kaniT da TmebiT mustafa dedas hgavda. radgan dedas
surda mustafa religiis msaxuri gamxdariyo, amitom
eqvsi wlis vaJi Tavdapirvelad saubno skolaSi, hafiz
mehmedis skolaSi miabares . magram male igi, mamam swav-
lis gasagrZeleblad, salonikis erT-erT saukeTeso
Semri effendis skolaSi gadaiyvana, sadac xuTi weli
iswavla. meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg zubeide hanimi
iZulebuli gaxda mustafa skolidan gamoeyvana, radgan
sacxovreblad gadavida ZmasTan, romelic mouravad
muSaobda erT-erT mememulesTan. mustafa skolaSi
drodadro kerZo gakveTilebs iRebda, magram es mas ar
akmayofilebda. Semdeg is dedam gaagzavna salonikSi,
sadac swavla saxelmwifo saSualo skolaSi gaagrZela.
sruliad gamorCeuli garegnobis mqone mustafa
qceviTac gansxvavdeboda. bavSvebis TamaSebSi TiTqmis
ar monawileobda, Tavi amayad eWira da umniSvnelo Seu-
racxyofasac ki aravis apatiebda.
mustafa garegnul iers bavSobidanve did mniSvne-
lobas aniWebda. moswavleebis tradiciuli tansacmeli
10   
saSinlad ar moswonda. samagierod, samxedro saswav-
leblis mowafeebis uniformas SuriT Sescqeroda. swo-
red am dros salonikSi zubeide hanumi Camovida da
mustafam mas samxedro saswavlebelSi Sesvlis ufleba
sTxova, Tumca kategoriuli uari miiRo. magram musta-
fas gadarwmuneba advili saqme ar iyo. man Tavisi sur-
vli mezobel maiors gaando da misi daxmarebiTa da zu-
beide hanumisagan malulad samxedro saswavlebelSi
misaReb gamocdebze gavida, didi warmatebiT Caabara da
deda faqtis winaSe daayena. Tanac xerxic ixmara---roca
mustafa dabadebula, mamas misi akvnis TavTan xmali Ca-
moukidebia. mustafam dedas es garemoeba gaaxsena da
kategoriulad uTxra, me jariskacad davibade da ja-
riskacad movkvdebio.
zubeide haniumis yoymans bolo sizmarma mouRo----
mustafa minareTze oqros langarze ijda. Svilisken
gaqceul zubeides xma Caesma, Tu samxedro saswavle-
belSi gauSveb, sul aseT simaRleze iqneba, Tu ara da
Zirs daenarcxebao. dedam gadawyvita, rom mis vaJs sam-
xedro asparezze didi warmateba eloda da Sesabamis
sabuTze xeli moawera .
1894 wels miiRes salonikis samxedro skolaSi, sa-
dac gansakuTrebuli niWi gamoavlina maTematikaSi. aq
am sagnis maswavlebelma, rogorc avRniSneT, SesTavaza
meore saxelad mieRo ,,qemali” (srulyofileba, srul-
qmnileba) raTa saxeliTac gamorCeuli yofiliyo sxva
mustafebisagan. maswavlebelma saxelisa da codnis
garda mas SesZina ramdenime megobari, romelic sicoc-
xlis bolomde ar miutovebia. 1899 wels Cairicxa meo-
marTa kolejSi stambulSi da daamTavra 1902 wels. 1905
wels 11 ianvars daamTavra meomarTa akademia. akademia-
Si mustafa qemali erT-erTi saukeTesoTagani iyo. ki-
dev ufro gaizarda misi daintereseba politikiT, risi
dasturicaa misi aqtiuri monawileoba kursantTa fa-

  11 
ruli gazeTis gamocemaSi, amxanagebis regularuli in-
formireba qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Taobaze.

saukunis dasawyisidan iwyeba mniSvnelovani

periodi osmaleTis istoriaSi da mustafa qemalis
cxovrebaSi. am dros mustafa qemali gaaqtiurda,
uyalibdeba mas lideris Tvisebebi. misi saqmianoba
SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT. 1905 wels igi daapatimres.
marTalia misTvis sasjeli ar gamoutaniaT, magram ima-
ve wels, rogorc saeWvo piri, Soreul siriaSi gaamweses
staJirebisaTvis, sadac man TiTqmis sami weli dahyo.
mas saSualeba mieca kargad gascnoboda regionis mdgo-
mareobas, viTarebas jarSi da a.S. igi SeuerTda refor-
mist oficrebis patara saidumlo revoluciur sazo-
gadoebas, saxelad----,,samSoblo da Tavisufleba”, mag-
ram politikuri saqmianobis xelsayreli mdgomareoba
rumeliaSi iyo, romelic osmaleTis ganviTarebul na-
wils warmoadgenda. 1907 wels man miiRo kapitnis Cini,
igi SeuerTda gaerTianebisa da progresis komitets.
Tumca, bolo wlebSi mudmivi kritikisa da opoziciis
obieqtad iqca da policia sdevnida am organizaciis

12   
xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. 1908 wels axalgazrda Turqma
revolucionerebma Zalaufleba Caigdes abulhamid II-
gan. aTaTurqma didi roli iTamaSa am revoluciaSi.
1910 wels man monawileoba miiRo safrangeTSi pikardis
samxedro manevrebSi. 1911w. mcire droiT msaxurobda
samxedro saministroSi. mogvianebiT, 1911w. igi gadayva-
nil iqna otomanebis provinciul qalaq trabslur-
sgarbSi (dRevandeli libiis teritoria), raTa winaaR-
mdegoba gaewia italieli dampyroblebisaTvis. 1912w.
igi dabrunda dedaqalaqSi. am periodSi daiwyo balka-
neTis omebi. balkaneTis brZolebis pirvel etapze, igi
ibrZoda bulgareTis samxedro nawilebis winaaRmdeg
galipolsa da bolairSi mdinare treis sanapiroze,
1913w. dainiSna sofiaSi samxedro ataSed da erTi wlis
Tavze daawinaures leitenant-polkovnikis rangSi .
revoluciamde da revoluciis Semdegac igi bevrs
kiTxulobda. maT Soris iyo monteskies ,,kanonTa su-
li”, j. milsis ,,sociologiur traqtatebi” da sxv. igi
gansakuTrebiT gatacebuli iyo istoriiT. magram mus-
tafa qemals sakmarisad ar miaCnda axalgazrda TurqTa
revoluciis Semdeg gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, igi uf-
ro Rrma gardaqmnebis momxre iyo, rac ar Sedioda ,,er-
Tianobisa da progresis”sazogadoebis mesveurTa geg-
mebSi. amitom salonikidan moSorebiT, mas 1908 wels
tripolitaniaSi agzavnian, sadac xelisuflebis sawi-
naaRmdego gamosvlebi mimdinareobda. miRebuli zome-
bis Sedegad, sam TveSi mdgomareobis dawynarebis Sem-
deg, salonikSi dabrunebuli mustafa qemali diviziis
Stabis ufrosad iniSneba. male stambolSi 1909 wlis 13
aprils kontrevoluciuri amboxeba moxda. mustafa qe-
mali erTaderT gamosavlad dedaqalaqze laSqrobas
miiCnevda. igi laSqris Stabis ufrosi xdeba, magram
ramdenime dReSi am postze maior envers niSnaven. sa-
lonikSi dabrunebis Semdeg mustafa qemali monawile-
obs samxedro manevrebSi da germanel marSal fon de
  13 
golcis maRal Sefasebas imsaxurebs. ,,erTianobisa da
progresis” yrilobaze, romelic 1909 seqtemberSi Ca-
tarda, mustafa qemalma moiTxova, rom samxedroebi
Camocilebodnen politikas an daetovebinaT jaris
rigebi. radgan xelmZRvanelobam es ar gaiTvaliswina,
mustafa qemali Camoscilda erTianobis da progresis
partias da Tavisi samxedro kariera gaagrZela. igi
daabrunes armiis StabSi da samxedro ministrTan
erTad gaagzavnes albaneTSi ajanyebis CasaxSobad,
Semdeg ki safrangeTSi samxedro manevrebze dasaswre-
bad. 1911 wels mustafa gadaiyvanes generalur StabSi.
megobrebisadmi miweril werilSi igi ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvavda stambolSi arsebuli viTarebis gamo da
aRniSnavda ,,yvela pirad gamorCenaze fiqrobs, jarisa
da qveynis gadasarCenad Tavdaozogavad unda vimuSao.”
1911-12ww. tripolitanis omis dros mustafa qema-
li maioris CiniT daajildoves, rogorc erT-erTi me-
Tauri, xelZRvanelobda italielebis winaaRmdeg brZo-
las, risTvisac ordeniT dajildovda. 1913 wels mus-
tafa qemali, Tavis megobar feThisTan erTad, amTav-
rebs TrakiaSi saxedro operaciis gegmas, magram gegma
ar miiRes, ris gamoc male Turqebma adrianopoli da-
karges. mxolod ramdenime Tvis Semdeg mustafa qemalis
mier Catarebuli operaciis meoxebiT igi daibrunes.
1913 wels mustafa qemali dainiSna saxedro ataSed so-
fiaSi. Semdeg igi erTdroulad asrulebda samxedro
ataSes movaleobas buqarestsa da belgradSi. am Tanam-
debobaze yofnis dros mas vice-polkovnikis Tanamde-
boba mianiWes .
im pirTa ricxvs, romlebic ar iyvnen darwmunebu-
li germaniis uZlevelobaSi, ekuTvnoda mustafa qema-
li. igi gamoirCeoda movlenebis realisturi SefasebiT
da kargad xedavda, Tu sad mTavrdeboda movlenaTa re-
aluri samyaro da sad iwyeboda fantazia. aqve vityviT,
rom swored aseTma realisturma midgomam faqtebisa
da movlenebisadmi misca mustafa qemals saSualeba
14   
TurqeTis omSi damarcxebis Semdeg, rodesac gamarjve-
buli qveynebi TurqeTis teritoriul danawilebas Se-
udgnen, daewyo da warmatebiT daemTavrebina brZola
sulTnis mTavrobisa da antantis qveynebis SeiaraRebu-
li Zalebis winaaRmdeg.
msoflio omi rodesac daiwyo, mustafa qemali so-
fiaSi osmaleTis samxedro ataSes Tanmdebobaze imyo-
feboda.
im dros sofia TurqeTisaTvis erT-erT yvelaze
ufro mniSvnelovan politikur kvanZs warmoadgenda,
vinaidan bulgarTis pozicia dawyebul omSi garkveul
gavlenas moaxdenda TurqeTis politikis gansazRvra-
ze. aseT pirobebSi bulgareTis momavali poziciis gar-
kvevaSi did rols TamaSobda bulgareTis Turquli ra-
ionebidan arCeuli parlamentis 13 Turqi deputati.
cametive rodoslavos germanul poziciebze idga.
bulgareTis meryeoba SedarebiT didxans gagrZelda.
1915 wels maisSi misi pozicia jer kidev imdenad iyo ga-
urkveveli, rom man samxedro konvenciis dadebaze ger-
manias uari uTxra, TurqeTi ki Caeba omSi, rodesac mer-
yevi iyo, rogorc bulgareTis sagareo-politiuri
kursi, ise misi Sinapolitikuri mdgomareoba. amas ar
SeeZlo ar moexdina gavlena mustafa qemalze.
mustafa qemali mkafiod xazs usvamda im azrs, rom
TurqeTis omSi Cabma naCqarevi gadawyvetilebis Sedegs
warmoadgenda. mustafa qemalis biografebis cnobiT,
mas omis dasawyisSive eWvi epareboda Tu rogori iqne-
boda misi finali e.i. darwmunebuli iyo, rom oms germa-
nia waagebda. cnobilia, rom TurqeTis oficialuri is-
toria ,,Tarihi” amtkicebs im azrs, rom mustafa qemali
ukve maSinve cdilobda daerwmunebina TurqeTis mmar-
Tveli wreebi, rom maT ar mieRoT omSi monawileoba .
msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg qemali varaudob-
da, rom omi didxans gagrZeldeboda da osmaleTs ar
unda eCqara masSi Cabma. igi didi eWviT uyurebda germa-
niis gamarjvebas am omSi, magram osmaleTis omSi Cabmis

  15 
Semdeg araerTxel moiTxova frontze gagzavna da ami-
saTvis mTavarsardlis movaleobis Semsrulebel enver
faSasac ki mimarTa. am werilma gaWra da 1915 wlis 20
ianvars igi dainiSna me-12 diviziis meTaurad. es divi-
zia monawileoba dardanelis dacvaSi 1915 wels.
1915 wlis 18 marts kanakales srutisaken mimaval
gzaze mZime marcxis Semdeg, inglisisa da safrangeTis
sazRvao flotebma gadawyvites Tavisi samxedro nawi-
lebis xmeleTze----galipolis naxevarkunZulze gan-
Tavseba. 1915 wlis 25 aprils ariburnuSSi dabanakebuli
mowinaRmdegis jarebi XIX diviziam SeaCera konkbair-
Tan. am divizias mustafa qemali meTaurobda. am gamar-
jvebis Semdeg mas polkovnikis wodeba mieniWa. inglisis
jarebma kvlav miitana ieriSi ariburnuSze 1915 wlis 6-
7 agvistos. am gamarjvebs mohyva sxva momdevno gamar-
jvebebi, kireqtefes gamarjveba 17 agvistos da meore
anafartalaris gamarjveba 21 agvistos. Turqma xalxma
am brZolebSi daaxloebiT 253000 adamianis dakargvis
miuxedavad, mainc moaxerxa Tavisi Rirsebis warmCena.
ariburnuSTan ganlagebul mustafa qemalis sam-
xedro nawilebi kontrSeteviT did zians ayeneben
mters, cnobilia mis mier gacemuli brZaneba: ,,me Tqven
Setevaze gasvlas ki ara sikvdils gibrZanebT! sanam
Cven davixocebiT sxva meomrebi daikaveben Cvens ad-
gils!”. brZolebSi warmatebisTvis mustafa qemalma
araerTi jildo da polkovnikis Cini miiRo. amasTanave
ukmayoflio iyo germaneli marSlis liman fon sander-
sis sardlobiT da sTxova osmaleTis jarebis mTavar-
sardlis movaleobis Semsrulebel enver faSas, pira-
dad Cadgomoda saTaveSi dardanelis srutis dacvas,
magram enver faSa mxolod inspeqtirebisaTvis Cadioda
xolme.
1915 wlis agvistoSi mustafa qemali dainiSna ana-
farTalaris dajgufebis meTaurad, man Tavisi Zalebi
Setevaze gadaiyvana da ukuagdo mteri. TviTonac
Zlivs sikvdils gadaurCa. ingliselTa sardali genera-
16   
li hamiltoni aRiarebda ”Cvens winaSea mamacurad
mebrZoli TurqTa jari, romelsac kargad sardlo-
ben”. 1915 wlis seqtemberSi enver faSa galipolos na-
xevarkunZulze Cavida, magram am dros avadmyofi mus-
tafa qemalis StabSi ar Seiara, ris gamoc ganawyene-
bulma mustafa qemalma gadadgoma iTxova, magram misi
Txovna ar daakmayofila liman fon sandersma, romelic
didad afasebda mustafa qemals. mas Semdeg rac ingli-
selTa jaris ukandaxeva daiwyo, mustafa qemalma wa-
moayena winadadeba Setevaze gadasvlis Sesaxeb, magram
winadadeba ar miiRes ris gamoc man Svebuleba iTxova
da stambulSi Cavida, sadac hqonda mcdeloba Sexved-
roda axalgazrda TurqTa triumviratis wevrs jemal
faSas.
1916 wels mustafa qemali dainiSna me-16 korpusis
sardlad. male igi aRmosavleTis frontze gadahyavT,
aniWeben generlis Cins da faSas tituls. 1916 wlis ag-
vistoSi qemal faSas korpusi rusebisgan aTavisuflebs
qalaqebs muSs da biTliss, medgrad igeriebs maT Semo-
sevebs. 1916 wlis dekemberi-----1917 wlis ianvarSi igi
asrulebs meore armiis sardlis movaleobas, amis Sem-
deg meoTxe armiis sardlis, jemal faSas gankarguleba-
Si gadahyavT hijazSi. mustafa qemal faSam, strategiu-
li TvalsazrisiT, aucileblad miiCnia hijazSi ganla-
gebuli jari siriis frontis gasamtkiceblad gadaeyva-
na.
kanakales brZolebis Semdeg mustafa qemali edir-
nesa da dairbakirSi gadiyvanes da 1916 wlis 1 aprils
general-leitenatis wodeba uboZes.
male mas niSnaven kavkasiis armiis dajgufebis Se-
madgenlobaSi Semaval meore armiis sardlad, xolo
1917 wlis ivlisSi, enver faSas xelmZRvalelobiT Cata-
rebuli TaTbiris Semdeg mustafa qemali dainiSna armi-
aTa dajgufebis ,,elvis” SemadgenlobaSi Semavali me-7
armiis sardlad.

  17 
 mustafa qemal faSam moiTxova frontze myofi
ori armiis gaerTianeba da germanelis nacvlad Tur-
qis, kerZod misi daniSvna, rac gaiziara jemal faSam,
magram mas ar daeTanxma enver faSa. falkenhainTan
uTanxmoebis gamo, 1917 wlis oqtomberSi mustafa qemal
faSa gadadga. amis Semdeg ingliselTa Semotevis Sem-
deg TurqeTis jarma ukan daixia da ierusalimic daT-
mo.
1917 wlis dekemberSi qemal faSa axlda ufliswul
vahadedins (momaval sulTan mehmed meeqvses) misi ger-
maniaSi vizitis dros. 1918 wels ivlisSi, rodesac igi
osmaleTis sulTani gaxda, mustafa qemal faSa samkur-
nalod imyofeboda. dabrunebisTanave, 1918 wels qemal
faSa Sexvda sulTans da SesTavaza Tavis Tavze aeRo
mTavarsardloba, xolo mustafa qemali daeniSna ara
mTavarsardlis movaleobis Semsruleblad rogorc en-
ver faSa, aramed genStabis ufrosad. am Sexvedras ki is
Sedegi mohyva, rom gauqmda mTavarsardlis movaleobis
Semsruleblis posti, magram genStabis ufrosoba sam-
xedro ministrma enver faSam SeiTavsa. qemal faSa kidev
samjer Sexvda sulTans da darwmunda, rom igi mniSvne-
lovan sakiTxebs triumvirates sxva wevrebs TalaT fa-
Sasa da enver faSas uTanxmebda.
male mustafa qemali palestinis frontze meSvide
armiis sardlad dainiSna da sulTanis sapatio adiu-
tantis wodeba miiRo. am droisTvis sulTnis karze uk-
ve fiqrobdnen zavis dadebas. 1918 wlis oqtomberSi
TalaT faSas didvezirobidan gadadgomis Semdeg, mus-
tafa qemal faSam sulTans gaugzavna, qveynis intere-
sebidan gamomdinare, dasaniSni mTavrobis wevrTa sia
da TviTon iTxovda samxedro ministris posts. mTavro-
ba Seqmna ahmed izeT faSam. magram samxedro ministrisa
da genStabis ufrosis postebi TviTon SeiTavsa. daza-
vebis Semdeg viTanamSromlebTo, miswera mustafa qe-
mal faSas. sapasuxo werilSi igi aRniSnavda, rom sam-
18   
xedro ministrobas iTxovda krizisuli brZolebis ga-
mo, amitom Cveni TanamSromloba saWirod ar mimaCniao.
1918 wlis oqtombris damlevs qemal faSa sajari-
so dajgufebis ,,elvis” sardlad dainiSna. imave dRes
osmaleTis imperiasa da antantis saxelmwifoebs Soris
mudrosis sazavo xelSekruleba daido. faqtobrivad
osmaleTma kapitulacia gamoacxada. antantis jarebma
TurqeTis didi nawilis okupacia moaxdines, sulTanisa
da axalgazrda TurqTa politikam kraxi ganicada, an-
tantis saxlmwifoebi, romlebic I msoflio omis wleb-
Si SeTanxmdnen daenawilebinaT osmaleTi, am gegmis
praqtikul ganxorcielebas Seudgnen. rogorc aTa-
Turqis megobari da TanamebrZoli ali fual faSa (je-
besoi) igonebs, mustafa qemalma mas ganucxada: ,,amis
Semdeg Cvenma erma, TvTon unda daicvas sakuTari uf-
lebebi da Cvenc es gza unda vuCvenoT mas”. 1918 wlis
noemberSi stambulSi dabrunebul qemal faSas antan-
tis samxedro gemebis danaxvaze uTqvams: ,,rogorc
movlen, ise wavlen”.
mudrosis zavis Semdeg mustafa qemali gaemgzav-
ra samsunSi rogorc XIX armiis inspeqtori (zedamxed-
veli). 1919 wlis 22 ivniss gamoqveyenebul cirkularSi
man ganacxada: “eris ganTavisufleba mxolod missive
simtkiciT, gambedaobiT da SeupovrobiT aRdgeba” .

  19 
 Tavi II

mustafa qemalis saqmianoba

I msoflio omis Semdeg

rodesac mustafa qemalma aqtiuri brZola daiwyo

politikaSi mosasvlelad igi 40-s mitanebuli, mowifu-
li da sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebuli samxedro gax-
ldaT. Tavisi profersionalizmis damtkicebas 14 weli
moandoma. dro iyo, Tavi warmoeCina, rogorc politi-
kossa da samxelmwifo moRvawes.
ukansaknel xanebSi mustafa qemali odnav gasuq-
da, saxe Seevso da daeRara, misma Tmam da ulvaSma
bzinvareba dakarga, magram Ria feris kanis, cocxali
gamoxedvisa da sxarti reaqciis gamo danarCenebze
gacilebiT axalgazrdad gamoiyureboda. mudam wel-
Si gamarTuli da warmosadegi namdvili samxedro
iyo. Tavisi ritmiTa da tempiT garemocvisagan yo-
velTvis gamoirCeoda. SedarebiT wvrilZvala, bev-
rad mosuli Canda. miuxedavad imisa, rom dinji sia-
ruli sCveoda, TiTqos swrafad moZraobda. fer-
mkrTali kani, farTo yvrimalebi, grZeli TiTebi,
Txeli mtevnebi da swrafi mixvra-moxvrac ki sakmari-
si iyo imisTvis, rom sxvebisgan umal gamogerCiaT.
magram sruliad gansakuTrebuli iyo misi Ria feris
Tvalebis kuSti gamoxedva---farTo Sublisa da awke-
pili warbebis qvemodan momziral am TvalebSi gamom-
wvevi, mtkice, civi sxivi enTo. masSi erTmaneTs er-
wymoda foladisebri simtkice da moqniloba, ukidu-
resi nervuli daZabuloba ki mas mozidul mSvilds
amsgavsebda - werdnene misi Tanamedroveni.
erovnuli brZolis sawyis etaps yvelaze metad
swored es misi qarizmatuloba sWirdeboda. gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis dros qemalis simtkice da swrafi re-
aqcia mas, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, WeSmarit liderad
aqcevda. ufro metic: mas “ naklebad ainteresebda xe-
lisufleba, sakuTari saxeli da dideba. mas mxolod
20   
TurqeTis momavali aRelvebda. arc siyvaruls aniWeb-
da did mniSvnelobas. qalebTan urTierTobas Zalian
cota dros uTmobda. Zvel TanamebrZolebTan da daax-
loebul oficrebTan megobroba erCivna da maT mimarT
yovelTvis gulRia da keTilganwyobili iyo .
uinston CerCili mustafa qemalze werda: “sisu-
leliT daTrgunvil, danaSauliT darcxvenil, omSi
damarcxebul, gauTavebeli ubedurebiT Zalagamoc-
lil Turqebs imperia Tvalsa da xels Sua daengraT.
magram isini amayad idgnen fexze. mkerdSi im rasis
warmomadgenlebis guli uZgerdaT, romelic msof-
liosac ki ar Seepua da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
yvela dampyrobels medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwia.
isini Tanamedrove samxedro aRWurvilobas flob-
dnen da saTaveSi iseTi sardali edgaT, romlis Tvi-
sebebi oTx-xuT gansakuTrebul adamians eyofoda
sxvebisgan gamosarCevad .
mustafa qemal faSa osmaleTis imperiis periodSi
iyo samxedro elitis erTerTi liberali warmomadge-
neli. 1918 wels osmaleTis imperiis damarcxebis Semdeg
qveyana katastrofis winaSe aRmoCnda. evropis saxel-
mwifoebma gadawyvites misi danawileba. 1919 wels mus-
tafa qemalma TanamoazreebTan erTad daarsa TurqeTis
erovnuli kongresi, sadac TurqeTis patriotuli Za-
lebi gaerTiandnen. am Zalam ver ixsna osmaleTis impe-
ria, magram gadaarCina TurqeTi .
stambolSi yofnis dros mustafa qemalma Tavis
garSemo daiwyo im pirebis Semokreba romlebic ukmayo-
filoni iyvnen okupantebis saqmianobiT da sulTnis me-
TaurobiT warmoebuli Semrigebluri politikiT. im
dros mustafa qemals imedi hqonda, rom osmaleTis
kritikuli mdgomareobidan gamosvla SesaZlebeli iq-
neboda, Tu Seiqmneboda axali qmediTi mTavroba da mas
unari eqneboda gadamwyveti zomebi mieRo qveynis erov-
nuli interesebis dasacavad, magram sulTnis garSemo
mokalaTebulma didma moxeleebma yurad ar iRes qema-
lis patriotuli mowodebebi.
  21 
 aseT viTarebaSi aTaTurqma miiRo swori gadawyve-
tileba. man interventebis winaaRmdeg Zalebis gaerTia-
neba daiwyo anatoliidan, sadac saamisod metad xelsay-
reli pirobebi iyo .
TurqeTSi socialuri reformebis gansaxorcie-
leblad, upirveles yovlisa saWiro iyo brZola saoku-
pacio reJimis winaaRmdeg, maSin rodesac sruteebi da
teritoria antantis qveynebisaTvis mniSvnelovan Sena-
Zens warmoadgenda.
stambulSi mustafa qemali aqtiurad saqmianobs,
gazeTebSi aqveynebs werilebs, xvdeba Tanamdebobis pi-
rebs, ramdenjerme inaxula sulTani da masTan ganixila
politikuri viTareba. igi megobrebs uziarebs "xalxis
gamosafxizleblad da xsnis gzebis saZebrad" anatoli-
aSi wasvlis gegmebs. misi gadawyvetilebiT intervente-
bis winaaRmdeg Zalebis gareTianeba da darazmva unda
dawyebuliyo anatoliidan, sadac saamisod xelsayreli
pirobebi arsebobda.
1919 wlis 19 maiss mustafa qemal faSa Cavida sam-
sunSi rogorc 19-e armiis inspeqtori, es Casvla miCneu-
lia erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli brZolis dasawyi-
sad. marTalia, TurqeTis saxvadasxva adgilas ukve Seq-
mnili iyo maTi gaerTianeba, Turqi xalxis darazmva Ta-
visuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis sabrZolve-
lad. es misia ikisres mustafa qemal faSam da misma Ta-
namerZolebma. misi azriT, unda moepovebinaT erisa da
saxelmwifos sruli damoukidebloba da am damoukide-
bel saxlmwifoSi umciresobas ar unda Seswirvoda um-
ravlesoba. am debulebiT ukve Cans aTaTurqis mier
TurqeTis respublikaSi ganxorcielebuli erovnuli
politikis Canasaxi. aqve friad aRsaniSnavia, qemalis
dedis werili Svilisadmi. es im dros aris dawerili,
rodesac mustafa qemalma dedas daumala omSi wasvla: “
Svilo gelodebodi, magram ar moxvedi. ase miTxari,
Caize dampatiJeso, magram namdvilad vici, rom
frontze waxvedi. glocav. gamarjvebis gareSe ar
dabrunde .
22   
 1919 wlis 20 ivniss q. amasiaSi mustafa qemalis
xelmZRvanelobiT saidumlod Seikriba armiis nawile-
bis meTaurebi, yofili sazRvao ministri husein rauf
bei, XX korpusis meTauri ali fuad faSa, refeT faSa,
hamiT bei da sxvebi. mustafa qemali daukavSirda XV ar-
miis meTaurs qazim yara beqirsa da XIII korpusis meTa-
urs qemal faSas, romlebmac ver moaxerxes amasiaSi Cas-
vla. krebam miiRo saidumlo cirkulari, romelic gaeg-
zavna samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisufalT, romelSic
iyo ZiriTadi moTxovnebi:
stambolis xelisufleba ver asrulebda masze da-
kisrebul movaleobas; eris damoukidebloba Tavad er-
ma unda uzrunvelyos; aucilebeli iyo erovnuli mTav-
robis Seqmna, romelic msoflios Seatyobinebda Turqi
xalxis nebas da sxv .
mustafa qemalis aqtiuri organizatoruli saqmi-
anoba ar moewonaT ingliselebs, romelTac sulTnis
xelisuflebas araerTxel mosTxoves mustafas stam-
bulSi gawveva. amis sapasuxod 1919 wlis 22 ivliss mus-
tafa qemal faSa gadadga Tanamdebobidan da osmaleTis
jaris rigebidan gavida. magram es moxda mas Semdeg, rac
1919 wlis 22 ivniss anatoliis saxelmwifo da samxedro
pasuxismgebel pirebs daegzavnaT "amasiis cirkulari",
romelic iyo TurqeTis erovnul ganmanTavisuflebeli
brZolis pirveli umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti, pirve-
li nabiji erovnul suverenitetze dafuZnebuli Tur-
qeTis saxelmwifos Seqmnis gzaze. faqtobrivad, is sul-
Tnis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg moqmedebis dasawyisia.
masSi naTqvami iyo: ,,eris damoukidebloba erisave nebi-
Ta da mtkice gadawyvetilebiT miiRweva”. magram forma-
lurad xelisuflebisagan gamijvna jer ganxorciele-
buli ar yofila, rac bunebrivi Sedegi iyo wmindaTa
wminda miznisaken mimarTuli mustafa qemalis gonivru-
li da etapobrivi politikisa. amasiis dokumentiT gaT-
valiswinebuli iyo xelmZRvaneli sabWos Seqmna, ris-
Tvisac sivasSi unda mowveuliyo erovnuli kongresi.
erzrumis kongresis (1919 wlis 23/VII — 7/VIII) gadaw-
  23 
yvetileba qveynis mTlianobis da erovnuli damuoki-
deblobis Sesaxeb gaiziara sruliad TurqeTis kon-
gresma, romelic sivasSi Catarda 1919 wlis 4-11 noem-
bers. am droisTvis sulTnis xelisuflebam mustafa qe-
mal faSa meamboxed gamoacxada da CamoarTva yvela ti-
tuli da Cini. nabrZanebi iyo agreTve misi dapatimreba,
magram mas mxars uWerda ara marto mosaxleoba, aramed
bevri samxedro nawilis meTauri, riTac aRiarebuli
iyo misi lideroba.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac parlamentma ganaxor-
ciela, iyo qemalist deputatTa winadadebiT, 1920 wlis
28 ianvars daxurul sxdomaze ,,erovnuli aRTqmis” sa-
xelwodebiT cnobili dokumentis miReba. igi brZolis
programas warmoadgenda da mustafa qemalis mier jer
kidev sivasSi iyo SemuSavebuli.
,,erovnuli aRTqma” acxadebda TurqeTis saz-
Rvrebs. is saqveynod mxolod 3 kviris Semdeg gamoqvey-
nda. man rogorc antantis saxelmwifoebis, ise sulTnis
mTavrobis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, sulTnis xe-
lisuflebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, Catarda ar-
Cevnebi da 1920 wlis 23 aprils ankaraSi gaixsna Tur-
qeTis didi erovnuli kreba, romelmac parlamentisa
da ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomared airCia mustafa
qemali. TurqeTis parlamentis gaxsniT ,,erovnulma
krebam” samSoblos bedis gadawyveta Tavis xelSi aiRo.
aRsaniSnavia mustafa qemalis mimarTva Turqi
axalgazrdobisadmi, sadac igi ase mimarTavs maT:
“TurqeTis axalgazrdobav!
Tqveni upirvelesi movaleobaa daicvaT Turqe-
Tis damoukidebloba da TurqeTis respublika samu-
damod. es Tqveni arsebobisa da momavlis ZiriTadi
safuZvelia. es safuZveli ki Tqveni yvelaze Zvirfa-
si ganZia. momavalSic SesaZloa gamoCndnen veragi
xalxi Sin Tu gareT, romlebmac SeiZleba moindomon
am ganZis warTmeva. Tu odesRac mogiwevT Tqveni da-
moukideblobis da respublikis dacva, ar daayovnoT
rom winaswar gazomoT is SesaZleblobebi da garemo-
24   
ebebi situaciis, sanam Tqveni movaleobis Sesrule-
bas SeudgebiT. es SesaZleblobebi da garemoebebi Se-
saZloa Zlier araxelsayreli aRmoCndes . . . Zalado-
biT da xrikebiT Tqveni sayvareli samSoblos yvela
cixe-simagre SeiZleba dakargoT. mTeli armia gagi-
nadguron da Tqveni yvela nawili daipyron. da yve-
laze samwuxaro is faqti, rom isini, vinc Zalaufle-
bas flobs qveyanaSi, moRalate aRmoCndes. ufro me-
tic, maT SesaZloa TaviaanTi piradi interesebi dam-
pyrobelTa politikasac daukavSiron. qveyana SesaZ-
loa gaRatakdes, ganadgurdes da dacarieldes.
TurqeTis axalgazrdobav, aseT situaciaSic ki,
Tqveni valia SeinarCunoT TurqeTis damoukideblo-
ba da respublika. Zala, romelic Tqven gWirdebaT,
Tqveni sisxlZarRvebis keTilSobilur sisxlSia” .
1919-1922 wlebSi mustafa qemalma interventebisa-
gan gawminda anatolia, daamarcxa berZnebi da somxebi.
1922 welsve man daamxo stambolis marionetuli xeli-
sufleba da mTeli TurqeTi daemorCila. igi iyo pirve-
li vinc scno ruseTis sabWoTa mTavroba .
1922 wlis 19 seqtembers didma erovnulma krebam
antantis jarebis winaaRmdeg mopovebuli gamarjvebis
damsaxurebisaTvis mustafa qemals marSlis wodeba mia-
niWa da ,,Razis”(gamarjvebuli) tituli uboZa. izmirSi
gamoqveynebul deklaraciaSi mustafa qemali xazgas-
miT aRniSnavda, rom mopovebuli gamarjveba eris damsa-
xurebaa.
1922 wels interventebze saboloo gamarjvebis
Semdeg mTeli realuri Zalaufleba aTaTurqis xelSi
aRmoCnda, rasac mohyva TurqeTis saxelmwifo sistemis
Secvla. es movlena qemalisturi revoluciis saxeliT
aris cnobili .
Turqi eris am gamarjvebis zegavleniT inglisi,
safrangeTi, italia da saberZneTi iZulebuli gaxdnen
samSvidobo molaparakebebi gaemarTaT. TurqeTis mxri-
dan masSi moanawileobda aTaTurqis uaxloesi Tanameb-
rZoli ismeT faSa (ineniu). 1922 wlis 11 oqtombers da-
  25 
debul mudaniis droebiTi zaviT TurqeTis moTxovnaTa
mniSvnelovani nawili dakmayofilebuli iqna, TurqeTs
ubrZolveld SeuerTda evropuli nawili-----aRmosav-
leTi Trakia. mudaniaSi mopovebuli warmateba gan-
mtkicda lozanis konferenciaze, sadac Turqulma dip-
lomatiam didi gamarjveba moipova.
aTaTurqis dros momzadda niadagi ,,erovnuli aR-
Tqmis” sazRvrebSi Semavali haTais (isqenderunis) san-
jayis SesaerTeblad. amave dros, qemalma ver SesZlo
inglisTan erayis sadavo q. mosulis sakiTxis TurqeTis
sasargeblod gadawyveta. jer kidev mudrosis dazave-
bamde, britaneTis jarebma navTobiT mdidari mosulis
vilaieTis didi nawilis okupireba moaxdines, magram
TviT mosuli maSin ingliselebis mier jer kidev ar iyo
dakavebuli. mosulis sakiTxi ganixiles lozanis, ro-
gorc pirvel ise meore konferenciaze 1922-1923 wels
magram uSedegod.
1922 wlis 22 noembers lozanaSi (Sveicaria) gaix-
sna samSvidobo sazavo konferencia, romelSic monawi-
leobdnen: didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, italiis, ia-
poniis, saberZneTis, iugoslaviis, rumineTis, Turqe-
Tis da aSS-is (meTvalyuris saxiT) warmomadgenlebi.
garda amisa, Savi zRvis sruteebis reJimis ganxilvaSi
monawileobdnen: sabWoTa respublikebic–ruseTi, uk-
raina, saqarTvelo (romlebic erTian delegacias war-
moadgendnen) da bulgareTi. TurqeTis saxelmwifos
warmoadgenda ismeT faSa.
lozanis konferenciis sxdomebi daZabul atmos-
feroSi mimdinareobda. is iyo TurqeTis erovnul-gan-
maTavisuflebeli brZolis Semajamebeli, daskvniTi
etapi. mas unda moewesrigebina TurqeTsa da dasavle-
Tis saxelmwifoebs Soris finansur-ekonomikuri sakiT-
xebi: kapitulaciis reJimi, daedgina saxmeleTo saz-
Rvrebi, agreTve gadaewyvita antantis saxelmwifoebis
mier TurqeTis damoukideblobis cnobis sakiTxi da
sxv.
konferencias Tavjdomareobda inglisis sagareo
26   
saqmeTa ministri lordi kerzoni.
1923 wlis 23 ianvars mokavSireebma TurqeTs wa-
rudgines axali xelSekrulebis proeqti, romelic Sed-
geboda 9 ganyofilebisagan da 160 muxlisgan. faqtob-
rivad es iyo sevris xelSekrulebis axali varianti, ro-
melic sagrZnoblad bRalavda TurqeTis erovnul in-
teresebs da damoukideblobas. TurqeTma uari ganacxa-
da mieRo mokavSireTa xelSekrulebis proeqti.
1923 wlis 4 Tebervals konferenciam Sewyvita mu-
Saoba. konerenciis CaSlis Semdeg TurqeTSi gaZlierda
mustafa qemalis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi.
feodalur-klerikaluri burJuaziis deputateb-
ma gadawyvites esargeblaT daZabuli mdgomareobiT da
mieyenebinaT dartyma mustafa qemalze. isini kvlav mo-
iTxovdnen, rom xelisufleba gadaecaT sulTnisaTvis
da wasuliyvnen daTmobaze mokavSireTa mimarT, magram
uSedegod .
23 aprils gaixsna lozanis konferenciis meore se-
sia. pirveli sesiisagan gansxvavebiT igi mimdinareobda
ufro mSvidobian atmosferoSi. mxareebi cdilobdnen
mieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis.
1923 wlis 24 ivliss xeli moaweres samSvidobo sa-
zavo xelSekrulebas.
lozanis xelSekrulebiT, TurqeTma uari Tqva Ta-
vis uflebebze erayze, siriaze, libanze, palestinaze,
iordaniaze, egvipteze, sudanze da aRiara inglisis mi-
er kunZul kviprosis dapyroba.
TurqeTma aRiara Savi zRvis sruteebis sargeblo-
bis ufleba savaWro da samxedro gemebisaTvis, rogorc
mSvidobianobis, ise omis dros. lozanis xelSekrule-
biT TurqeTi TviTon ganagebda Tavis finansebs. gauq-
mda didi saxelmwifoebis finansuri kontroli. mTlia-
nad Sewyda kapitulaciis reJimi. TurqeTSi mcxovrebi
ucxoelebi unda damorCilebodnen TurqeTis kanon-
mdeblobas.
lozanis konferenciaze TurqeTis yvelaze didi
monapovari iyo mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebis mier Tur-
  27 
qeTis damoukideblobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis
cnoba.
miuxedavad rigi kompromisisa da daTmobisa,
mTlianobaSi lozanis xelSekruleba warmoadgenda
TurqeTis seriozul gamarjvebas.
frangi istorikosi benua meSeni ase afasebs loza-
nis konferenciis Sedegebs: “ lozanis konferencia iyo
TurqeTis didi diplomatiuri gamarjveba. saerTaSo-
riso TvalsazrisiT. ismeT faSam SeZlo mieRo yovelive
is, risTvisac ibrZodnen mustafa qemali da misi jaris-
kacebi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi”.
lozanis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis xelmoweras
mohyva konstantinopolis konferencia, romlis dros
modave mxareebs TaviaanTi poziciebi ar SeucvliaT. ma-
Sin sadavo sakiTxi gansaxilvelad gadaeca erTa ligis
sabWos, romelmac misi ganxilva 1924 wlis seqtemberSi
daiwyo. 1924 wels axali TurqeTis respublikis meTa-
urma mustafa qemalma ganacxada: ,,mosuli--------Tur-
qeTisaa da aravis SeuZlia es Secvalos, xiStebmac ki
da Cven arasodes uars ar vityviT am Tvalsazrisze.”
mustafa qemali lozanis xelSekrulebas afasebda
rogorc dokuments, ,,romelic adasturebs, rom Caifu-
Sa didi SeTqmuleba Turqi eris winaaRmdeg, saukunee-
bis manZilze, rom mzaddeboda da sevris xelSekrule-
biT dasrulebulad iyo miCneuli”.
qveynis SigniT mustafa qemals didi Zalisxmevis
gamoCena dasWirda klerikaluri Zalebisa da sulTnis
momxreTa winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad. maT surdaT aRi-
arebuliyo sulTnis xelisufleba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom 1921 wlis konstituciur kanonSi aRniSnuli iyo
,,uzenaesi suvereniteti upirobod ekuTvnis ers” da
rom ,,misi erTaderTi warmomadgeneli iyo erovnuli
kreba, romelsac ekuTnis aRmasrulebeli da sakanon-
mdeblo xelisufleba.” mustafa qemali 1922 wlis noem-
bris mejlisis sxdomaze vrceli moxsenebiT gamovida
da ganacxada, rom Zalaufleba Zalis gamoyenebiT moi-
poveba, es ganaxorciela Turqma erma da yvelam unda
28   
aRiaros momxdari faqti, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isev
aRniSnuli wesi amoqmeddeba. muqaram gaWra da imave
dRes sulTanaTi gauqmebuli iqna. sulTanaTis gauqme-
biT qemalisturma xelisuflebam ganimtkica pozicia
lozanis konferenciaze. TurqeTma damoukidebloba
moipova, magram mustafa qemali sruli damoukideblo-
bis moTxovniT gamodioda, rac aucilebeli pirobaa
eris Rirseulad cxovrebisa. ,,eri, romelsac damou-
kidebloba ar gaaCnia, civilizebul sazogadoebaSi
laqiis mdgomareobas ver gascdeba,”---ganacxada man.
mustafa qemalma miznad daisaxa Turqi eris civi-
lizaciis Tanamedrove donis miRweva. amisTvis Zireu-
li revoluciuri gardaqmnebis ganxorcieleba iyo sa-
Wiro. sulTanaTis gauqmebiT dawyebuli es gardaqmnebi,
romelic ganxorcielda politikur, samarTlebriv, ga-
naTlebisa da kulturis, socialur-ekonomiur da jan-
dacvis sferoebSi, emsaxureboda qveynis modernizcias.
aTaTurqi qveynis radikaluri modernizaciis azrs izi-
arebda, gansxvavebiT winamorbedebisagan, romlebic
teqnikiTa da teqnologiiT ifarglebodnen.
omTaSoris periodSi TurqeTSi udidesi Zvrebi
moxda. qveyanam vesternizaciisaken da evropeizaciisa-
ken aiRo gezi. Tumca, im periodis TurqeTSi ver moxer-
xda evropuli modelis demokratiis Camoyalibeba. am
modelTan daaxloeba mxolod meore msoflio omis Sem-
deg daiwyeba. 1920-ian wlebSi mravalpartiulobis dam-
yarebis xanmokle da warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg,
prezidenti aTaTurqi isev erTpartiul sistemas daub-
runda da qveyanaSi misi avtoritetuli xelisufleba
kidev ufro ganmtkicda .
uwinares yovlisa aucilebeli iyo axali saxelmwi-
fos Camoyalibebis dasruleba. 1923 wlis 13 oqtombers
dedaqalaqi ankaraSi gadaitanes. marTalia axali sa-
xelmwifo erovnuli suverenitetis principebze iyo
agebuli, magram mmarTvelobis forma 1921 wels konsti-
tuciiT gansazRvruli ar yofila.
mustafa qemalisTvis es forma didi xania garkveu-
  29 
li iyo, magram Cveulebisamebr xelsayrel moments
eloda. 1923 welis 28 oqtombers man megobrebi vaxSmad
miiwvia da ganucxada: ,,xval respublikas gamovacxa-
debT”. aqac Tavi iCina misma xasiaTma, gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas igi mtkice da uryevi iyo. zogi megobari naw-
yeni darCenia, Cven azri ar gvkiTxao.

30   
 Tavi III

mustafa qemalis saSinao politika

imisaTvis, rom gaviazroT Tu ra xarisxis cvlile-

bebi moxda meoce saukunis meore aTwleulis dasawyisSi
TurqeTSi, aucilebelia SeviswavloT qveynis da sazo-
gadoebis maxasiaTeblebi, sadac reforma gatarda. ma-
Sasadame, aucileblia farTod gaSuqdes saxelmwifos
mdgomareoba da viTareba aTaTurqis revoluciis da-
sawyisSi da mimovixiloT Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: eko-
nomika, mrewveloba, demografiuli mdgomareoba, sazo-
gadoebaSi arsebuli ideologiuri gansxvavebebi da is
sagareo da saSinao politikuri sirTuleebi, rac revo-
lucias daupirispirda.

a) ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi da mrewveloba

osmalTa imperiis dacemis winapirobad iTvleba

omebi, marcxi da gamudmebuli teritoriebis dakargva.
am periodis ekonomika, romelic “TanzimaTs“ mohyva,
dasavleTis kapitalizmis dinamikiT ganviTarda; man
dakarga damoukidebloba, daekisra valebi da mudmivad
ganicdida sasaqonlo deficits.
statistikos veda eldemis Sefasebis Tanaxmad,
romelic 1914 wlis mimdinare fasebze dayrdnobiTaa
gakeTebuli, pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisSi erovnu-
li produqtis mogebas Seadgenda 24,107 milioni kuru-
Si. aqedan 13,060 milioni kuruSi soflis meurneobidan
Semodioda, xolo 2,443 milioni kuruSi - mrewvelobi-
dan. erT sul mosaxleze Semosavali Zalian dabali iyo
da regionebs Soris igi ukiduresad araTanabarad iyo
gadanawilebuli. 25 wliani periodis (1890-1915ww.) gan-
mavlobaSi erovnuli Semosavlis zrda Seadgenda 56%,
rac weliwadSi 2%-ian zrdas warmoadgenda. am periodSi

  31 
mosaxleobis yovelwliuri zrdis maCvenebeli ki - 1%
udrida.
erovnuli Semosavlis dabalma maCvenebelma oto-
manTa imperiis bolo wlebSi uaryofiTi Sedegi iqonia
investiciebze, romelmac 7,8% miaRwia 1907-1908 wlebSi,
8,9% - 1913-1914 wlebSi, da mxolod 6,2% - 1914-1915
wlebSi.
imperia mudmivad ganicdida sasaqonlo deficits.
importis 59,4% -s Seadgenda samrewvelo saqoneli, 25%
- marcvleuloba da 7% - nedleuli. meore mxriv, eq-
sportis 45%-s warmoadgenda marcvleuloba, 38,4%-s -
nedleuli, 13%-s samSeneblo masala. samrewvelo sa-
qonlis importis 31,1%-s Seadgenda tansacmeli da 10%-
s sainvesticio saqoneli. ucxouri vaWrobis xarisxob-
rivi da raodenobrivi Semadgenloba iwvevs qveynis eko-
nomikis daqvemdebarebas ucxoeTze da ucxoeTis ekono-
mikis eqspluatacias.
otomanTa imperiam pirveli ucxouri sesxi aiRo
yirimis omis periodSi. 1914 wlisaTvis, imperiis mTlia-
ni davalianeba sxvadasxva qveynebis mimarT utoldebo-
da 153,7 milion otoma liras. msesxebel qveynebs Soris
wamyvani adgili ekava safrangeTs. imperiis davalianeba
safrangeTis mimarT Seadgenda sruli davalianebis
49%-s, xolo Semdeg mosdevda germania - 20%, belgia -
11% da inglisi -7%. imperiis erT-erT mTavar proble-
mad iTvleboda ucxouri kapitali da vaWroba.
1915 wels qveyanaSi 282 sxvadasxva zomis moqmedi
sawarmo arsebobda. maTgan umniSvnelovanesi Semdeg
dargebs miekuTvneboda: kvebis warmoeba, soflis meur-
neoba, safeiqro, tyavis warmoeba, satyeo, qaRaldis
warmoeba, beWvda, qimiuri mrewveloba. amaTgan 155 sa-
warmoo stambulSi iyo ganTavsebuli, 62 - izmirSi, da 65
sxvadsxva provinciebSi. 22 sawarmo saxelmwifos kuT-
vnilebas warmoadgenda, 28 - kombinireuli tipis iyo,
xolo danarCeni calkeuli piris mflobelobaSi Sedio-
da. 1915 wlis monacemebis Tanaxmad 14 060 muSa iyo da-
saqmebuli am sawarmoebSi. mocemuli raodenobrivi da
32   
xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi miuTiTeben, rom mrewvelo-
ba ar arsebobda qveyanaSi. qveynis aseTi mZime ekonomi-
kuri memkvidreoba xvda wilad aTaTurqis revolucias
da respublikas.

b) mosaxleobis Semadgenloba da daxasiaTeba

otomanTa imperiaSi mosaxleobis sayovelTao aR-

wera ramodenimejer ganxorcielda - 1831, 1844, 1859,
1882 da1912 wlebSi. es monacemebi imperiis demografi-
ul Semadgenlobaze gviqmnis suraTs.
statistikos eldemas gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, 1913
wels mosaxleoba 15,821,000 Seadgenda. man aseve gamoian-
gariSa 1913 wlis mosaxleobis zrdis procentuli maC-
venebeli, romelic 0,8% iyo. 29 wlian periodSi, 1884
wlidan 1913 wlamde, mosaxleobis zrdis saSualo maCve-
nebli iyo 0,77%. vinaidan es ricxvebi sizustesaa mok-
lebuli da gamoTvelbis Sedegadaa miRebuli, isini
mxolod miaxloebiT warmodgenas gviqmnian am sakiT-
xTan dakavSirebiT. mosaxleobis zrdaze uaryofiT gav-
lenas axdenda omebi, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgo-
mareoba - daavadebebi, da migracia.
cnobilia, rom imperiis arsebobis bolo wlebSi,
mosaxleobis 80% cxovrobda soflad da mihyveboda me-
saqonelobas. Tumca ar arsebobs wyaro, romelic daw-
vrilebiT aRwerda mosaxleobis saSualo asaks, saqmia-
nobas da sqess. erovnuli umciresobebi, berZenebi, eb-
raelebi da somxebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen
mosaxleobis zogadi cxovrebis doneze.
vaWrobis da sajaro samsaxuris saministros sta-
tistikuri ganyofilebis yovelwliur anagriSSi 1879
wlis mixedviT naTqvamia, rom 14 212 000 musulmani, 2 570
000 - marTlmadidebeli, 1 042 000 somexi, 830 000 bulga-
reli da 216 000 ebraeli cxovrobda otomanTa imperia-
Si, kerZod rumeliaSi, stambulSi, anatoliaSi, siriasa
da eraySi. Semdgomi statistika gviCvenebs, rom imperi-
  33 
is mTliani mosaxleoba Sedgeboda sxvadasxva enaze mo-
laparake erovnuli umciresobebisagan: somxur enaze
molaparake mosaxleoba Seadgenda 1 370 000, serbul
enaze - 764 000, arabul - 3 607 000, Turqul - 9 819 000,
qurTul - 1 478 000 da ebraul enaze - 355 000.
isini vinc cxovrobdnen soflad, gafantul pata-
ra Temebad iyvnen dasaxlebuli. am dasaxlebebSi ekono-
mika daxuruli tipisa iyo. mosaxleoba mxolod imas
awarmoebda, rac Tavis sarCenad sWirdeboda. qveyana
wylis, gzebis, xidebis, skolebis da jandacvis dawese-
bulebebis simwires ganicdida. mosaxleobis 72%-s
emuqreboda tifi, 14% - malaria, 9% - sifilisi.
soflad wignierebis maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 7%
Seadgenda. sxva patara qalaqebSi ukeTesi mdgomareoba
iyo vidre soflebSi, Tumca aqac siRaribe iyo gabato-
nebuli.
aseTi Semadgenlobis da maxasiaTeblebis mosaxle-
oba uares pirobebSi aRmoCnda pirveli msoflio omis
da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis periodSi.

g) ideologiuri gansxvavebebi

1919 wlis 19 maiss mustafa qemal aTTurqis Camos-

vliT daiwyo kongresis periodi, romelic win uZRoda
ankaris - rogorc mTavrobis ganTavsebis adgilad Ser-
Cevas. aq anatoliis erovnulma brZolam daarsa Turqu-
li didi erovnuli kreba, romelsac unda gamoexata
erovnuli neba. Tumca, am moZraobis xelmZRvanels ar
dauwyia muSaoba sruliad Tanamimdevruli da harmoni-
uli kadriT. im dReebSi erTaderT mizans warmoadgenda
is, rom samSoblo gadarCeniliyo mtrisagan da moepove-
binaT erovnuli damoukidebloba. es mizani nebismieri
dabrkolebis miuxedavad unda miRweuliyo. erTader-
Ti gza miznis ganxorcileebisaTvis ki iyo is, rom yve-
las, yovel segments da jgufs sazogadoebaSi unda mie-

34   
Ro monawileoba erovnul bZrolaSi, mxari daeWira da
daxmarebodnen erTmaneTs. amgvari dasawyisiT es gag-
rZeldeboda iqamde, sanam mizani ar iqneboda miRweuli.
Tumca, sanam sasurvel Sedegs miaRwies, dayofis niSne-
bi gamoikveTa- politikuri funqcionalizmis saxiT.
mniSvnelovania im garemoebebis gaazreba, romel-
Sic aTaTurqis revoluciam gaimarjva. Tu ar gaviaz-
rebT politikuri dayofisa da ideologiuri moZrao-
bebis gavlenas post-respublikur periodze, im dab-
rkolebebs, rac mustafa qemals unda gadaelaxa, raTa
gaetarebina Tavisi radikaluri reformebi, SeuZlebe-
lia faqtis saTanadod Sefaseba, romlis irgvliv dRe-
sac kamaTia.
krebaSi Cerqez eTemis ZalisxmeviT gamoCnda jgu-
fi „KuvayI Seyyare”. ideologiur Sinaars moklebuli es
iyo ZalauflebisaTvis brZola, romelsac adgilebis
mosapoveblad awarmoebdnen. sxvadasxva mizezis gamo,
zogierTi deputati, romelic sxva dajgufebebs
ekuTvnoda, Semdgom ganxeTqilebebSi emxroboda eTemis
jgufs progresuli ideebis gamo. eTemi gaiqca da
TavSesafari iTxova berZnebisagan. Sedegad, is da misi
Zmebi da ramodenime misi momxre ankaris damoukidebeli
sasamarTlos mier idevnebodnen. sasamarTlom zogs
sikvdilis ganaCeni gamoutana, zogs mZime fizikuri
Sroma daakisra da zogic gaamarTla. maT Soris visac
miesaja cixis patimroba iyvnen is deputatebi, vinc
Semdeg organizaciebs xelmZRvanelobdnen: ”mwvane
armia”, ”saidumlo komunisturi partia”, ”saxalxo
komunisturi partia” da ”saxalxo partia”.
profkavSirebi ”unionistebi” warmoadgendnen mTavar
Zalas krebaSi. Tavad ”uflebaTa dacvis” mxardamWerebs
Sorisac iyo ganxeTqileba.
unionistebi (profkavSirebi) gamoCndnen 1889
wels. kavSirebis da progresis komitetma Tavdapirve-
lad daiwyo arseboba, rogorc saidumlo organizaciam,
romelic Tavdapirvelad iRebda mxardaWeras Ziri-
  35 
Tadad oficrebisagan da moazrovneTa jgufebisagan.
mogvianebiT is gadakeTda politikur partiad. qveynisa
da imperiisaTvis meore konstituciuri periodi
aRmoCnda sabediswero. am partias hyavda bevri mxar-
damWeri misi xangrZlivi saqmianobis gamo warsulSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli msoflio omis bolos
damarcxebuli unionistebisadmi pativiscemam iklo,
gamocdili profkavSirebis veteranebi ganagrZobdnen
TavianT moqmedebas farulad. maT surdaT anatoliis
erovnul brZolaSi gavlenis mopoveba da axlad
daarsebul saxelmwifoze kontrolis aRdgena. cno-
bilia, rom 40 unionisti iyo did erovnul krebaSi,
romelTaganac ramodenimem gawyvita kavSiri uni-
onizmTan da mxars uWerda mustafa qemals. erTi aseTi
jgufi gamoaSkaravebul iqna intrigebis mowyobaSi.
isini apirebdnen mxari daeWiraT mustafa qemalisaTvis
iqamde, sanam oms ar moigebdnen da Semdeg mas
Caanacvlebdnen enver faSaTi, romelic ilodeboda
ruseTSi. realurad, isini mudmiv kavSirSi iyvnen
masTan. enver faSa cdilobda yvela gziT Sesuliyo
anatoliaSi da axal sabWoTa mTavrobasTanac ki gamar-
Ta diskusiebi.
unionisti deputatebi, yoveli SesaZleblobis
mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, am periodSi sxvadasxva poli-
tkur dajgufebebs ergebian. unionistebi warmodge-
nilni arian mravlad memarcxeneTa dajgufebebSi: „sa-
xalxo partia“, „komunisturi partia“, „saxalxo komu-
nisturi partia“ da „mwvane armia“. maTi aseTi ga-
fantuloba memarcxene-frTis jgufebSi gamowveuli
iyo nawilobriv „populisturi sabWos partiis“ mi-
marTulebis gamo, romlis dafinansebac enver faSas
mier igegmeboda. unionistebis umravlesoba mustafa
qemalis sastiki mowinaaRmdege iyo.
politikuri moZraobisaTvis, romelic sazo-
gadoebaSi imyarebs poziciebs da sicocxlisunariania,
bunebrivia hqondes gavlena samezoblo sazogado-
36   
ebebze. istoriulad, amas hqonda adgili marqsistuli
reJimis SemTxvevaSic. urTierTobebi marqsistul re-
Jimsa da samezoblo qveynebs Soris iyo intensiuri.
gamonakliss arc anatoliaSi erovnuli brZolis
periodi warmoadgenda.
bevr pirovnebas hqonda axlo urTierToba sab-
WoTa ruseTTan, eZebda mis daxmarebas da mxardaWeras.
maTi organizacia da moqmedebebi xorcieldeboda fa-
rulad, SeniRbulad da mimarTuli iyo memarcxeneo-
baze orientirebuli aliansis formirebaze. es exeboda
aramxolod anatolias, aramed did krebasac. yoveli
maTgani ayalibebda identobis, islamuri socialuri
samarTlis da bolSevizmis principebs Soris kavSirs.
maTi ocneba iyo anatoliis mahmadiani TurqebisaTvis
axali wyobis Seqmna.
mwvane armia iyo saidumlo organizacia, romel-
mac daiwyo moqmedeba1920 wlis maisSi. misi generaluri
mdivani iyo yofili unionisti da finansTa ministri
haki beiCi (HakkI BeyIč) romelmac sivasis kongresSi
miiRo monawileoba da SerCeuli iqna warmomadgenlad
denizlidan. dResac kvlav kamaTis sagania Tu vin
iyvnen organizaciis sxva wevrebi. erT-erTi sasamarT-
lo procesis mimdinareobisas, tokaTis deputatma na-
zimma ankaris damoukidebel sasamarTloSi ganacxada,
rom 14 mTavari wevridan - yvela iyo deputati, xolo
sami saxelmwifo ministri. es organizacia ar iyo
dafuZnebuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb moqmedi kanon-
mdeblobis mixedviT, ris gamoc is iTvleboda
aralegalur organizaciad. Tumca, ankaraSi cnobili
iyo - gansakuTrebiT samTavrobo wreebSi - Tu vis
ekuTvnoda es organizacia, ras emsaxureboda da
rogor moqmedebda. organizacias hqonda 32-muxliani
wesdeba. amas garda, dro da dro is aqveynebda
komunikes da saidumlod avrcelebda mas mTeli qveynis
masStabiT. organizaciis mmarTveli Zala iyo Cerqez
eTemi da misi „KuvayI Seyyare”.
  37 
 organizaciis gamomcemlobas warmoadgenda „axa-
li msoflios varskvlavi“. sworedac, am gazeTSi ga-
moCnda gamoTqma „ msoflios muSebo da Raribebo, ga-
erTiandiT!“ „mwvane armiis“ saqmianoba dasrulda Tur-
quli komunisturi partiis kanonieri dafuZnebiT
ankaraSi 1920 wlis 18 oqtombers.
mwvane armiis miznebi - politikuri, ekonomikuri
da socialuri programa - aRwerili iyo organizaciis
wesdebaSi. naTeli iyo, rom maSin roca is uWerda mxars
sabWoTa sistemas, mas surda komunizmi religiuri
SinaarsiT, romelic mxedevelobaSi miiRebda qveynis
mdgomareobas da islamis rwmenas. dRemde gamoqveyne-
bul dokumentebSi Cans sabWoTa ruseTTan organiza-
ciis kavSiris mtkicebulebebi.
komunistebi: sabWoTa mTavroba materialurad
exmareboda sxva xalxebs damoukideblobisaTvis brZo-
lis periodSi. bunebrivia, es moaxdenda gavlenas Tur-
qeTze. ori „ Turquli komunisturi partia“ daarsda im
dros. erT-erTi maTgani iyo kanonieri, romelic
mustafa qemalis miTiTebiT Seiqmna axlo megobrebis
saSualebiT. es partia moeqca misi zedamxedvelobis
qveS da is iyo miCneuli, rogorc sabWoTa ruseTTan
megobruli urTierTobis ganaxlebis politkur auci-
leblobad. meore partia - Turquli komunisturi
partia - iyo aralegaluri. garkveuli drois ganmav-
lobaSi saidumlo saqmianobis Semdeg is gamovida zeda-
pirze da daimkvidra saxeli „Turquli saxalxo komu-
nisturi partia“.
kanonieri komunisturi partia daarsda 1920 wlis
18 oqtombers. mis daarsebas ori mizani axlda.
marqsistuli revolucia, romelic moxda mezobel
ruseTSi, warmoadgenda reJims, romelic interess
iCenda da exmareboda Turqul erovnul damoukidebel
moZraobas. sasikeTo urTierTobis wyalobiT, romelic
arsebobda moskovsa da ankaras Soris, gaCnda imedi, rom

38   
faruli organizaciebi Sewyvetdnen saqmianobebs, Tu
dafuZndeboda kanonieri komunisturi partia. meore
mizans warmoadgenda erovnuli brZolis miznebs
daSorebuli iniciativebis sworad dayeneba. es iyo
gakeTebuli imisTvis, rom sabWoTa moxeleebisaTvis,
romlebic mxars uWerdnen da agulianebdnen farul,
aralegalur pro-sabWoTa organizaciebs TurqeTSi,
eTqvaT: “SewyviteT faruli mxardaWera da xelSewyoba.
Cven davafuZneT es partia kanonierad“. es iyo agreTve
gza komunisturi moZraobis beladebis da mxardamWer-
Ta kontrolisaTvis qveyanaSi. partia daarsda da misi
programa momzadebul iqna, magram am partiis komu-
nizmis koncefcia gansxvavdeboda ruseTSi arsebu-
lisagan. ori gazeTi „erovnuli suvereniteti“ da „
axali dRe“ iyo mustafa qemalis kontrolis qveS. am
gazeTebis statiebSi Semdeg Temebze xdeboda yuradRe-
bis gamaxvileba: „Cven gvsurs sistema, sisxlisRvris
gareSe, romelic unikalurad moergeba Cvens tempe-
raments. Cven gvsurs davaarsoT eri - saxelmwifo
dafuZnebuli xalxis suverenitetze.“ msgavsad mwvane
armiisa, axali komunisturi partia cdilobda xidis
gadebas komunizmsa da islamis socialuri samarTlis
xedvas Soris. ramodenime Tvis mRelvare iniciativebis
da publikaciebis Semdeg misi saqmianoba miCumda.
ruseTSi sabWoTa revoluciis Semdeg axali
oficialuri pirebi muyaiTad muSaobdnen TurqeTSi
administraciis SeqmnisaTvis, romelic aramxolod
maTi interesebis paralelurad imoqmedebda, aramed
maTi daqvemdebarebis qveS iqneboda. maSasadame, maTi
mxardaWeris da daxmarebis mizezi anatoliis erovnul
brZolaSi iyo ruseTsa da dasavleTs Soris arsebuli
TurqeTis saxelmwifo. erovnul brZolaSi sabWoTa
ruseTis daxmarebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi
iyo is, rom TurqeTi iqneboda sakmarisad Zlieri, rom
ucxouri xomaldebis Sesvla Savi zRvis sanapiro
zolze SeeCerebina. aseTi qceva iyo realisturi, saTa-
  39 
nado da racionaluri - Teoriuladac da istoriuli
brZolis konteqstSi zRvis sivrcis wvdomisaTvis. am
ideiT sabWoTa ruseTis beladebi agzavnidnen bevr
adamians TurqeTSi, rom mixmarebodnen anatoliaSi
komunisturi partiis dafuZnebas, waexalisebinaT da
xeli SeewyoT maTTvis.
aralegaluri Turquli komunisturi partia,
romelic aqtiuri gaxda 1920 wlis zafxulSi, iyo am
politikis Sedegad daarsebuli organizacia. partiis
wesdebaSi gamoxatuli ideebis Tanaxmad: is gamovidoda
siRaribisa da Cagvris winaaRmdeg erisa da klasebis
dasaxmareblad; gaauqmebda sakuTrebis uflebas: moax-
denda kapitalis, saxeldobr, simdidris mwarmoebeli
resursebis (rogoricaa, miwa, bankebi, fabrikebi,
Senobebi, rkinigza, zRvis transportireba da vaWroba),
nacionalizacias. es unda ganxorcielebuliyo muSaTa
xelmZRvanelobiT ruseTSi arsebuli zogadi poli-
tikis meSveobiT. danamdvilebiT iyo cnobili, rom par-
tia iyo pro-sabWouri, romelic 1920 wlis dasrule-
bamde iyo aqtiuri. Semdeg ki is mogvevlina, rogorc
kanonieri „Turquli saxalxo komunisturi partia“.
amgvarad, saidumlo organizacia gaxda kanonieri am
partiis daarsebis Semdgom.
Turquli saxalxo komunisturi partia daarsda
1920 wlis 7 dekembers da 2-3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi iyo
aqtiuri. misi saqmianoba SeCerda im periodSi, roca
Cerqez eTemma mimarTa daxmarebis TxovniT berZnebs. am
partiis miznebi igive iyo rac sxva aralegaluri
komunisturi partiebis. Tumca komunisturi revo-
luciis da reJimisaTvis muSebi ar warmoadgendnen
sakmaris Zalas: soflis mosaxleoba, glexebi iyvnen
warmodgenilni, rogorc mmarTveli, revoluciuri
klasi. isini aseve emxrobodnen islamis socialuri
konvenciis upiratesobebis gamoyenebis ideas. imis
gamo, rom partiis wevrebs, agreTve Cerqez eTemsa da
mis Zmebs, abralebdnen mTavrobis da erovnul brZola-
40   
Si CarTuli beladebis winaaRmdeg Ziris gamomTxreli
saqmianobis warmoebas, am partiis saqmianoba aikrZala.
Turqi xalxis komunisturi partia politkurad
kvlav aqtiuri gaxda 1922 wlis gazafxulze, magram mis-
ma mcdelobam, rom pro-sabWouri mTavroba mosuliyo
mmarTvel gundad, ganicada marcxi. amis Semdeg is
aikrZala rauT-beis mTavrobis mier.
uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebrivi dajgufebebi:
Turquli didi erovnuli kreba pirveli mowvevis
periodSi xasiaTdeboda rogorc sxvadasxva ideebis da
miznebis „hibiriduli komiteti“. es ideebi iyo SeniRbu-
li da dafaruli. TviToeuli deputati „erovnuli
paqtis“ mimdevari iyo. yoveli maTgani iyo „ uflebaTa
dacvis“ qomagi, magram krebis pirvelad gaxsnis Semdeg
wevrebis namdvili xedvebi, miswrafebebi, da miznebi
gamJRavnda da debatebic gamZafrda. sxvadasxva moZra-
obis xelmZRvanelebi ZiriTadad Sewuxebulebi iyvnen
reJimisa da beladis sakiTxiT: Tu vin movidoda gamar-
jvebis SemTxvevaSi da ra reJimi unda damyarebuliyo.
eWvgareSea, didi jgufi moizrebda mustafa qemals mis
beladad. Tumca iyo sxva dajgufebebic, romelTac
sxvadasxva adamianebi, administratorebi da reJimebi
warmoedginaT. dro da dro, roca erovnuli fronti
yvelaze didi safrTxis winaSe iyo, krebaSi mustafa
qemali didi kritikis sagani xdeboda. naTeli iyo, rom
gzebi gaiyreboda adre Tu gvian, magram kvlav bundo-
vani iyo rodis moxdeboda es. „xalxosnebis programis“
wakiTxvis Semdeg, krebaSi Seiqmna sxvadasxva jgufebi
da daiwyes msjeloba Tu ra kursi unda SerCeuliyo sa-
momavlod. mustafa qemali Tavis sityvaSi xazs usvamda
Semdeg dajgufebebs: „solidarobis jgufi“, „damouki-
deblobis jgufi“, „uflebaTa dacvis jgufi“, „saxalxo
jgufi“ da „reformis jgufi“. damoukidebeli jgufis
wevrebi iyvnen axalgazrda revolucionerebi, maSin
roca saxalxo jgufSi iyvnen memarcxene deputatebi.

  41 
konservatorebi solidarobis jgufSi gaerTiandnen
unionistebisa da otoma reformistebTan da Semdeg
gadainacvles reformebis jgufSi.
1921 wels, 10 maiss, roca aliansebis formireba,
aliaqoTi da ganxeTqileba srulad gaiSala, mustafa
qemalma da misma mxardamWerebma Camoayalibes axali
jgufi, romelsac Semdeg dReebSi opoziciuri jgufis
formireba mohyva. aman gamoiwvia krebaSi dayofa da maT
Semdgom ewodaT“pirveli jgufi“ da „meore jgufi“.
pirveli jgufis qartia, romlis 14 wevrian
aRmasrulebel komitets Tavmjdomareobda mustafa
qemali, Sedgeboda 16 muxlisgan. qartiis ZiriTadi
muxli Seicavda 2 sakiTxs. pirveli, jgufis saqmianoba
eZRvneboda erovnuli paqtis princips da meore, jgufi
gamoiyenebda eris gankargulebaSi myof yvela
materialur da sulier resurs, raTa moepovebina
mSvidoba da mieRwia eris gaerTianebis da damouki-
deblobisaTvis. amis miRweva SesaZlebeli iqneboda
qveyanaSi arsebuli yvela - samTavrobo Tu kerZo -
organizaciebis da instituciebis erToblivi Zalis-
xmeviT saerTo miznisaTvis SromaSi. am jgufis mizani
iyo ganesazRvra, romeli organizaciebi iyo mudmivad
saWiro qveynisa da erisaTvis da mieRo yvela saWiro
zoma maT Sesaqmnelad. jgufSi iyo 262 wevri. pirveli
jgufi gadaiqca politikur partiad 1923 wlis 9
seqtembers, kerZod ki „saxalxo partiad.“
meore jgufi warmoadgenda mowinaaRmdegeTa
fronts krebaSi, romelSic Sevidnen aTaTurqis mo-
winaaRmdege deputatebi. es jgufi gaaqtiurda pirveli
jgufis kanonieri dafuZnebis Semdeg 1922 wels. am
jgufis Seqmnis mizani iyo, rom aeridebina Tavidan
represiuli reJimis mosvla da diqtatura. ufro
metic, is acxadebda, rom is gamodioda avtokratiis,
momxreobasa da represiebis winaaRmdeg krebaSi. aSkara
iyo, rom es jgufi ewinaaRmdegeboda piradad mustafa
qemals. jgufebs Soris dapirispireba xan iseT piks
42   
aRwevda, rom pirveli jgufidan deputatebi gadadiod-
nen meore jgufSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom meore jgufis
wamyvani deputatebi iyvnen uniosnistebi. jgufs sul
123 wevri hyavda. 1923 wlis arCevnebSi jgufma ar
waradgina kandidatebi. Sedegad man Sewyvita arseboba .
amdenad, respublikis gamocxadebis win TurqeTis
ekonomika da mrewveloba Zalian neli tempiT viTa-
rdeboda. es gamowveuli iyo qveynis SigniT Seqmnili im
politikuri situaciidan gamomdinare, romel politi-
kur situaciaSic uxdeboda TurqeTis republikas ga-
mocxadeba.

  43 
 Tavi IV

TurqeTi respublikis gamocxadebis

Semdgom

1923 wlis 29 oqtombers TurqeTi respublikad ga-

mocxadda. ankara oficialurad gaxda misi dedaqalaqi.
didma erovnulma krebam (mejlisma) qveynis pirvel
prezidentad airCia generali mustafa qemali . axal-
gazrdobaSi mas uTqvams: ”me rom Tavkaci vyofiliya-
vi rumelia ar daikargebodao”, axla igi ,,evropis
avadmyof adamianad” qceuli mravalsaukunovani impe-
riis nangrevebze misive ZalisxmeviT Seqmnili Turqe-
Tis republikis Tavkaci gaxda da sruli SesaZlebloba
mieca gamoeCina niWi da unari. prezidentis postzec si-
cocxlis bolomde igi Rrma politikuri alRoTi da
Tavisufali manevrirebiT warmatebiT axorcielebda
,,SesaZlebelis xelovnebas”.
qemalistebis nebiT gaxda TurqeTi pirveli isla-
muri qveyana, romelic saxelmwifo mSeneblobas saero
safuZvelze iwyebda. sekularizmis garantad TurqeTis
armia iqca. respublikis konstituciaSi sityvac ar iyo
naxsenebi SariaTze (islamur samarTalze). muslimTa
sulieri lideri xalifa (osmaleTis ukanasknel sauku-
neebSi am posts sulTani iTavsebda) qveynidan gaaZeves.
aikrZala mizgiTebis mSenebloba da molebis momzadeba.
1453 wlidan mizgiTad gadaqceuli stambolis aia sofi-
as eklesia muzeumad gadakeTda da yvela rjulis ada-
mianisaTvis SesaZlebeli gaxda VI saukunis bizntiuri
Sedevris daTvaliereba.
dasaxuli miznis, civilizaciis maRali donis mi-
saxwevad, aucilebeli iyo qveyanaSi sekularizaciis
ganxorcieleba. am gzaze mustafa qemalma 1924 wels
pirveli nabiji gadadga, gaauqma saxalifo, im klerika-
luri Zalebis dasayrdeni, romlebmac Tavis droze,
44   
osmaleTSi wamowyebul araerT reformas SeuSales xe-
li. zogierTi dromoWmuli religiuri dawesebulebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdeg,
sekularizaciis gzaze saboloo winaRoba moixsna 1924
wels konstituciaSi Setanili cvlilebebiT. qemaliz-
mis sxva debulebebTan erTad, aRiniSna laicizmis---sa-
xelmwifosgan eklesiis gamoyofis principi. mis wina-
aRmdeg islamistebi dResac gamodian. saxelmwifos is-
lamuri modeli dafuZnebulia religiur pluraliz-
mze, maSin rodesac Tanamedrove saxelmwifo es aris
erovnuli suverenitetis biurokratiuli sistema.
TandaTan ganxorcielda qveynis modernizaciisTvis
aucilebeli sxva religiuri gardaqmnebic. evropuli
kodeqsis safuZvelze Seicvala osmaluri kanonmdeb-
loba. aRiarebuli iqna qalTa uflebebi, SemoRebuli
iqna Tanamedrove saero ganaTlebis sistema da laTinu-
ri damwerloba, ganxorcielda bevri sxva RonisZieba,
romelTa mizani dasavlur civilizebul samyarosTan da-
axlovebaa, gaido xidi erovnul kulturasa da sakacob-
rio kulturas anu civilizacias Soris. 1934 wlis ivnisSi
qveynis moqalaqeebisaTvis SemoRebuli iqna gvaris tare-
ba da igi aucileblad Turquli unda yofiliyo.
mustafa qemals sruli damoukideblobisa da ci-
vilizaciis Tanamedrove donis misaRwevad aucileb-
lad miaCnda eknomikuri aRmavloba. amisaTvis jer ki-
dev 1923 wels izmirSi ekonomikuri kongresi moiwvia. aq
mosulma mustafa qemalma aRniSna: “xmliT gamarjve-
bulni saboloo jamSi guTniT gamarjvebulTa winaSe
marcxdebian”. “politikuri da samxedro gamarjvebebi
ekonomikuri warmatebiT unda dagvirgvindes” .
TurqeTis sulTnis xelisuflebis gauqmebisa da
respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg, qemalistebi Seud-
gnen radikaluri reformebis gatarebas politikuri
wyobilebis ganmtkicebisaTvis.
aTaTurqis doqtrina anu qemalizmi aris sistema,
  45 
romelic dafuZnebulia TurqeTis realur faqtebze.
igi exmianeba Turquli eris nebas gamomdinare grZeli
istoriuli warsulisa. amas garda, qemalizmi aris eris
uflebebis dacva da mxardaWera. igi aris mcdeloba,
rom miRweul iqnes Tanamedrove civilizaciis donem-
de, igi aris dasavleTisaken swrafva da modernizacia.
igi aseve moiTxovs Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis
gaTvaliswinebas, saero saxelmwifos dafuZnebas da da-
debiTi mecnieruli azrovnebiT marTvas. qemalizmis
principebi or jgufad iyofa: “ZiriTadi principebi”
da “damatebiTi principebi”.
qemalizmis principebma revolucias Rirseuli sa-
xe misca, romlebic aTaTurqis azriT safuZvliani da
sistemuri debulebebia. yoveli maTgani sruliad da-
moukidebelia da exeba qveynis ekonomikuri da politi-
kuri cxovrebis calkeul sferoebs. amave dros es de-
bulebebi erTmaneTisgan gamomdinareoben da erTma-
neTs eTanxmebian .
patriotizmi, damoukidebloba da erovnuli suve-
reniteti gaxda qemalisturi revoluciis mTavari ide-
ologia. “TanzimaTisa” da safrangeTis revoluciis
gavleniT mustafa qemalma SeimuSava mTeli rigi prin-
cipebi: xalxosnoba, laicizmi da revolucionizmi.
SevexoT TurqeTis respublikis ideologiis
struqturis ganmsazRvrel principebs. esenia: respub-
likanizmi, laicizmi, nacionalizmi, xalxosnoba,
etatizmi, revolucionizmi.
respublikanizmi-----(jumhurieT Ciliq –anu res-
publikuri ideebis dacva-ganviTareba) aTaTurqis pir-
veli debuleba da saxelmwifoSi maRali civilizaciisa
da demokratiis gamoxatvis formaa, rac Turqi xalxis
xasiaTsa da TvisebebSi yvelaze metad Cans. respubli-
kuri mmarTvelobis forma ki respublikur TurqeTSi
yvelaze moxerxebul saxelmwifo meqanizms warmoad-
gens.
46   
 1923 wlis 29 oqtombers qemalistebma gamoacxades
respublikuri mmarTveloba, romelic anatoliis axali
politikuri sistemis–demokratiis gamoxatuleba gax-
da (mTavroba, romelsac irCevs xalxi da moqmedebs ma-
Ti interesebis mixedviT), romelic imdroindeli Tur-
qeTisaTvis sakamaod aratradiciul ganviTarebas war-
moadgenda.
qemalistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg
Turqma xalma miiRo axali politikuri sistema—
“xalxis mTavroba”, “xalxis warmomadgenlobiTi orga-
no”.
aTaTurqi ambobda, rom :”respublikuri mmarTve-
loba es igivea, rac demokratiul sistemas damatebuli
saxelmwifo. respublikis zneobrivi safuZveli sakuTa-
ri moralis gawonasworebulobis da simtkicis for-
maa”.
laicizmi-----dasavluri modelis mixedviT, Tur-
quli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi laicizmma pirvelxa-
risxovani roli iTamaSa. evropaSi eklesiis da saxel-
mwifos gamoyofa daiwyo aRorZinebisa da reformebis
periodSi. saero saxelmwifos---Tavad idea ki damkvid-
rdda franguli revoluciis dros.
religiis saxelmwifosgan gamoyofasTan dakav-
SirebiT aTaTurqi Tavis gamosvlebSi dasZenda:
“RmerTiT, religiiT da rwmeniT adamianebze zemoqme-
deba ar SeiZleba, sarwmunoeba da politika urTier-
Tsapirispiro cnebebia, amitomac religiuri moZ-
Rvrebis gamoyeneba politikur cxovrebaSi warmo-
udgenelia. sarwmunoeba arsebobs, is savaldebulo
da aucilebelia, ris gareSec sazogadoebis gagrZe-
leba-gadarCena SeuZlebelia, Cveni sarwmunoeba ga-
marTlebuli, yvelaze Rirseuli da yvelaze bunebri-
via”.
laicizmi (laiqliq, warmodgeba franguli sityvi-
dan “laicite”, rac niSnavs saero xasiaTs). igi gulis-
xmobs religiis gamoyofas saxelmwifosagan. TurqeTis

  47 
1921 da 1924 wlebis konstituciebSi Cadebuli debule-
ba “saxelmwifo religia islamia” gauqmda 1928wlis 10
aprils #1222 kanoniT. aTaTurqi ambobda: “Cven pativs
vcemT religias, ar vewinaaRmdegebiT araviTar azrebs
da azrovnebis wess. Cven mxolod vcdilobT, rom reli-
giuri da saxelmwifo saqmeebi ara airios erTmaneTSi”.
TurqeTSi laicizmi drois umokles monakveTSi
SemoiRes. mas Tavdapirvelad axalgazrda oficroba
uWerda mxars. aTaTurqi qveynis saero mmarTvelobaSi
laicizmss did adgils uTmobda, radganac saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi islami TurqeTSi sazogadoebrivi ganvi-
Tarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori iyo. sainteresoa, Tu
rogor warmoedgina mas laicizmi da rogor axorci-
elebda mas qveynis cxovrebaSi.
mustafa qemal aTaTurqis azriT, “saxelmwifos
marTvis, moqmedi kanonebisa da konstituciis safuZve-
lia ara religiuri elementebi, aramed mecnieruli
siaxleni da modernizebuli teqnologia”.
qemalistebma, miuxedavad opoziciuri Zalebis
gamosvlebisa da maT Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobisa,
yovelgvari ukandaxevis gareSe gamoiyenes laicizmis
principebi da mTavar ideologiad aqcies respublikur
TurqeTSi.
laicizmis Sesaxeb 1930 wels mustafa qemali
ambobda: “religiuri ideis saxelmwifo saqmeebisagan
gamoyofaSi respublika xedavs Cveni eris progresiis
pirvelxarisxovan faqtors”. xalifatis gauqmeba
niSnavda axali TurqeTis survils sabolood gaewyvita
kavSiri warsulTan da Seemna progresuli saxelmwifo
dasavluri demokratiis magaliTze”.
nacionalizmi---qemalizmis erT-erTi qvakuTxedi
nacionalizmia, romelic TurqeTSi oficialuri
politikis rangSi aris ayvanili da dafisqirebulia–
konstituciaSi–“aTaTurqis nacionalizmis” saxeliT.
qemalistebi Turqul nacionalizms Semdegnairad
gansazRvraven:--“ Turquli nacionalizmi romlis
pirvelxarisxovani mizania msofliosTan mSvidobiani
48   
Tanacxovrebis fonze sakuTari qveynis damoukideblo-
bis SenarCuneba.
nacionalizmis  propagandam  farTo  gavrceleba 
hpova.  nacionalizmi  vlindeboda  mecnierebaSic  da 
kulturaSic. kulturul‐saganmanaTlebo muSaobiT na-
cionalistur propagandas eweodnen ,,saxalxo sax-
lebic”. 1934 wels TurqeTSi funqcionirebda 80 ,,sa-
xalxo saxli”. 1937 wels maTi biblioTekebi moicavda
130 aTas wigns . 
TurqeTis erovnulma burJuaziam SeiTvisa Tur-
qizmi, romelic mimarTuli iyo damoukidebeli, erov-
nuli saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken.
mustafa qemalis gagebiT Turqizmi, sxva araferi
iyo Tu ara Turquli nacionalizmi TurqeTis sazRv-
rebSi, romelic gansxvavdeboda, rogorc osmaluri,
aseve “islamuri nacionalizmisagan”. erma,--ambobda is,-
-“Seicvala Tavisi saukunebrivi saxe, man gaaerTiana
Tavisi xalxi ara relgiuri veqtoris, aramed Turquli
erovnebis mikuTvnebis mixedviT.
TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis pirvelsave
sxdomaze, mustafa qemalis gamosvlebi faqtobrivad
ofcialurad adasturebda, Zveli dromoWmuli idea-
lebisagan, Turquli erovnuli burJuaziis ganTa-
visuflebas. is ambobda:“nebismier Cvens moqalaqes aqvs
ufleba iyos romelime didi idealis Tayvanismcemeli
da mimxrobi, is am saqmeSi damoukidbeblia, aravis
SeuZlia Caerios amaSi, magram TurqeTis didi erov-
nuli kreba mxars uWers mtkice da stabilur poli-
tikas. romelic mimarTulia TurqTa damoukideb-
lobisaken maT gansazRvrul erovnul CarCoebSi.
“Cveni nacionalizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara
aris egoisturi da ampartavnuli nacionalizmi . . . Cven
aravis mtrebi ar varT, mxolod adamianobis mtrobis
mtrebi varT . . . samSobloSi mSvidoba dedamiwaze

  49 
mSvidobis debulebaa, Cveni erovnulobac swored amis
Tanxmobaa” dasZenda aTaTurqi .
xalxosnoba-----aTaTurqis mixedviT “xalxosnoba
esaa---demokratiuloba”, romelic ar cnobs pirov-
nebebs Soris brZolas.
1923 wlis 9 seqtembers qemalistebma Seqmnes
“saxalxo partia” (Sinaarsobrivad xalxosnuri partia),
romelTa miznebi iyo:
1. xalxis mier da xalxisaTvis gatarebuli
erovnuli suverenitetis xelmZRvaneloba da zeda-
mxedveloba.
2. Turquli civilizaciis didebis aRdgena.
3. kanonis absoluturi batonobis damkvidreba
yvelasaTvis.
1934 wels saxalxo-respublikuri partiis yrilo-
baze partiis qemalisturi koncefcia xalxosnobis
Sesaxeb Semdegnairad ganisazRvra: ”TurqeTSi ar arse-
bobs klasobrivi brZola, arc regionalizmi, arc fe-
odalizmi, arc privilegirebuli ojaxebi da arc
konceptualuri gamoxatulebebi” .
amgvarad, xalxosnobis (halqCiliqi) principis
mixedviT xelisuflebam unda izrunos xalxis
keTidReobaze, igi Turqi xalxis erT ojaxad, erT
jgufad Tavmoyris mniSvnelovani movlenaa. is
aZlierebs da safuZvels umagrebs saxelmwifos da
aregulirebs uflebriv-movaleobriv urTierTobebs
saxelmwifosa da mis moqalaqeebs Soris .
etatizmi------etatizmis qemalisturi gageba efuZ-
neba qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis princips, ramac unda gansazRvros misi
kulturuli, socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
wesi.
1923 wels qemalistebma qveyanaSi Seqmnili realu-
ri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnes ekonomikis

50   
“Sereuli sistema”, anu meurneobis saxelmwifo da
kerZo sistemebis Tanacxovreba da urTierTqmedeba.
etatizmi (warmosdgeba franguli sityvidan etat
saxelmwifo)---am princips ori ganmarteba gaaCnia.
farTo gagebiT igi niSnavs ekonomikisa da socialur-
kulturuli aRorZinebis politikis gatarebas, viwro
gagebiT ki---saxelmwifos warmmarTvel rols ekonomi-
kaSi. es ki niSnavs, rom yvelafers saxelmwifo awar-
moebs. e.i. es principi saxelmwifos aqtiur politikas
gulisxmobs qveynis SigniT. saxelmwifom unda iTamaSos
mTavari roli qveynis ekonomikur, socialur da
kulturul ganviTarebaSi, anu es aris saxelmwifos
seqtoris upiratesi ganviTareba, anu devleT Cilqi .
ekonomikuri damoukideblobis mopovebisas qe-
malistebi gansakuTrebiT mimarTavdnen nacionalizmis
princips. aTaTurqi ekonomikuri suverenitetis Se-
saxeb ambobda: ” rogori mniSvnelovani ar unda iyos
politikuri da samxedro gamarjvebebi, is didxans ver
gagrZeldeba da gaqreba, Tu qveyana ar iqna gamyare-
buli ekonomikuri suverenitetiT, erTaderTi Zala,
erTaderTi myari fundamenti romelic uzrunvelyofs
srul warmatebas, es TurqeTis ekonomikaa .
etatizmis erT-erTi mTavari Teoretikosi ahmed
hamadi (SemdgomSi baSari) Tavis gamocemaSi ambobs, rom
“etatizmi miscems saSualebas TurqeTs ekonomikur da
kulturul TvalsazrisiT avides evropis donemde.
“devleT Cilqi”, romelic evropis qveynebSi warmoiSva
sazogadoebrivi da politikuri mimarTulebiT, Tur-
qeTSi upirveles yovlisa aRmocenda ekonomikuri
aucileblobiT .
etatizmis politikis gatarebiT TurqeTis erov-
nulma burJuaziam mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica aramarto
Tavisi politikuri ekonomikuri poziciebi, aramed
saxelmwifos materialuri bazac. erTdroulad sagrZ-
  51 
noblad SezRuda ucxo kapitalis poziciebic da xeli
Seuwyo kapitalizmis ganviTarebas. magram amasTan
erTad, erovnulma burWuaziam TandaTanobiT gadaux-
via etatizmis qemalisturi poziciebidan, xolo meore
msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg qveynis politikuri,
ekonomikuri interesebi daukavSira did saxelmwifoTa
interesebs.
revolucionizmi-----revolucionizmi
(inqilafCiliq) erTis mxriv gulisxmobs sazogadoebis
mudmiv ganviTarebas da meores mxriv, qemalisturi
revoluciis saxeliT aerTianebs yvela zemoT
CamoTvlil princips.
“Tavisufleba xalxis Tavisufali azrisa da
sityvis gamoxatulebaa, Tavisufleba Cems xasiaTSia.
Tavisufali sazogadoeba ki Zlieri da damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos safuZvelia”—ambobda aTaTurqi .
mustafa qemalma, TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis
mowvevis (1920w. 23 aprili) Semdeg, miznad daisaxa
sasulTnos gauqmeba da respublikuri wyobilebis
damyareba. mas kargad esmoda, rom erovnuli krebis
deputatebi am saqmeSi mxars ar dauWerdnen, radgan
deputatebis umravlesoba sulTnisadmi loialurad
iyvnen ganwyobilni. mejlisis SemadgenlobaSi ar iyo is
Zala, romelic gaxdeboda dasayrdeni revoluciuri
gardaqmnebis dros.
aseT viTarebaSi mustafa qemalma gadawyvita,
SeniRbulad warmoeCina da etapobrivad
ganexorcielebina Tavisi miznebi. “me msurda, wers
mustafa qemali, Camomeyalibebina sruliad sxva
xasiaTiT da uflebebiT aRWurvili mejlisi, raTa
erTad, TanmimdevrobiT gagvevlo revoluciis
etapebi”. “revoluciis etapebSi” mustafa qemali
gulisxmobda sasulTnos gauqmebasa da respublikis
gamocxadebas .

52   
 1923 wlis 29 oqtombers mustafa qemalma “saxalxo
partiasa” da mejliss warudgina ismeT faSasTan erTad
SemuSavebuli proeqti, romelic Sedgeboda sami punq-
tisagan:
1. TurqeTis saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formaa–
respublika.
2. TurqeTis saxelmwifos meTaurobs TurqeTis
didi erovnuli kreba.
3. TurqeTis saxelmwifos Sinaganawess marTavs
ministrTa sabWo.
1923 wlis 29 oqtombers saRamos 8 saaTsa da 30
wuTze TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam miiRo
dadgenileba, TurqeTi gamocxadebuliyo respublikad.
15 wuTis Semdeg mustafa qemali, aseve erTxmad airCies
respublikis pirvel prezidentad. es ambavi imave Rames
acnobes 101 saartilerio zalpiT. 30 oqtombers
mTavrobis pirvel Tavjdomare gaxda ismeT faSa .
anatoliaSi dawyebuli antiimperiulisturi
erovnul-ganmaTavsiuflebeli moZraoba revoluciaSi
gadaizarda, ris Sedegadac qemalistebma mokle droSi
ganaxorcieles sami mniSvnelovani aqti: gaauqmes
sasulTno da saxalifo. gamoacxades respublika da
Seudgnen radikaluri reformebis gatarebas, romelic
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT kulturuli revoluciis tol-
fasi iyo.
qemalisturi rvoluciis specifikuri Tavisebu-
reba mdgomareobda imaSi, rom revolucia moxda ara
qvemodan, xalxis ajanyebis Sedegad, aramed zemodan
parlamentis gziT, mustafa qemalis xelmZRvanelobiT.
qemalisturi revolucia TaviseburebebiT xasiaT-
deba. es iyo, mSvidobiani gziT, TurqeTis revolu-
ciuri gardaqmna, xaverdovani revolucia, romlis
xelmZRvaneli da sulisCamdgemeli iyo mustafa qemali.
igi konfliqtis mosagvareblad jer mSvidobian gzas
irCevda, Semdeg zewolas mimarTavda da iaraRs
  53 
ukidures SemTxvevaSi iyenebda.
marTalia, revoluciuri gardaqmnebis dros
qemali molaparakebasTan erTad zogjer zemoqmedebas
da muqarasac mimarTavda, magram es iyo ukiduresi
zoma. TurqeTis revoluciaSi udidesi wvlili mustafa
qemals miuZRvis da amitomac mas istoriaSi qemalis-
tur revolucias uwodeben .
mustafa qemali Tavis diqtatorobas Semdeg-
nairad axasiaTebda:“me egvipteli faraonebis msgav-
sad piramidebi ar amiSenebia, xalxi iZulebiT ar
mimuSavebia, Cemi azris misRebineblad maT maTra-
xebiT ar davmuqrebivar. jer kongress viwvevdi da
Cems gegmebs xalxs vacnobdi. ganxorcielebas mxo-
lod xalxis Tanxmobis Semdeg viwyebdi. arzrumisa
da sivasis kongresebi da didi erovnuli kreba amis
saukeTeso magaliTebia”.
Razis diqtatura erTgvarad marTlac
demokratias efuZneboda. igi cdilobda mTavrobis
iseTi sistema Seeqmna, romelic faqtobrivad arc erT
diqtators ar gaukeTebia. demokratiuli suli,
romelic am sistemas im etapze aklda, mogvianebiT
advili dasamatebeli iqneboda .

54   
 Tavi V

mustafa qemalis reformebi

TurqeTSi respublikuri mmarTvelobis gamocxa-

debis Semdeg, qemalistebi Seudgnen radikaluri re-
formebis gatarebas. politikuri wyobilebis ganmtki-
cebas, ekonomikis ganviTarebas, xalxis masebis kultu-
ruli da yofa-cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas.
mniSvnelovani RonisZieba iyo 1924 wlis 20 aprils
TurqeTis respublikis pirveli konstituciis miReba,
konstituciis miRebiT moxda feodaluri wyobilebis
naSTebis likvidacia da burJuaziuli wyobilebis dam-
yareba.
reformebis gatrebas xelmZRvanelobda 1924 wlis
8 noembers Sedgenili mTavrobis axali kabineti, premi-
er-ministr ismeT-faSas meTaurobiT.
TurqeTi naxevrad koloniuri CamorCenili qveya-
na iyo. TurqeTis saxalxo meurneobis wamyvani dargebi
ucxoeTis kapitalistebs ekuTvnodaT. maT xelSi iyo
rkinigzebi, spilenZis da qvanaxSiris maRaroebi, nav-
sadguris nagebobebi, qalaqis municipalitetis sawar-
moebis nawili. qveynis ekonomikaSi TurqeTis poziciebi
Zalze susti iyo. 1923 wels mustafa qemalis meTauro-
biT izmirSi moiwvies ekonomikuri kongresi. kongresma
SeimuSava e.w ,,ekonomikuri aRTqma”, romelic gamoxa-
tavda mTavrobis pozicias ekonomikuri politikis
sferoSi. kongresma miiRo dadgenileba, saxelmwifo
bankis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb, romelic daafinansebda sam-
rewvelo obieqtebis mSeneblobas da sxva saxis samuSao-
ebis Catarebas.
TurqeTSi saxelmwifos Careva obieqturad ganpi-
robebuli iyo imiT, rom sulTnis droindeli araTur-
quli burJuazia, romelSic berZnebi da somxebi domini-
rebdnen, uaRresad SeTxelda. 1923 wlis lozanis xel-
  55 
Sekrulebis Tanaxmad moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saber-
ZneTTan da 1,4 milion berZens daatovebines TurqeTi,
romelmac Tavis mxriv miiRo 400 aTasze meti Turqi sa-
berZneTidan. mcirericxovani somxebi da berZnebi mxo-
lod stambolSi darCnen.
TurqeTis ekonomikaSi zemoxsenebuli eTnikuri
jgufebis burJuaziis rolis mkveTr SesustebasTan er-
Tad Semcirda kerZo kapitaldabandebebis baza. amito-
mac saxelmwifom TavisTavze aiRo ekonomikis ganviTa-
rebaze zrunva. es ekonomikuri politika cnobilia
etatizmis (franguli sityvidan etat---saxelmwifo) sa-
xeliT: es saxelmwifo kapitalizmis nairsaxeobaa.
mTavroba afinansebda satransporto da energetikuli
infrastruqturis, samrewvelo sawarmoebis mSeneblo-
bas. saxelmwifo monopolia SenarCunda zogi produq-
tis (Saqari, marili, Tambaqo, Cai, alkoholi) warmoeba-
sa da gasaRebaze: maTze stabiluri fasebis SenarCune-
biT erTgvari socialuri politika tardeboda.
sabWoTa kavSirisagan gansxvavebiT, TurqeTSi ar
gauqmebula ekonomikis kerZo seqtori. soflad Senar-
Cunda Tundac dabalproduqtiuli, magram kerZo meur-
neoba. zogan memamuluri miwaTmflobelobac ki Semor-
Ca. soflis meurneobis gadasvlas kapitalistur, fer-
merul relsebze aferxebda glexebis fsiqologia, maTi
gaunaTlebloba.
TurqeTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani rgoli unda gamxdariyo soflis meurne-
oba. sameurneo aRorZinebis interesebi moiTxovda ag-
raruli sakiTxis radikalur gadaWras. miwebis gadace-
mas imaTTvis, vinc mas daamuSavebda. aseve aucilebeli
iyo feodaluri da naxevrad feodaluri eqspluataci-
is formebis gauqmeba. agraluri sakiTxis demokratiu-
lad gadaWra daakmayofilebda Turqi glexebis moT-
xovnilebas, romlebmac TaviaanT mxrebze gadaitanes
erovnul-ganmanTvisuflebeli brZolebis mTeli simZi-
me, ,, glexi TurqeTis namdvili da srulfasovani ba-
56   
ton-patronia”, ganacxada mustafa qemalma mejlisis
sxdomaze 1922 wlis 1 marts da amitom glexebs sxvebze
meti ufleba aqvT bednierebasa da keTildreobaze. uf-
ro metic: ”sanam glexi qveynis baton-patroni ar gax-
deba, TurqeTSi realuri progresi warmoudgene-
lia” .
saxelmwifo fermebis Seqmna da memamuleebis miwe-
bis koncentracia xels uwyobda soflis meurneobis
proletariatis zrdas.
soflis meurneobis muSebis Tavmoyris yvelaze
didi raioni iyo adano-nersinis dablobi, sadac mohyav-
daT TurqeTis ekonomikis iseTi saeqsporto kultura,
rogoricaa bamba.
saxlmwifo da memaluleTa miwebze teqnikis gamo-
yenebam gamoiwvia gansazRvruli cvlilebebi: gaCnda me-
qanizatorebis kadrebi, romelTa ricxvi 10 aTasamde
gaizarda.
oficialur statistikas cnobebi soflis meurne-
obis muSebis raodenobis Sesaxeb ar gaaCnia, magram
Turqi avtori x. kiviljimis angariSiT TurqeTSi 30-ia-
ni wlebis dasawyisSi iyo daaxloebiT 250 aTasi muSa.
TurqeTis mmarTveli wreebis agraruli politika
mimarTuli iyo kapitalisturi mimarTulebiT soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebaze da xelisSewyobaze. magram
mas radikaluri agraruli reforma ar mohyva.qveyanaSi
SenarCunda naxevrad feodaluri eqspluataciis meTo-
debi, rac soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas aferxebda.
ase rom, mTavrobis agraruli politika ganisazRvra sa-
naxevro zomebiT.
1934 wlis dekemberSi mejlisma Sesworebebi miiRo
xorblis dacvis kanonTan dakavSirebiT. am kanonidan
sargebels iRebdnen mxolod SeZlebuli wreebi, rom-
lebmac xorbali miiRes groSebis fasad da mas maRal
fasebSi yididnen.
soflis meurneobis bankis saqmianobasTan myar
kavSirSi unda ganvixiloT soflis meurneobebis koope-
rativebis kanoni, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1935 wlis oq-
  57 
tombridan.kooperativebis saqmianobis xuTwlianma
praqtikam gamoiwvia zogierTi sawesdebo debulebis ga-
daxedvis saWiroeba.
axali kanonis mixedviT neba eZleodaT Seqmniliyo
soflis meurneobis sakredito kooperativebi wevrTa
ricxvis SezRudvis gareSe. SemoiRes urTierTTavdebo-
ba (wliuli Tavdeboba). kooperativebis xelmZRvanelo-
ba ekisreboda ekonomikis saministros, romelic sof-
lis meurneobis bankTan erTad adgenda kreditebis da
maTi procentebis odenobas.
am kanonis dawvrilebiT ganxilvisas Cans, rom axa-
li kooperativebis Seqmnas Tan sdevda kulakuri ele-
mentebis daxmarebis survili, radgan arafris ar mqone
Turq glex-mepaies SeeZlo mieRo mxolod mcire kredi-
ti. garda amisa, glexi, romelic Tavis droze ver dafa-
ravda sesxs kabalur damokidebulebaSi aRmoCndeboda
kooperativTan, radgan glexis moZrav da uZrav qoneba-
ze yadaRa ideboda, xolo Tu es arasakmarisi iyo valis
dasafarad, aseve eqceodnen mis Tavdebsac.
soflis  meurneobis  produqciis  gasaRebis  koope-
rativebis  kanons  Tavisi  arsiT  avsebda  kanoni  sakredi-
to  kooperativebis  Sesaxeb. gasaRebis  kooperativebis 
organizebisaTvis  10  kaci  sakmarisi  iyo.    erT  adgilze 
erTi da igive produqtis gasaRebisaTvis sakmarisi iyo 
mxolod erTi kooperativis organizeba. 
soflis meurneobis gasaRebis kooperativebs unda 
moeZiebinaT  mepaieTa  produqciis  myari  gasaRebis  yve-
la SesaZlebeli xerxi, da ezrunaT gasaRebis maRal fa-
sebze  rogorc  Sida,  aseve  saerTaSoriso  bazarze.  saWi-
roebis SemTxvevaSi ki moeZiebinaT Tavisi mepaieTa pro-
duqciis  gadamuSavebis  SesaZleblobebi,  raTa  produq-
cia  yofiliyo  karg  mdgomareobaSi,  aseve  Tvali  unda 
edevnebinaT  maszed,  rom  produqcia  erovnuli  stan-
dartebis Sesabamisi yofiliyo  da a. S.
TurqeTis mTavrobis agrarulma politikam zemoq-
medeba moaxdina soflebSi sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTare-
58   
baze:  meore  msoflio  omis  dasawyisSi  mniSvnelovani 
Zvrebi  moxda  rogorc  gadamamuSavebeli  mowebis  far-
Tobebis  mxriv,  aseve  im  kulturebTan  dakavSirebiTac, 
romlebic  mohyavdaT  am  miwebze.  Tu 6 wlis manZilze
(1934-1939) qveynis mosaxleoba gaizarda 13 %-iT, gada-
samuSavebeli farTobebi gaizarda 33,8 %-iT. marcvlo-
van kulturaTa wliuri raodenoba gaizarda 47 %-iT,
xolo mosaxleobis erT sulze igi gaizarda 320 kg-dan
387 kg-mde.
1939 wlisaTvis TurqeTSi ukve moqmedebdnen sof-
lis meurneobis gadamamuSavebeli samrewvelo sawarmo-
ebi (wisqvilebi, zeTis saxdeli da ludis xarSvis sawar-
moebi, Tambaqos fabrikebi, opiumis damamzadebeli fab-
rikebi da sxva).
arsebiTi cvlilebebi moxda mecxoveleobaSic,
rac aisaxa saqonlis swraf zrdaSi (1939 wlisTvis sa-
qonlis ricxva miaRwia 54,6 mln.), anu 1933 welTan Seda-
rebiT igi gaizarda 80 %-iT. saqonlis zrdas axlda Si-
da bazris gafarTovebac. 
TurqeTis  soflis  meurneobis  raionebSi  kapita-
lizmis  ganviTarebis  saintereso  faqtorad  iqca  mrew-
velobis  gamoyeneba  saqonlis  gadamuSavebisas.  magali-
Tad:  qarsSi,  erzurumSi,  erzindJanSi  da  trabzonSi  Se-
iqmna  karaqis  da  yvelis  qarxnebi,  bursaSi,  ankaraSi  da 
izmirSi-------Salis  saqsovi  fabrikebi,  xol  stambulSi 
da qarsSi – tyavis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebi da sxva .
kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzaze TurqeTisaT-
vis seriozul dabrkolebas warmoadgenda qveynis sau-
kunovani CamorCena mecnierebis, ganaTlebisa da kul-
turis sferoSi. erovnuli burJuazia dainteresebuli
iyo evropuli kulturis danergviT, rac xels uwyobda
xalxis ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas da qveynis kapita-
listuri gziT winsvlas. 1924 wlis 3 marts parlamentma
miiRo kanoni SariaTisa da vakufebis saministros gauq-
mebis Sesaxeb, mis nacvlad daarsda kulturis saminis-

  59 
tro. 1925 wels parlamentma miiRo kanoni feskebis ak-
rZalvisa da aucileblad evropuli qudebis tarebis
Sesaxeb. aikrZala osmalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qu-
debis, fafaxebisa da feskebis tareba da maT nacvlad
unda daexuraT evropuli qudebi. saxelmwifo moxelee-
bi valdebulni iyvnen, sazogadoebriv adgilebSi yofi-
liyvnen evropulad Cacmulni, erTmaneTs misalmebod-
nen evropuli wesiT da sxva. dadgenileba agreTve uk-
rZalavda sasuliero tansacmlis tarebas im pirebs,
romlebic aRar iyvnen oficialurad kulturis msa-
xurni.
mTel TurqeTSi daiwyes evropuli tansacmlisa da
qudebis tareba. sajarod swvavdnen feskebsa da aRmo-
savlur Tavsaburavebs, qalaqebis moednebze am miznebi-
saTvis gamoyofili iyo specialuri adgilebi. mustafa
qemali qveynis raionebSi mogzaurobis dros evropu-
lad iyo Cacmuli da amiT sxvebs aZlevda magaliTs .
1925 wlis Seix saidis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg,
qemalma daiwyo reformebisaTvis mzadeba, maTi mizani
iyo TurqeTis sabWoTa saxelmwifod gadaqceva. man da-
iwyo qveyanaSi mogzauroba, ra drosac eweoda agitaci-
as, raTa warsulis gadmonaSTebze xalxs uari eTqva.
sensaciuri gaxda is faqti, rom erT-erT qalaqSi (kas-
tamonaSi) gaCerebisas, qemali qudiT xelSi gadmovida
avtomobilidan. qudi Zvel TurqeTSi ,,giauris” (urju-
los) simbolo iyo. muslimani, romelic mas daixuravda
Caiqoleboda. aseve mkrexelobad iTvleboda daufaravi
TaviT gamoCena. qemalma piradi magaliTiT misca am gad-
monaSTebis winaaRmdeg brZolis signali. Tavis saub-
rebSi mogzaurobebisas igi aCvenebda, rom aucilebeli
ar iyo feskiT, anu TavsaburaviT siaruli, misi daxma-
rebiT ansxvavebdnen evropels Turqisgan. imis garda,
rom evropuli tansacmlis SemoReba saerTo sargeblo-
bisTvis iyo momgebiani, qemals is argumentic mohyavda,
rom feska importuli saqoneli iyo, raSic TurqeTi va-

60   
lutas ixdida, xolo axali Tavsaburavi da axali kos-
tumebi SeiZleba mTlianad adgilobrivi masalisagan
daemzadebinaT.
dauyovnebliv mTel TurqeTSi daiwyes evropuli
tansacmlis da evropuli qudebis SemoReba. qemalis sa-
pativsacemod gamarTul manifestaciebze saxalxod
wvavdnen feskebs, zogierT adgilebSi ki policia iZu-
lebiT xdidnen moqalaqeebs feskebs. ramodenime dReSi
gaiyida Cveulebrivi qudebis mTeli maragi. saxelosno-
ebi ver aswrebdnen SekveTebis Sesrulebas. stambolel-
ma komersantebma sazRvargareTidan miRes qudebis ori
vagoni. TurqeTis mTavrobam gamosca dekreti, romli-
Tac ikrZaleboda feskis tareba; yvela saxelmwifo mo-
xele valdebuli iyo etarebina qudi (Slapa), xolo sa-
xalxo adgilebSi yofiliyvnen qudis gareSe, misalme-
bodnen erTmaneTs evropulad da a. S. igive dekreti
krZalavda sasuliero tansacmlis da wveris tarebas im
pirebisaTvis, romlebic kultis msaxurni ar iyvnen.
amiT Seixebi da derviSebi mosaxleobis TvalSi kargav-
dnen Tavis gansakuTrebulobas da Cveulebrivi moqala-
qeebi xdebodnen. amis Semdeg anulirebuli iqna derviS-
Ta ordenebi da maTi monastrebi, ramac kidev ufro me-
tad Searyia reaqcionerTa zemoqmedeba. monazonTa or-
denebi TurqeTis Sida cxovrebaSi adre did rols Tama-
Sobdnen. isini mravlad iyvnen. aseve iyvnen ,,mocekvave”,
,,cmukavi” da sxva saxis derviSebi. TviToeuli seqtis
TavSi idga Tavisi Seixi, mas brmad emorCileboda der-
viSTa mTeli masa. sargeblobdnen ra CamorCenili mo-
saxleobis fanatizmiT, Seixebs hqondaT didi zemoqme-
debis unari, gansakuTRebiT ki im Soreul regionebSi,
sadac centralur xelisuflebas ar gaaCnda sakmarisi
sayrdeni. zogierT adgilas ki SeixTa brZanebebi srul-
deboda gacilebiT swrafad da zustad, vidre xelisuf-
lebis gankargulebebi. mniSvnelovania isic, rom Seixe-
bis gankargulebaSi iyo ,,Tekke”. religiuri ,,siwminde”
Tekkes xelisuflebisaTvis xelSeuxebels xdida. amas-
Tanave xSirad Tekke ama Tu im Seixis kerZo sakuTreba
  61 
iyo. es yvelaferi reaqcionerebs uadvilebda xelisuf-
lebis winaaRldeg saqmianobaSi rogorc derviSTa gamo-
yenebas, aseve Tekkes gamoyenebasac. ase iyo, magaliTad,
Seixi saidis ajanyebis dros. derviSTa ordenebis da
Tekkes likvidaciam reqcionerebs CamoarTva masebze
zemoqmedebis es iaraRic .
1925 wlis 30 noembers parlamentma miiRo kanoni,
romliTac gauqmda derviSuli ordenebi da maTi monas-
trebi. adre es religiuri ordenebi did rols Tama-
Sobdnen TurqeTis saSinao cxovrebaSi. maTi ricxvi
mniSvnelovani iyo, yoveli seqtis saTaveSi Seixi idga,
mas brmad emorCileboda derviSTa masa, likvidirebu-
li iyo derviSTa Tayvaniscemisa da TavSeyris adgile-
bi. 1925 wlis 26 dekembers parlamentma miiRo kanoni ev-
ropuli welTaRricxvis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, dasvenebis
dRed paraskevis nacvlad kvira iqna SemoRebuli.
metad mniSvnelovani iyo 1926 wels axali
samoqalaqo kodeqsis miReba. mis SedgenaSi monawileoba
miiRes cnobilma Turqma iuristebma, igi SemuSavebuli
iqna Sveicaruli kodeqsis safuZvelze. man gaauqma
adre arsebuli muslimanuri samarTlis normebi,
kerZod ki akrZala religiuri kanoniT nebadarTuli
mravalcolianoba. saeklesio qorwinebis sanacvlod
kodeqsiT savaldebulo gaxda samoqalaqo qorwineba.
anu ZiriTadad kodeqsi moicavda sabWouri xasiaTis
samarTlebriv normebs: qonebriv da saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobebs; memkvidreobis da meurveobis
sakiTxebs da respublikis moqalaqeebs Soris sxva
samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebs .
religiis gamoyofa saxelmwifosagan ar niSnavda
imas, rom qemalistebma daiwyes brZola religiis wina-
aRmdeg. TurqeTis mTavroba cdilobda religiis gamo-
yenebas axali saxelmwifos interesebisaTvis. yurani
arabulidan iTargmna Turqul enaze, qemalistebma gan-
sakuTrebiT didi yuradReba dauTmes saxalxo ganaT-
lebis gardaqmnas. pirveli nabijebi am mimarTulebiT
62   
iyo saskolo ganaTlebis sistemis unifikacia. uaRre-
sad didi mniSvneloba hqonda anbanis reformas. arabu-
li anbani didad aferxebda mosaxleobaSi wera-kiTxvisa
da swavla-ganaTlebis gavrcelebas, TurqeTSi respub-
likis gamocxadebamde wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa ricxvi 4
procents Seadgenda. sasuliero pirebi did winaaRmde-
gobas uwevdnen laTinuri anbanis SemoRebas. didma
erovnulma krebam miiRo kanoni anbanis reformis Sesa-
xeb, romlis safuZvelze arabuli anbani Seicvala la-
TinuriT.
iseve, rogorc aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi Tur-
qeTSic qali yovelgvar uflebebs moklebuli iyo.
TurqeTSi qalTa emansipacias saTave daudo mustafa
qemalma 1922 wels. qveynis cvlilebebi Seexeboda qalis
statussac. uwindeli batonymuri damokidebuleba qa-
lis mimarT aSorebda TurqeTs evropisgan, riTac qmni-
da gadaulaxav kulturul bariers. ,,axali Turqi qali”
unda gamxdariyo ara mxolod ganTavisuflebuli Tur-
qeTis simbolo, aramed sazogadoebis fenadac unda
qceuliyo, romelic daxmarebas gauwevda mravali
problemis gadaWras.
aTaTurqma 1925 wels daarsa aTaTurqis satyeo
ranCo. mas surda, rom hqonoda Tanamedrove stilis
ferma, dedaqalaqis gareubanSi. 1933 wels aTaTurqis
ranCoSi ganaxorcielda programa, romelic Sinauri sa-
qonlis da mebaReobis popularizacias iTvaliswineb-
da. radganac bavSvebis interesi am ranCos mimarT didi
iyo, mogvianebiT igi aTaTurqis zooparkad iqna cno-
bili. Tanamerdove zooparkis Seqmnas 12 weli dasWir-
da, es iyo adgili sadac xalxs hqonda SesaZlebloba
enaxaT cxovelebi galiebis gareSe, Ria cis qveS. aTa-
Turqi Tavis umcros naSvileb gognasTan--------ulkus-
Tan erTad xSirad dadioda zooparkSi. zooparkis ofi-
cialuri gaxsna moxda 1945 wels.
aTaTurqis erT-erT gamarjvebad iTvleba qale-
bis emansipaciis programa da maTi sazgadoebriv saq-
  63 
mianobaSi CarTva. igi amtkicebda, rom ojaxuri ur-
TierToba da maTi keTildReoba, sadac qalebi did
da Rirseul rols TamaSoben, eris keTildReobis
safuZvelia, rom sircxvilia qalebs aukrZalon saxis
gamoCena, rom mravalcolianoba da qalebis damamci-
rebeli mdgomareoba mamakacuri egoizmis Sedegia.
1926 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma gaaTanaswora qalebis
da mamakacebis uflebebi da maT gauxsna gza axali
cxovrebisaken. oficialurad ikrZaleboda mraval-
colianoba, saWiro iyo qorwinebis samoqalaqo re-
gistracia, qalis kerZo qoneba xelSeuxebeli xdebo-
da. Turqma qalebma Camoixsnes Cadri. prezidenti pi-
radad uwevda propagandas qalebis da mamakacebis
Tanasworobas, xsnida qalTa sportul da sxva saxis
sazogadoebebs, gogonaTa skautebis organizaciebs,
dResaswaulebis dros xdeboda sportul tansac-
melSi gamowyobil gogonaTa waxaliseba.
saxalxo sameurneo da administraciuli Tvalsaz-
risiT mniSvnelovani zomebi iyo mosaxleobis aRweris
ganxorcieleba da 1934 wlis 28 ivniss gamocemuli kano-
ni gvarebis Sesaxeb.
xelisuflebis centralizebas da kontrolis gaZ-
lierebas xels uwyobda adgilze administraciul-te-
ritoriuli mowyobis kanonebi.1936 wlis ianvarSi aRmo-
savleT anatoliaSi gadawyda Semdegi xuTi axali vilai-
eTis Seqmna —Coruxis, xakiaris, bitlisis, bingiolis da
Tunjelis. 1939 wels maT ricxvs aleqsandreTis sanja-
ki SeuerTda.
1926 wlis vilaieTebis Sesaxeb kanonSi 1934 wlis
dekemberSi Seitanes cvlileba adgilobrivi xelisuf-
lebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb. yovel vilaieTSi irCevdnen 
generalur  administraciul  sabWos.  sameurneo  saqmia-
nobaSi  arsebiTad  gaizarda municipalitetebis ufle-
bebic. magaliTad, 1934 wels miRebuli kanoni eqsprop-
riaciis Sesaxeb, municipalitets uZravi qonebis eq-
spropriaciis uflebas aZlevda.saxelmwifo aparatis
64   
srulyofis mniSvnelovan nabijad iqca arCeviTi siste-
mis reforma. 1934 wlis dekemberSi deputatebis jgu-
fis winadadebiT konstituciis me-10 da me-11 muxlebSi
Seitanes cvlilebebi, romelTa Sesabamisad qalebma mi-
iRes arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba. am cvli-
lebebis Sedegad 1935 wlis mejlisSi arCeuli 399 depu-
tatidan 17 qali iyo .
aTaTurqis avtoritaruli reJimis gareSe SeuZle-
beli iqneboda Turqi qalebisaTvis saarCevno uflebe-
bis miniWeba, maTTvis Cadris tarebis akrZalva. Saria-
Tis wesiT qorwinebis nacvlad samoqalaqo registra-
ciis danergva da poligamiis akrZalva. ganaTlebis ev-
ropuli sistemis SemoReba da gogonebis savaldebulo
swavlebis dawyeba. tansacmlis evropul yaidaze gaday-
vana. fonetikisaTvis yovlad mouxerxebeli arabuli
anbanis laTinuriT Secvla, evropuli kalendris da-
nergva, gvarebis SemoReba,evropuli samarTlis kodeq-
sis damkvidreba da a. S. es yvelaferi sul 10-15 weli-
wadSi gakeTda.
stambolsa da ankaraSi gaixsna qalTa umaRlesi pe-
dagogiuri instituti, saswavleblebi da liceumi. 1928
wels gaixsna pirveli qalTa skolebi. 1933 wels qalebs
mieniWaT ufleba, monawileoba mieRoT municipalur
aCevnebSi, erTi wlis Semdeg, es uflebebi gavrclda
mejlisis arCevnebzec. 1934 wels TurqeTis parlamen-
tma miiRo kanoni gvaris Sesaxeb, gvaris kanoniT gauq-
mda titulebi da mimarTvis formebi: faSa, bei, efendi.
mustafa qemalma gvarad miiRo aTaTurqi (,,Turqebis
mama”).
mustafa qemalis iniciativiT da finansuri daxma-
rebiT 1931-32ww. daarsda TurqeTis saistorio da lin-
gvisturi sazogadoebebi. qveynis kulturis propagan-
dis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules muzeumebma,
romlebic gaixsna saxelmwifos daxmarebiT.
revoluciuri gardaqmnis ganxorcieleba advilad
  65 
ar momxdara. iyo reaqcionerTa gamosvlebic, ajanyebe-
bic, 1926 wels mustafa qemals SeTqmuleba mouwyes, mi-
si politikiT ukmayofilo ramdenime uaxloesi Tana-
mebrZoli saxalxo respublikuri partiidan gavida da
damoukidebeli politikuri partia Seqmna, magram mra-
valpartiul sisitemaze gadasvlis ramdenime mcdelo-
ba aRkveTil iqna.
1928 wlis 1 noembers TurqeTis didma erovnulma
krebam SemoiRo anbanis reforma, da ukve Semdegi wli-
dan axali, galaTinebuli anbani Semovida Turqebis
kulturul cxovrebaSi.
paralelurad Seiqmna pirobebi ,,erovnuli natifi
xelovnebis” ganviTarebisaTvis (ferwera, musika, qanda-
keba da sxva).
samxatvro kulturam ganviTareba daiwyo Zlieri
evropuli zemoqmedebiT. magram sul ufro naTlad Ta-
vi iCina erovnuli xelovnebis Taviseburebis gamoxat-
vam, 1931 wels muSaobas iwyebs pirveli dramatuli Te-
atri — stambulis municipaluri Teatri (romelsac
1934 wlamde ewodeboda ,,dariul-beda-i”). mis Camoya-
libebas safuZvlad daedo tradiciebi, religiiis da
folkloris CaTvliT: zepiri legendebi, gadmoceme-
bi, sayofacxovrebo movlenebi da sxva. TamaSis yve-
laze popularuli formebi gaxda Tojinebis da
Crdilebis (orta oiun) Teatrebi, romlebsac aseve
folkloruli safuZveli hqondaT da farTod gav-
rcelda soflebSi. imave dros iwyeba xalxuri Te-
atraluri xelovnebis da erovnuli dramaturgiis
istoriis literaturis nimuSebis Tavmoyra mehmed-
faSas biblioTekaSi.
Turquli kinematografi iwyebs ganviTarebas, misi
istoriis aTvla iwyeba 1924 wlidan. 1922 wels Seiqmna
pirveli profesiuli kinostudia ,,qemal-filmi”, rom-
lis mTavari reJisori gaxda TurqeTis Teatris da
kinos didi ostati muhsin erTugruli. man ekranze
gadaitana ramodenime opera, gadaiRo istoriuli
66   
suraTebi da dramebi. 30-iani wlebis Sua periodSi
reJisorma esfir Subma gadaiRo srulmetraJiani
dokumenturi lenta ,,aRmavali TurqeTi”, romelic
mogviTxrobda axali TurqeTis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb.
1928 wels muSaobas iwyebs Turquli ganaTlebis sa-
zogadoeba, romelic exmareboda moswavleebs xel-
mokle ojaxebidan. qveyanaSi da sazRvargareT iqmne-
ba saerTo sacxovreblebi moswavle TurqebisaTvis
da swavlaSi daxmarebas uweven obol bavSvebs.
mustafa qemalis mier SemoRebulma gardaqmneb-
ma mravali patriarqaluri da feodaluri gadmonaS-
Tis likvidacia moaxdines, sabolood gaanTavisuf-
les xelovneba religiuri SezRudvebisgan, gaaaqtiu-
res mxatvris msoflmxedveloba da sazogadoebrivi
pozicia. TurqeTis respublikis mxatvrul cxovreba-
Si pirvel did movlenad iTvleba 1928 wels Seqmnili
,,damoukidebeli mxatvrebis da moqandakeTa kavSi-
ris” Seqmna, masSi Sevidnen axalgazrda mxatvrebi,
romlebic dasavleTSi swavlobdnen: a. Celebi, z. ko-
jamemi, r. epikmani, S. akdiki, J. dereli, m. aqseli da
sxvebi. ,,kavSiris” Seqmna dakavSirebuli iyo Zveli
Taobis mimarT axalgazrda mxatvrebis daukmayofi-
leblobasTan da maT mcdelobebTan, raTa SeeqmnaT
axali xelovneba, sadac mxatvars SesaZlebloba eqne-
boda gamoeCina aqtiuri damokidebuleba sinamdvilis
mimarT. Turqul xelovnebaSi demokratiuli mimar-
Tulebis Semdgomma gaRrmavebam Sedegad moitana
mxatvrebis yuradRebis gadatana mSromeli xalxis
yoveldRiur cxovrebaze da mis uSualo aRbeWdvaze.
ganviTarda monumenturi qandakebac, romelic dakav-
Sirebuli iyo interventebTan gamanTavisuflebel
brZolasTan raTa ukvdavyofiliyo xalxis gmiroba
(qalaq adanSi 1935 wlis qandakeba).
1920 wlis bolodan iwyeba qalaqebis aRmSeneb-
loba. iqmneba msxvili qalaqebis rekonstruqciis
gegmebi, pirvel rigSi es exeba axal dedaqalaq anka-
  67 
ras (1928 wlis generaluri gegma). am periodSi arqi-
teqtoruli proeqtebis umetesoba sruldeboda ev-
ropeli specialistebis mier: ankaris universitetis
filologiuri fakulteti (1937 w. b. tauti), ankaris
saministroTa da mejlisis SenobaTa kompleqsi (da-
iwyo 1920 w. k. xolcmeisteri). ZiriTadad funqciona-
lizmis dasavluri da amerikuli ideebi aRqmuli iq-
na Turqi xuroTmoZRvrebis mier (S. belmuju, s. ar-
kani). imave dros Turqi arqiteqtorebi cdiloben
Seqmnan Tanamedrove erovnulad Taviseburi arqiteq-
toruli stili, romelic moaxdenda msoflio xu-
roTmoZRvrobis da erovnuli arqiteqturis sinTezs.
30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saxelmwifos daxmarebiT
gaixsna muzeumebi, romlebmac qvynis kulturis propa-
gandis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli Sesarules. garkve-
uli nabijebi gadaidga sabiblioTeko saqmis gaumjobe-
sebisas, musikaluri da Teatraluri xelovnebis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis. ankaraSi, stambolsa da izmirSi gaixsna
saxelmwifo Teatraluri, mxatvruli da musikaluri
skolebi.
mTavrobam miiRo garkveuli zomebi sportis cen-
tralizaciis mizniT. daarsda sportuli sazogadoebe-
bi, klubebi. 1924 wels TurqeTma pirvelad monawileoba
miiRo olimpur TamaSebSi.
qveyanaSi mospes ra Zveli sazogadoebis safuZve-
li, SariaTis normebi, arabuli anbani, religiuri sko-
lebi, Zveli ganaTlebis sistema. qemalistebma moaxdi-
nes gadatrialeba TurqeTis sazogadoebriv da kultu-
rul cxovrebaSi, romelic Sefasda rogorc kulturu-
li revolucia .
miaCniaT, rom erTpartiuli mmarTvelobiT aTa-
Turqma totalitaruli reJimi daamyara. mas uxdeboda
moRvaweoba stalinis, hitleris, musolinis epoqaSi.
erTdroulad mas petre didsac adarebdnen, jorj va-
Singtonsa da martin luTersac. mis mimarT gamoTqmu-
68   
lia aseTi azric: ,,igi iyo diqtatori imisTvis, rom
momavalSi TurqeTSi sxva diqtatori aRar yofili-
yo”. yvelaze mZime dros man Turq xalxs axali sicoc-
xle, energia da imedi SesZina, sakuTari Tavis rwmena
daubruna da damoukidebloba moapovebina.
evropis fonze TurqeTi socialur-ekonomikurad
yvelaze CamorCenil qveyanad rCeboda. magram aziisa
(iaponiis gareSe) da zogadad islamuri samyaros fonze
TurqeTi modernizaciis aSkara lideri gaxda .

  69 
 Tavi VI

mustafa qemalis sagareo politika

sagareo politikaSi aTaTurqis mizani iyo yovel-

gvari avanturisaTvis Tavis arideba da neitralitetis
SenarCuneba. “mSvidoba-msoflioSi, mSvidoba –qveya-
naSi”.

a) ruseT-TurqeTis pozicia 1920-1921ww.

1920 wlebidan ruseTi isev dabrunda samxreT kav-

kasiaSi da imperiis Zveli sazRvrebis aRdgena scada. I
msof. omis Semdeg “sagareo mtris xatma”—aseTad im-
dros antanta aRiqmeboda---sababi misca bolSevikur
ruseTsa da qemalistur TurqeTs, gaeerTianebinaT Za-
lisxmeva kavkasiuri politikis ganxorcielebisas.
cnobilia TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis Tav-
jdomaris mustafa qemal faSas 1920 wlis 26 aprilis
(anu baqos gasabWoebamde ori dRiT adre Sedgenili)
pirveli werili leninisadmi, sadac is, sxvaTa Soris
werda, rom mzadaa “aiRos pasuxismgebloba mTeli Cveni
muSaobis, yvela Cveni operaciis ruseTis bolSevikeb-
Tan gasaerTianeblad. . . Tu sabWoTa Zalebi gegmaven sa-
qarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebis dawyebas. .
. kavkasiidan ingliselTa gasaZeveblad TurqeTis
mTavroba Tavis Tavze aiRebs operaciebs imperialis-
turi somxeTis winaaRndeg da valdebulebas kisru-
lobs, aiZulos azerbaijanis respublika, Sevides sab-
WoTa saxelmwifos wreSi.”
sabWoTa ruseTi gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmis ga-
reSe gamoexmaura am SeTavazebas. magram orma Zvelma
metoqem, romelTac axali xelmZRvanelebi ---mustafa
qemali da vl. lenini hyavdaT, moaxerxa TavTavisi inte-
resebi garkveuli teqnikuri kompromisebiT erTmane-
70   
TisaTvis Seexamebina.
1920 wlis oqtombris damdegs ankaraSi Cavida sab-
WoTa ruseTis diplomatiuri misia.es iyo pirveli dip-
lomatiuri warmomadgenloba ankaraSi. 1920 wlis bo-
los ankaraSi Cavida ruseTis sagangebo da srulufle-
biani elCi budu mdivani. is kavbiuros wevri iyo da al-
baT misi daniSvna i. stalinis rekomendaciiT unda mom-
xdariyo.
saqarTvelos sruluflebian warmomadgenlad an-
karaSi dainiSna svimon mdivani, saqarTvelos damfuZne-
beli krebis Tavjdomaris moadgile. svimon mdivani bu-
du mdivanis Zma iyo. msgavsi precendenti diplomatiis
istoriaSi ucnobia, rodesac ori Zma daaxloebiT er-
Tdroulad, erTsa da imave saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxva sa-
xelmwifos elCebad dainiSnen.
1920 wlis zafxulSi gamwvavda urTierToba anka-
ris mTavrobasa da somxeTis mTavrobas Soris. aseT
viTrebaSi daSnakebis somxeTi iZulebuli gaxda eTxova
zavi, magram Turqebma zavis metad mZime pirobebi wamo-
ayenes. 29 noembers ruseTis wiTeli armiis daxmarebiT
somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda. somxeTSi mo-
povebuli samxedro gamarjvebis Sedegad TurqeTis ja-
rebi moadgnen saqarTvelos sazRvrebs. aseT viTareba-
Si didi mniSvneloba hqonda Tu rogor pozicias daika-
vebda ruseTi. saqarTvelos elCi ruseTSi g. maxaraZe
Sexvda sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa komisars g. Ci-
Cerins, romelmac ganacxada, rom ruseTs araviTari ag-
resiuli zraxvebi ar aqvs saqarTevlos mimarT. amasTan
erTad ruseTis centralurma komitetma miiRo gadaw-
yvetileba stalini sagangebo rwmunebiT TbilisSi ga-
egzavnaT, amierkavkasiaSi mdgomareobis gasarkvevad.
baqoSi myofi stalini amzadebda gegmas ruseTis jaris
saqarTveloSi SesaWrelad. oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi
stalins acnobes, rom gadawyvetilebis miReba saqar-

  71 
Tvelos sazRvrebSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb naadrevia.
1920 wlis 13 noembers TbilisSi Camovida ankaris
mTavrobis oficialuri warmomadgeneli polkovniki
qiazim bei, romelmac ganacxada, rom:” angoris mTavro-
bis erT-erTi ZiriTadi interesia, naxos saqarTvelo
damoukidebeli da Zlieri. damukidebuleba saqarTve-
losa da angoras mTavrobas Soris umTavresad am Ziri-
Tadi interesebiT ganisazRvreba”.
simon mdivanma Tavis sapasuxo sityvaSi ganacxada:
”aRmosavleTSi gvWirdeba Zlieri TurqeTi da saqar-
Tvelo. saqarTvelom kargad icis, raa ucxoelTa bato-
noba, vinaidan 117 wlis ganmavlobaSi carizmis uRel-
qveS iyo, ibrZoda damoukideblobisaTvis, da ai, antan-
tis iuriudiulad aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT, misi
Rvawli warmatebiT dagvirgvinda. saqarTvelos marto
ar SeuZlia raime kavkasiaSi. am saqameSi mas TurqeTi un-
da daexmaros.”
1921 wlis 31 ianvars RamiT saqarTvelos elCoba
ankaraSi Cavida. 2 Tebervals svimon mdivnama inaxula
TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri. man acnoba svimon
mdivans, rom pirveli oficialuri Sexvedra da rwmune-
bis sigelis gadacema moxdeba 8 Tebervals .
8 Tebervals 15 saaTze dainiSna mustafa qemal fa-
SasTan oficialuri audiencia. am vizitis Sesaxeb ofi-
cialur masalasTan erTad, metad sayuradRebo cno-
bebs gvawvdis am Sexvedris monawile dimitri SalikaS-
vili.
dimitri SalikaSvili TurqeTis mTavrobis meTa-
urs Semdegnairad axasiaTebs:” qemal faSa saSualo ta-
nis kacia. gamxdari saxisa, nazi da saintereso nakveTe-
biT. SeWrili ulvaSebi, Wkviani saxe, nebisyofis maCve-
nebli”.
svimon mdivanma mustafa qemals gadasca rwmunebis
sigeli da misalmebis Semdeg gaimarTa saubari. simon
72   
mdivanma Tqva:” diplomati ar var, am sityvis Zveli
mniSvnelobiT, ar vici wesebi saidumlo diplomatiisa
da gamogzavnili var aq, radgan yvelaferi aqaur mola-
parakebaSi gulwrfelobaze iqneba dafuZnebuli”.
mustafa qemalma aseTi gulwrfelobisaTvis mad-
loba moaxsena da , Tavis mxriv, dasZina, rom misTvis
Zalze sasiamovnoa, awarmoos molaparakeba aseT gul-
wrfel viTrebaSi. Tavdapirvelad man miuloca svimon
mdivans saqarTvelos damoukideblobis iuridiuli
aRiareba da aRniSna, rom es sasiamovnoa TurqeTisaT-
vis, Cven, Tqva qemalma, gvaerTianebs saqarTvelosTan
aramcTu marto simpaTia, aramed mizanTa erTobac. Cven
gvyvavs Zlieri mteri dasavleTiT da gvesaWiroeba
Zlieri aRmosavleTi. gansakuTrebiT gvWirdeba Zlieri
kavkasia da kavkasiaSi ki----yvelaze mniSvnelovani eri,
Cven gvWirdeba saqarTvelo Zlieri da damoukidebeli.
saqarTvelom da TurqeTma imaze unda izrunon, rom
kavkasiis sxva saxelmwifoebic gaxdnen Tavisufalni”.
qemal faSa miesalma general erisTavs da misi sa-
xeliT qarTul jars. generalma amisTvis madloba ga-
dauxada qemals. saubris dros ganixiles sxva sakiTxe-
bic. magaliTad, kavkasiis sakiTxi. Sexvedra megobrul
viTarebaSi Catarda, gaumaspinZldnen yaviT. gamoTxo-
vebisas qemalma frangulad uTxra s. mdivans gamosam-
Svidobebeli sityva. rogorc vxedavT, mustafa qemali
dainteresebuli iyo amierkavkasiaSi damoukidebeli da
Zlieri saqarTvelos arsebobiT da masTan diplomati-
uri urTierTobis damyarebiT. or mezobel saxelmwi-
fos Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyarebas di-
di mniSvneloba hqonda, maT Soris politikuri, ekono-
mikuri da kulturuli urTierTobis ganviTarebis saq-
meSi.
amrigad, 1921 wlis 8 Tebervals ankaris mTavrobam
scno saqarTvelo de-iured da daamyara masTan diplo-

  73 
matiuri urTierToba, magram movlenebi 17 dRis gas-
vlis Semdeg ki sxvanairad ganviTarda-------moxda sabWo-
Ta ruseTis mier saqarTvelos gasabWoeba.
kremls sami ZiriTadi geopolitikuri interesebi
amoZravebda:
1.kremls sWirdeboda baqo.
2. kremls sWirdeboda baTumi.
3. kremls ar sWirdeboda, rom enobrivad monaTe-
save TurqeTsa da azerbaijans saerTo sazRvari hqono-
daT.
TiTqmis erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi 1921 wlis Semod-
gomaze mimdinareobda sakmaod mZime molaparakeba
TurqeTis delegaciasTan, sadac ar malavdnen, rom saq-
me exeboda im kavkasias, romelsac rsfsr Tavis sakuT-
rebad miiCnevda.
moskovis xelSekruleba ruseTsa da TurqeTs So-
ris 1921 wlis 16 marts gaformda. sabWoTa ruseTisa da
qemalisturi TurqeTis megobruli urTierToba mos-
kovis xelSekrulebaSi aisaxa. xelSekrulebiT am orma
qveyanam, faqtobrivad, somxeTi da saqarTvelo dainawi-
la. sabWoTa ruseTis daxmarebam qemal faSas mTavrobas
saSualeba misca saberZneTTan omSi gamarjvebisaTvis
mieRwia. sabolood TurqeT-saberZneTis sazavo xel-
Sekruleba lozanaSi gaformda. xelSekrulebiT sadavo
teritoriebis udidesi nawili TurqeTs darCa. Turqe-
Ti saokupacio jarebisagan ganTavisuflda .
moskovis xelSekrulebiT TurqeTTan gaformebu-
li sazRvrebi, romlebic kremlma da ankaram 1921 wlis
13 oqtombris yarsis xelSekrulebiT daadasturebines
sabWoTa saqarTvelos, sabWoTa somxeTsa da sabWoTa
azerbaijans, dRemde ZalaSia.
yarsis xelSekruleba afarToebda da amtkicebda
ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris ekonomikur da kulturul
kavSirebs.
rac Seexeba parizis pretenziebs samxreT da sam-

74   
xreT-aRmosavleT anatoliis nawilebze, ankaris mTav-
robam ar dauTmo es provinciebi safrangeTs. qemalis-
turi armiis mier miyenebuli ramdenime samxedro mar-
cxis Semdeg 1921 wlis 20 oqtombers safrangeTma anka-
raSi dado xelSekruleba mustafa qemalis mTavrobas-
Tan (da ara stambolSi myof sulTnis mTavrobasTan,
romelsac safrangeTis mokavSire didi britaneTi aRi-
arebda). amiT safrangeTma de-iured scno ankaris qema-
listuri mTavroba. dadginda sazRvari siriasa da
TurqeTs Soris, romlis sagrZnobi monakveTi “baRda-
dis rkinigzas misdevs”. safrangeTi ankarasTan dazave-
bis Semdeg, anatoliidan gavida ise, rom SeiaRaReba qe-
malistebs dautova.
mustafa qemalis Txovnis sapasuxod sabWoTa ru-
seTma, romelsac TviTon mZime ekonomikuri mdgomare-
oba hqonda (qveyanaSi sastiki SimSili mZvinvarebda),
1921 wels sagrZnobi samxedro da finansuri daxmareba
aRmouCina ankaris mTavrobas: 33 aTasi SaSxana da 58 mi-
lioni tyvia, 54 qvemexi da 130 aTasi yumbara, ori saz-
Rvao gamanadgurebeli da 6,5 milioni oqro maneTi .

b) lozanis xelSekruleba da montres konven-

cia

ruseTTan da safrangeTTan xelSekrulebis dade-

bis Semdeg qemalistebs gza gaexsnaT, raTa mTeli Zale-
bi gadaesrolaT dasavleT anatoliaSi. 1921-1922 wleb-
Si TurqeTma ramdenime mZime marcxi agema ankarasTan 80
kilometrze miaxloebul saberZneTis armias da aiZula
is, daecala anatolia.
ruseTma da safrangeTma arapirdapir Seuwyves xe-
li saberZneTis damarcxebas: maTi iaraRi moqmedebda
berZnebis winaaRmdeg. britaneTis mTavroba, romelmac

  75 
Tavis droze yurad ar iRo sakuTari generlebis seri-
ozuli rCeva da faqtobrivad waaqeza saberZneTi, sam-
xedro avanturaze wasuliyo, samxedro TvalsazrisiT
ar daexmara aTens. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ki da-
kavebuli iyo sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebiT ana-
toliaSi .
berZnebma erovnuli katastrofa ganicades. maTi
didi Temi, romelic sami aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi
cxovrobda mcire aziaSi, iZulebuli gaxda saerTod wa-
suliyo iqidan.
1923 wlis 24 ivliss erT mxares TurqeTsa da meore
mxares ---did britaneTs, safrangeTs, italias, iaponi-
as, saberZneTsa da rumineTs Soris daido lozanis xel-
Sekruleba, romelmac Secvala sevris ganuxorcielebe-
li xelSekruleba. saerTaSoriso doneze iqna aRiare-
buli TurqeTis suvereniteti mTel anatoliaze. masve
gadaeca dardanelis srutis Camketi kunZulebi imbro-
si da tenedosi. dodekanesis arqipelagi SeinarCuna
italiam (1947 wlis parizis xelSekrulebiT is saber-
ZneTs gadaeca). TiTqmis dadginda Tanamedrove Turqe-
Tis sazRvrebi (haTais ilis gareSe).
somxeTi da qurTistani lozanis xelSekrulebaSic
ar yofila.
axladSeqmnili TurqeTis saxelmwifo, 1923 wlidan
respublika sakmaod homogenuri gaxda eTnokulturu-
li (ufro religiuri, vidre eTnikuri) TvalsazrisiT.
imperiis adgili daikava erovnulma saxelmwifom.
montreSi (Sveicaria) 1936 wlis 22 ivniss gaixsna
saerTaSoriso konferencia sruteebis reJimTan dakav-
SirebiT.
plenarul  sxdomaze  TurqeTis  delegaciam  warmo-
adgina  axali  konvenciis  proeqti,  romlis  Tanaxmadac 
samxedro  gemebis  sruteSi  gatarebaze  gansazRvruli 
SezRudvebi  myardeboda  tonaJis,  gemis  tipis,  gasvlis 
Sesaxeb Setyobinebis vadebis mixedviT da a. S.  

76   
 magram  TurqeTma  maleve  uari  ganacxada  am  proeq-
tze da safuZvlad inglisuri proeqti miiRo, romelic 
ssrk‐s interesebs zRudavda. amiT igi  inglisis da sxva 
antisabWoTa qveynebis mxareze aRmoCnda. 
magram  montreSi  sabWoTa  delegaciam  ganacxada, 
rom ssrk arasodes xels ar moawerda im konvencias, ro-
melSic Setanili ar iqneboda misTvis misaRebi debule-
bebi.  sabWoTa  kavSiris  monawileobis  gareSe  nebismieri 
konvencia  fiqcia  iqneboda,  aseve  gasaTvaliswinebeli 
iyo  isic,  rom  izrdeboda  germaniis  agresia,  amitom  in-
glisi  da  TurqeTi    iZulebulni  gaxdnen,  rom  mniSvne-
lovan daTmobebze wasuliyvnen. 
1936 wlis 20 ivlisis konferencia dasrulda sru-
teebis reJimis Sesaxeb konvenciis xelis moweriT, man
lozanis konvencia Secvala.
axali konvenciis ZiriTadi debulebebi Semdegi
iyo:
1. cnobili gaxda sruteebis statusi ,,TurqeTis
da Savi zRvis irgvliv mdebare qveynebis usafrTxoebis
farglebSi”;
2. savaWro mezRvaurobaze SenarCunda sruli Tavi-
sufleba rogorc mSvidobiani, aseve saomari moqmede-
bebis dros;
3. sruteebze samxedro gemebis gasvlaze dginde-
boda Semdegi wesi:
a) mSvidobian dros im qveynebs, romlebic Sav
zRvas ar esazRvrebodnen, SeeZloT mxolod msubuqi
gemebis da damxmare gemebis (15 aTas tonamde) gatareba,
amave dros Sav zRvaSi mdebare yvela samxedro gemis sa-
erTo tonaJi ar unda aRemateboda 30 aT. t-s, xolo ma-
Ti iq yofnis vada — sam kviras. rac Seexeba Savi  zRvis 
qveynebs, maT miiRes ufleba, rom sruteSi gaetarebinaT 
mxolod  msubuqi  gemebi,  wyalqveSa  navebi,  maTi  TiTo‐
TiTo gasvlis pirobiT an eqskortiT, romelic  ar  aRe-
mateboda 2 naRmosans. 

  77 
 b)  samxedro  viTarebaSi  Tu  TurqeTi  ar  iomobda, 
gamoiyeneboda  igive  wesebi,  rac  mSvidobiani  garigebe-
bisas,  magram  meomari  qveynebis  samxedro  gemebis  sru-
teSi  gasvla  ikrZaleboda.  Tu  TurqeTi  monawileobas 
miRebda  omSi,  maSin  gemebis  gatareba  damokidebuli iq-
neboda TurqeTis mTavrobaze. 
TurqeTma miiRo sruteebis remilitarizaciis uf-
leba. 
1936 wlis konvencia sruteebis reJimis Sesaxeb sa-
moqalaqo TviTmfrinavebs gansazRvrul pirobebze
bosforis da dardanelis zonebSi TurqeTis terito-
riaze gadafrenis uflebas aZlevda. konvencia daido
20 wliT.
axali konvencia koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis gaZ-
lierebis saqmeSi win gadadgmul nabijad iqca.
TurqeTis mmarTveli wreebi montreSi konvenciis
dadebas TurqeTis diplomatiis ,,brwyinvale gamarjve-
bad” Tvlidnen .
amrigad, 1936 wlis 20 ivliss montres konvencia
aregulirebs “Savi zRvis sruteebis “ statuss, romle-
bic TurqeTis suverenitetis qveSaa, magram Riaa yvela
qveynis savaWro gemebisaTvis. is Riaa Savi zRvis qveyne-
bis samxedro flotebis gavlisaTvis (TurqeTisaTvis
winaswari SetyobinebiT da erTdrouli gasvlis qvote-
biT), ucxo qveynebis samxedro xomaldebis Sesvla ki
SezRudulia tonaJiTa da drois xangrZlivobiT. avi-
amzidebis gavla sruteebSi akrZalulia. saomar viTa-
rebaSi TurqeTs Tavisi suverenitetis ganxorcieleba
ufro mkacrad SeuZlia.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli omis Semdgom peri-
odSi TurqeTis sagareo politikis erT-erTi amocana
iyo im sakiTxebis mogvareba, romlebic ar iyo gadawyve-
tili lozanis konfernciaze. aqedan yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani iyo mosulis sakiTxi.
mosulis krizisis mogvarebis Semdeg, TurqeTi da-
78   
interesebuli iyo gaeumjobesebina urTierToba in-
glisTan. swored am mizans isaxavda 1929 wels admiral
fildis meTaurobiT inglisis samxedro eskadris vizi-
ti stambolSi. ingliseli admirali Cavida ankaraSi da
inaxula mustafa qemali. imave wels xeli moaweres in-
glis-TurqeTis savaWro xelSekrulebas. sagareo poli-
tikaSi mustafa qemali eswrafoda Tanabari daSorebis
principebs. mTavari mizani iyo gaemagrebina qveynis na-
cionaluri Rirseba. sabWoTa kavSirTan damokidebule-
bebi ikarnaxeboda umTvresad usafrTxoebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, (xelSekruleba megobrobaze da neitraliteti
ssrk-Tan dadebul iyo jer kidev 1925 wels, Semdgom
gagrZelebul iqna 1935 wels). naklebad mcire rols Ta-
maSobda ekonomikuri interesebi (Tumca voroSilovis
vizitis dros 1933 wels TurqeTma miiRo 8 milioni man.
oqroTi).
1923 wlis 6 agvistos osmaleTma da aSS-ma lozanis
konferenciaze xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romliTac
unda aRdgenilyo diplomatiuri urTierToba or qve-
yanas Soris, magram amerikis senatma ar daamtkica es
xelSekuleba, ramdenadac igi “kapitulaciebis” gauqme-
bas iTvaliswinebda.
sabolood, amerikasa da TurqeTs Soris diploma-
tiuri urTierToba aRdga 1927 wlis 17 Tebervals, ro-
desac xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas amerikasa da TurqeTs
Soris diplomatiuri da sakonsulo urTierTobis aR-
dgenis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg daniSnes elCebi TurqeTsa
da amerikaSi (saelCoebi vaSingtonsa da stambolSi dai-
xura I msoflio omis dasasruls, kerZod 1917 wels) .
1929 wels ivnisSi TurqeTma nawilobriv miaRwia
SeTanxmebas safrangeTTan TurqeT-siriis sazRvarTan
dakavSirebiT. am SeTanxmebiT sirias gadaeca terito-
ria jezires raionSi. amave wels agvistoSi TurqeTma
safrangeTTan dado savaWro xelSekruleba. amave peri-
odSi swrafad mimdinareobda TurqeT-germaniis daax-
loveba. 1930 wels daido savaWro xelSekruleba germa-
  79 
niasTan. germaniam pirveli adgili daikava TurqeTTan
vaWrobaSi. gaxSirda germanelebis Casvla TurqeTSi
mrCevlebis saxiT da agreTve instruqtorebisa armiasa
da flotSi. TurqeTis xelisuflebis Sidapolitikuri 
kursi,  romelic  mmarTveli  klasebis  interesebs  Seesa-
bameboda,meore  msoflio  omis  win  mniSvnelovnad  gan-
sazRvravda TurqeTis sagareo politikas.
qveynis  SigniT  erovnuli  burJuaziis  politikuri 
da ekonomikuri poziciebis gaZlierebam sagareo poli-
tikis sferoSi misi rolis gaZliereba gamoiwvia. 
erovnuli  burJuaziis  garesavaWro  pozociebis 
gaZlierebis procesi mimdinareobda erovnuli burJua-
ziis  kompradorul  elementebTan  daaxloebis  proces-
Tan  erTad,  rogorc  ekonomikuri,  aseve  socialur‐po-
litikuri TvalsazrisiT. 
kavSirs ucxour kapitalTan aZlierebda zogierTi 
sakamaTo  politikuri,  teritoriuli  da  ekonomikuri 
sakiTxebis  daregulireba  TurqeTsa  da  dasavleT  qvey-
nebs Soris. es garemoeba erovnuli burJuaziis sagareo 
politikaze did gavlenas axdenda .
TurqeTi dainteresebuli iyo kargi urTierToba
daemyarebina amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan. 1929 wels
daido TurqeT-amerikis xelSekruleba vaWrobasa da na-
osnobis Sesaxeb.
TurqeTs mougvarebeli hqonda saberZneTTan mo-
saxleobis gacvlis sakiTxi. 1929 wels maT Soris gam-
wvavda urTierToba, gaCnda samxedro konfliqtis saf-
rTxe, inglis-safrangeTis Carevis Sedegad konfliqti
mogvarda. 1930 wels ankaraSi xelmowerili iqna SeTan-
xmeba, romlis Sedegad moxda saberZneT-TurqeTis ur-
TierTobis normalizacia. kerZod, mogvarda berZnuli
da Turquli mosaxleobis gacvlis sakiTxi, rasac ver
miaRwies 1923 wels lozanis konferenciaze. TurqeT-sa-
berZneTis uTanxmoebis mogvarebis Sedegad, gza gaixsna
balkaneTis kavSiris Sesaqmnelad, romlis organizaci-

80   
is saqmeSi didi wvlili Seitana TurqeTma.
1932 wels TurqeTi miiRes erTa ligis wevrad.
TurqeTis miReba erTa ligis SemadgenlobaSi, mowmobda
mis saerTaSoriso avtoritetis zrdas. 20-ian wlebSi
Turqma vaWrebma monawileoba miiRes yovelwliur baz-
robebze, romelic imarTeboda gorkSi da baqoSi, ramac
xeli Seuwyo or qveyanas Soris vaWrobis gafarTovebas.
1927 wels daidi pirveli xelSekruleba vaWrobisa da
naosnobis Sesaxeb.
sabWoTa kavSirTan da evropis qveynebTan diplo-
matiuri da ekonomiuri savaWro urTierTobebis damya-
rebasTan erTad TurqeTi ganagrZobda urTierTobis
gaumjobesebas aRmosavleTis qveynebTan: iranTan da
avRaneTTan.

mustafa qemali da reza xani

1926 wels TeiranSi TurqeTsa da irans Soris dai-

do xelSekruleba megobrobisa da usafrTxoebis Sesa-
xeb. 1928 wlis 19 maiss avRaneTis mefe amanulela xani
stambolSi Cavida, xolo 20 maiss ankaraSi. avRaneTis me-
fe TurqeTSi didi pativiT miiRes, romelsac Sexvda
TurqeTis prezidenti aTaTurqi. amanula xanisTvis
kargad iyo cnobili aTaTurqis reformebi. TviTonac

  81 
aviTrebda Tavis qveyanaSi reformebs da amisTvis Tur-
qeTis gamocdilebas iTvaliswinebda. is didad afaseb-
da aTaTurqs, mis politikur moRvaweobas, mis refor-
mebs.
TurqeTis samxedro saswavleblebSi 50 avRaneli
oficeri swavlobda. avRaneTis mefem prezidents Ses-
Tavaza TurqeTSi gaxsniliyo orenovani Turqul-avRa-
nuri koleji, romelic moamzadebda avRanel ofic-
rebs. agreTve mefem gamoTqva survili avRaneTSi Casu-
liyo TurqeTis samxedro misia, magram 1929 wels amanu-
la xani taxtidan Camoagds reaqciulma Zalebma. aTa-
Turqma dakarga erTguli mokavSire, magram amis miuxe-
davad avRaneTTan megobruli urTierToba SeinarCuna.
1928 wels TeiranSi xelmoweril iqna ori oqmi
iran-TurqeT da iran-avRaneTs Soris.es SeTanxmeba iT-
valiswinebda am saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri da
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gafarToebas. am period-
Si grZeldeboda TurqeT-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTo-
bis Semdgomi gafarToveba. 1931 wlis 30 oqtombers xe-
li moaweres oqms, romliTac 5 wliT grZeldeboda
TurqeT-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierToba.
1927 wlis 11 marts daido pirveli xelSekruleba
vaWrobisa da naosnobis Sesaxeb, ramac mniSvnelovnad
Seuwyo xeli vaWrobis gafarTovebas. 1931 wels daido
axali xelSekruleba. TurqeTsa da sabWoTa kavSirs So-
ris damyarda agreTve mecnieruli kontaqtebi. didi
mniSvneloba hqonda TurqeTSi cnobili sabWoTa mecni-
erebis wasvlas. isini kiTxulobdnen leqciebs univer-
sitetsa da samecniero dawesebulebebSi.
TurqeTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo moR-
vaweebi xSirad oficialuri vizitebiT imyofebodnen
moskovsa da ankaraSi. ase magaliTad, TurqeTis sagareo
saqmeTa ministri Teffiq reSTu arari iyo sabWoTa kav-
SirSi 1926, 1920, 1932, 1935 da 1937 wlebSi. 1932 wels mos-
kovSi Cavida TurqeTis premier-ministri ismeT inonu.
amave periodSi TurqeTSi vizitiT imyofebodnen
82   
sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo moRvaweebi. 1931 wels
TurqeTSi imyofeboda sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqme-
Ta ministri litvinovi, 1933 wlis oqtomberSi TurqeT-
Si Cavida sabWoTa kavSiris delegacia, voroSilovis me-
TaurobiT, TurqeTis respublikis 10 wlisaTvis aRsa-
niSnavad gamarTul dResaswaulze.

mustafa qemali da voroSilovi

gaxda Tu ara erTa ligis wevri 1932 wels, Turqe-

Ti iswrafoda yvela qveyanasTan megobruli urTier-
Toba SeenarCunebina. iyo xelmowerebi neitralitetis
xelSekrulebebze saberZneTTan, italiasTan. italias-
Tan diplomatiuri krizisi (dodekanezis kunZulebis
gamo) daregulirda 1936 wels, rodesac TurqeTma aRia-
ra eTiopiis dapyroba musolinis mier.
amave periodSi kidev ufro gaumjobesda urTier-
Toba TurqeTsa da irans Soris. 1932 wlis 23 ianvars
TurqeTsa da irans Soris daido sasazRvro xelSekru-
leba, xolo 1932 wlis 5 noembers axali xelSekruleba
megobrobis Sesaxeb. yovelive es dagvirgvinda 1934
wlis ivnisSi TurqeTSi iranis Sahis vizitiT. reza Sahi
  83 
TurqeTSi didi pativiT miiRes, man daaTvaliera Tur-
qeTis RirSesaniSnavi adgilebi da maT Soris samxedro
obieqtebi. Sahi aRfrTovanebuli iyo TurqeTSi gata-
rebuli reformebiT da miRweuli warmatebebiT. am vi-
zits ori qveynis urTierTobaSi dadebiTi mniSvneloba
hqonda.
hitleris  mTavrobaSi  mosvlam  evropaSi  moitana 
politikuri  viTarebis  gamwvaveba,  romelic  gaZlierda 
ori  dajgufebis (romi‐berlini da inglisur‐franguli 
bloki)  formirebis  da maT Soris  brZolis  gamo. Tur-
qeTma,  romelic  ori materikis  zRvarze  mdebareob-
da,mniSvnelovani adgili daikava imperialisturi qvey-
nebis  samxedro‐strategiul  gegmebSi. amis  garda,  da-
savleTis qveynebi TurqeTs samrewvelo saqonlis gasa-
Rebis mniSvnelovan bazrad Tvlidnen.
hitleris  diplomatia,    uTanxmoebebis  Setanas 
cdilobda rogorc TurqeTisa da inglisis, aseve Tur-
qeTisa  da sabWoTa kavSiris  urTierTobebSi.  amgvarad, 
igi  cdilobda TurqeTi    Tavisi  politikuri  zemoqme-
debis  orbitaSi  Seetyuebina.  germaniis  winadadeba  imis 
Sesaxeb, rom TurqeTs xeli moewera ormxrivi SeTanxme-
bisaTvis,  germaniis  bosforze  da  dardanelze  gamagre-
bas  niSnavda, rac  mniSvnelovani  samxedro‐strategiu-
li tramplini iqneboda axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis qvey-
nebis  winaaRmdeg.  imis  miuxedavad,  rom  TurqeTma  uari 
ganacxada  ormxrivi  SeTanxmebis  dadebaze,  igi  winaaR-
mdegi ar iyo rom germania SeerTeboda montres konven-
cias calmxrivi gancxadebis wesiT .
germaniasa da TurqeTs Soris 1939 wlis 16 ianvars
xelmowerili SeTanxmebis Semdeg gaZlierda germaniis 
TurqeTze zewola.

84   
 eduard VIII da mustafa qemali

imisaTvis,  rom  xeli  SeeSalaT  TurqeTis  ingli-

sur‐frangul  blokTan SeerTebas, 1939 wlis  aprilSi 
ankaraSi  elCad  gaigzavna  fon  papeni,  romelic  hitle-
ris germaniis ,,erT‐erT yvelaze Zlier diplomatad iT-
vleboda”. 
fon  papeni  cdilobda    TurqeTis  ,,RerZis  qveyne-
bis”  mxareze  gadabirebas  da  ribentrops  sTxovda,  rom 
italia aeZulebina Tavisi SeiaraRebuli Zalebi minimu-
mamde  Seemcirebina  mis  mier  okupirebul  albaneTSi  da 
,,12 dodekanezis  kunZulebidan  TurqeTisaTvis  ori  pa-
tara da umniSvnelo kunZuli gadaeca”.  
es  rekomendaciebi  dauyovnebliv  gaiTvaliswina 
ribentropma.  imisaTvis,  rom  Turqebi  daewynarebina, 
italiis  sagareo  saqmeTa  ministri  –  Ciano,  Tavis  dRi-
urSi  werda:  ,,imisaTvis  rom  Cvens  mimarT  gaqarwyldes  
maTi SiSi da upirveles yovlisa imisaTvis, rom esiamov-

  85 
noT  germanelebs,  me  davarwmune  TurqeTis  elCi,  rom 
italias misi qveynis mimarT ar gaaCnia arc ekonomikuri 
da  arc  teritoriuli  pretenziebi,  magram  es  arasakma-
risi  aRmoCnda”.  mravali  evropuli  saxelmwifos  maga-
liTze Turqi diplomatebi darwmundnen, ra fasi hqon-
da faSisturi qveynebis garantiebs.  
1939 wels italiis mier albaneTis dapyrobam, hit-
lers germaniis mier ekonomikuri da politikuri pozi-
ciebis  iugoslaviaSi,  rumineTSi  da  bulgareTSi  gamag-
rebam  ufro  metad  gaaZliera  Turqi  xelmZRvanelebis 
SiSi da aiZula isini, rom daeCqarebinaT TurqeTis res-
publikis  usafrTxoebis dacva faSisturi germaniisgan
.
balkanebze  regionaluri  politikuri  kavSiris 
SeqmnisaTvis TurqeTis diplomatiis energiuli Zalis-
xmeva, dasrulda 1934 wlis 9 Tebervals balkaneTis paq-
tis xelis moweriT.
bulgareTi da albaneTi balkaneTis antantaSi ar
Sevida. bulgareTis mmarTveli wreebi ar malavdnens
Tavis moTxovnebs teritoriebze da surdaT egeosis
zRvaze gasasvlelis da dobrujis nawilis mierTeba.
rac Seexeba albaneTs, balkaneTis antantis monawileeb-
ma albaneTis mTavrobas arc ki SesTavazes paqtSi mona-
wileobis miReba imis gamo, radagan maT italiis mxridan 
negatiuri reaqciis eSinodaT. 
balkanuri  atlantis  wevrebma  daadastures,  rom 
isini  ,,valdebulebi  arian  erTmaneTisaTvis  Setyobine-
bis  gareSe  aranairi  politikuri  aqcia  ar  gamoeyenebi-
naT,  aseve  ar  mieRoT  raime  politikuri  valdebuleba, 
romelime balkanuri qveynis winaSe sxva molaparakebaSi 
monawile qveynebTan SeTanxmebis gareSe”.
balkaneTis  antantis  Seqmnis  erT‐erTi  realuri
mizezi    muqara  gaxda  faSisturi  italiis  mxridan,  rom-
lis eqspansionisturi  politika    xmelTaSua  zRvis  zo-
naSi  da  balkanebze  yvela  balkanur  saxelmwifoSi  SiSs 
86   
badebda. amasTanave, Turqi  istorikosis,  prof. a. S.  es-
meris azriT,  balkaneTis antanta Tavisi arsiT ,,samxed-
ro kavSirs warmoadgenda”. 
TurqeTis  saxelmwifo  moRvaweebi  ki  aTaTurqis 
meTaurobiT did yuradRebas uTmobdnen balkaneTis an-
tantis  problemebs.  saerTo  miznis  garda  TurqeTis 
diplomatia cdilobda balkanuri paqtis farglebSi ki-
dev ufro gaeZlierebina 
TurqeTis  mdgomareoba  da,  amgvarad,  ara  marto 
TurqeTis prestiJi aemaRlebina, aramed balkaneTis na-
xevarkunZulis  bedis  gadawyvetaSic  mieRo  monawileo-
ba. 
balkaneTis  paqtma  rumineTis  da  iugoslaviis  meS-
veobiT  TurqeTi  daakavSira  mcire  antantis  sistemas-
Tan. anu, TurqeTis sagareo politikaSi naTlad daiwyo 
dasavleTis  qveynebTan,  gansakuTrebiT  ki  safrangeT-
Tan daaxlovebis tendenciis gamokveTa. 
magram  TurqeTis  mcdeloba  imis  Sesaxeb,  rom  bal-
kaneTis  antanta  qceuliyo  evropuli  politikis  mniS-
vnelovan faqtorad, kraxiT dasrulda. 
faSisturi italia da hitleris germania mcire an-
tantas  da  balkaneTis  paqts  ixilavdnen  rogorc  Tavi-
sebur bariers Tavisi agresiuli gegmebis gansaxorcie-
leblad.
ukve 1936 wels SesamCnevi gaxda balkaneTis antan-
tis daSlis niSnebi. agvistos dasawyisSi saberZneTSi
damyarda metaksasis diqtatoruli reJimi, misma mTav-
robam balkaneTis paqtis saidumlo oqmis dezavuireba
moaxdina, radgan aRniSna, rom saberZneTi xelSekrule-
bis Sesabamisad valdebuli ar iyo saomar moqmedebebSi
mieRo monawileoba iseT qveyanasTan, romelic balkane-
Tis naxevarkunZuls ar miekuTvneboda.
balkaneTis paqtis daSlis muqaram premier-minis-
tri da sagareo saqmeTa ministri aiZula, rom 1937 wlis 
zafxulSi moexdinaT balkaneTis antantis qveynebis de-

  87 
daqalaqebSi  turne.  TurqeTis  saxelmwifo  moRvaweebs 
didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT, raTa formalurad Seenar-
CunebinaT balkaneTis saxelmwifoTa organizacia. 
miunhenis 1938 wlis SeTanxmebam mcire antantis sa-
boloo likvidireba moaxdina da balkaneTis paqts ki-
dev erTi dartyma miayena. rumineTSi germaniis gamyare-
ba,1939 wlis kabaluri savaWro xelSekrulebis Sedegad,
italiis mier albaneTis dapyroba, iugoslaviis mWidro
TanamSromloba italiasTan da germaniasTan da bolos
ki 1939 wlis maisis TveSi TurqeTis inglisur-frangul
deklaraciasTan SeerTeba, faqtiurad es yvelaferi
balkaneTis antantis dasasruls niSnavda.
balkaneTis antantis sabWos ukanaskneli sxdoma
Sedga belgradSi 1940 wlis 2-4 Tebervals.
miuxedavad imisa, rom balkaneTis antantam ar gaa-
marTla ankaris imedebi, TurqeTis diplomatiis zogi-
erTi  mniSvnelovani  aqcia  mainc  iRebda  Tanadgomas 
balkaneTis  paqtis  partniorTa  mxridan.  magaliTad, 
balkaneTis  saxelmwifoebma  mxari  dauWires  TurqeTis 
moTxovnas  sruteTa  reJimis  gadaxedvis  sakiTxSi. 1933
wlidan TurqeTi araerTxel Seexo lozanis konvenciis
gadaxedvis sakiTxs sruteebTan dakavSirebiT, magram
imperialisturi qveynebis negatiuri damoukideblobis
miuxedavad es sakiTxi 1936 wlamde Riad rCeboda .
meore msoflio omis win TurqeTi agrZelebda po-
litikuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarTovebas da-
savleTsa da aRmosavleTis qveynebTan. TurqeTis dip-
lomatebma gadadges nabijebi axlo aRmosavleTis qvey-
nebTan ufro metad daaxlovebis mizniT. 1937 wlis 7 ap-
rils ankaraSi daido TurqeTsa da egviptes Soris me-
gobrobis xelSekruleba. gaumjobesda urTierToba
iranTan. 1938 wels notebis gacvlis Semdeg, ori wliT
gagrZelda 1926 wels eraysa da TurqeTs Soris dadebu-
li xelSekruleba. 1927 wels ankaraSi Cavida erayis sa-
gareo saqmeTa ministri, xolo 1937 wlis zafxulSi sa-
pasuxo vizitiT eraySi imyofeboda TurqeTis sagareo

88   
saqmeTa ministri da ekonomikis ministri.
1937 wels saadabadSi, reza-Sahis sasaxleSi xeli
moewera ,,oTxTa paqts”, (TurqeTi, erayi, avRaneTi da
irani), romelic cnobilia saadabadis paqtis saxelwo-
debiT. oTxive qveyanam uari Tqva Careuliyo erTmane-
Tis saSinao saqmeSi.
aqtiurdeba TurqeTis urTierToba dasavleT ev-
ropis saxelmwifoebTan, germania miiswrafoda gaefar-
Tovebina TurqeTTan Tavisi ekonomikuri da politiku-
ri kavSiri.

faisil I da mustafa qemali

qemali gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aZlevda ger-

maniasTan urTierTobis ganviTarebas. masSi uwinares
yovlisa prioritetuli iyo ekonomikuri kavSirebi. uk-
ve 1936 wels germaniis wilad modioda TurqeTis saga-
reo vaWrobis TiTqmis naxevari.
sabWoTa kavSiri ganagrZobda TurqeTTan ekonomi-
kur da politikur TanamSromlobas. 1935 wlis martSi
  89 
saxalxo-respublikuri partiis IV yrilobaze aTaTur-
qma ganacxada ,,TurqeT-sabWoTa kavSiris megobrobas
dRevandlamde mohqonda mTeli msofliosTvis mxolod
sargeblianoba da SemdgomSiac iqneba Zalze sasargeb-
lo” .
sruliad  sapirispiro  suraTi  Canda  italiis  da 
TurqeTis  urTierTobebSi.  1934  wlis  martSi  warmoT-
qmulma  musolinis  sityvam  TurqeTis  oficialur  wre-
ebSi  uaryofiTi  reaqcia  gamoiwvia  (man  ganacxada,  rom 
italiis  istoriul  misias  aziis  da  afrikis  dapyroba 
warmoadgenda).
1934 wlis martis TveSi musolinim TurqeTis el-
CTan saubrisas scada gamoesworebina es arasasiamovno
STabeWdileba da ganacxada, rom mas ,,TurqeTi arc ki
hqonia mxedvelobaSi”, magram aman ver SeZlo TurqeTis
undoblobis atmosferos gaqarwyleba, ramac meore
msoflio omis win Tavisi kvali datova italiisa da
TurqeTis urTierTobebze.
1935 wels TurqeTis mTavrobam monawileoba miiRo 
italiis  winaaRmdeg  xmelTaSua  zRvis  SeTanxmebaSi  da 
ekonomikur  sanqciebSi.  amasTanave  TurqeTis  sagareo 
saqmeTa  saministrom  araerTxel  ganacxada,  rom  es  san-
qciebi  aranairad  ar  unda  ganixilebodes  rogorc  ita-
liis sawinaaRmdego saomari moqmedebebi da rom ,,mTav-
roba  Tavisi  politikis  SemuSavebisas  valdebulia 
mxedvelobaSi  miiRos  italiasTan  megobruli  urTier-
Tobebic da misi valdebulebebi erebis ligis winaSe”. 
1935 wlis 11 noembris italiis mTavrobis protes-
tis nota — italielebis mier lemnosis kunZulis gaZ-
lierebis sawyisi gaxda, da bolos, italiis uarma mon-
tries konferenciaSi monawileobis miRebis Sesaxeb ai-
Zula TurqeTi, rom mniSvnelovan daTmobebze wasuli-
yo: 1936 wlis agvistoSi TurqeTis mTavrobam addis‐abe-
badan  Tavisi  diplomatiuri  warmomadgeneli  gaixmo, 
Semdeg ki italiis mier eTiopiis dapyroba cno. 

90   
 1937 wlis 2 ianvris inglisur-italiurma SeTanxme-
bam gza gauxsna italiis da TurqeTis urTierTobebis
gaumjobesebas, riskenac TurqeTi am periodSi Zlier
iltvoda. TurqeTis diplomatiis aseTi Semotrialeba
ganisazRvreboda: 1) ankaris mcdelobiT, raTa TurqeTs
montres konvenciaze italiis xelmowera mieRo; 2) am
periodSi mkveTrad gamwvavda TurqeTis da safrange-
Tis konfliqti, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo aleqsan-
driis sakiTxTan da TurqeTs ki italiis mxardaWera
esaWiroeboda. 
aseT  viTarebaSi,  1937 wlis Tebervlis dasawyisSi
milanSi Sedga sazRvargareTis saqmeTa ministrebis —
graf Cianos da t.r. arasis molaparakebebi. erTobliv
italiur da Turqul komunikeSi aRiniSneboda, rom mo-
laparakebebSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava sruteebis 
reJimis  Sesaxeb  azrTa  gacvlam.  magram  italia  im  peri-
odSi konvencias ar SeuerTda. 
,,RerZis”  qveynebTan  daaxloebis  tendenciam  Tavi-
si  asaxva  hpova  imaSi,  rom  saerTaSoriso  arenaze  Tur-
qeTma  faSistur  qveynebTan  efeqtur  brZolas  Tavi  aa-
rida. magaliTad, TurqeTma uari ganacxada maszed, rom 
mas  monawileoba  mieRo  germaniis  winaaRmdeg  ekonomi-
kur  sanqciebSi,  romelic  miRebuli  iyo  germaniis  mier 
reinis  zonis  reokupaciis  gamo.  TurqeTis  mmarTveli 
wreebi  Tavis  poziciebs  xsnidnen  imiT,  rom  aseTi  aqti 
TurqeTisTvis ekonomikur kraxs niSnavda .
amrigad, aTaTurqis sagareo politika mSvido-
bismoyvareobiT gamoirCeoda, misi devizi iyo: ,,mSvi-
doba qveyanaSi, mSvidoba mTels msoflioSi.”man
msoflios daanaxa, rom ar aris agresiuli eris war-
momadgeneli. amas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT warsuls. aTaTurqma Tavis ers mo-
utana mSvidoba, romelic am qveynisTvis manmade uc-
xo iyo.

  91 
 aTaTurqma moaxdina urTierTobis normalizacia
saberZneTTan, dasavleTis did saxelmwifosTan. igi
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda regionaluri urTierTobis
ganviTarebas. TurqeTi 1934 wels gaxda balkaneTis an-
tantis, 1937 wels ki saadabadis paqtis wevri. 1936 wels
dadginda bosforsa dardanelis sruteebis reJimi, ro-
melic dResac moqmedebs. inglisTan urTierTobebi
lagdeboda sruliad warmatebiT. 1937-1938 wlebSi
TurqeTma miiRo 19 milioni funti sterlingis odeno-
bis krediti. safrangeTma TurqeTs daubruna 1939 wels
xatais raioni (safrangeTis mandatis qveS myofi).
aTaTurqis sagareo politikaSi Tavidanve Canda
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli realizmi da nacionalizmi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom masTan Cadiodnen xolme saxelmwifo
moRvaweebi, TviTon ki sapasuxo vizitad arsad yofila.
erovnul—ganmanTavisuflebeli brZolis Sedegad da-
moukidebeli TurqeTis Sesaqmnelad, qveynis moderni-
zaciis gziT civilizaciis Tanamedrove donis misaRwe-
vad aTaTurqis Zalisxmeva, misi ideebisa da qmedebis
erToblioba qemalizmis saxeliT aris cnobili. bevri
mecnieri qemalizms (aTaTurqizms) ideologiad miiC-
nevs, TviTon aTaTurqi uaryofda romelime ideologi-
asTan msgavsebas da acxadebda ,,Cven mxolod Cven Tavs
vgavarTo”.
1937 wels konstituciis meore muxlSi Seitanes
TurqeTis respublikis dasayrdeni ZiriTadi debule-
bebi, romelic cnobilia qemalizmis debulebis saxel-
wodebiT. esenia: respublika, nacionalizmi, xalxuro-
ba, laicizmi, etatizmi da revoluciuroba. oficia-
lur enad cxaddeboda Turquli, xolo dedaqalaqad an-
kara. aTaTurqi erovnuli saxelmwifos arsebobis au-
cilebel pirobad moTxovda erovnuli erTianobas da
amisTvis iRwvoda. mas ekuTvnis sityvebi ,,bednieria is,
vinc ambobs, Turqi varo”, rac qveynis mTel mosaxleo-
baSi Turquli cnobierebis Camoyalibebisaken mimarTu-
li ,, TurqTa istoriis koncefciis Seqmna” iyo.

92   
 Tavi VII

mustafa qemali da latife xanumi

mustafa qemali da latife xanumi

aTaTurqi latifas Sexvda 1922 wlis 8 seqtembers,

okupirebuli izmiris ganTavisuflebis dros. izmirSi
yofnis dros igi miwveuli iqna usakligilis reziden-
ciaSi, sadac mas saSualeba hqonda latifes daaxlove-
boda. maTi nacnoboba cota xans gagrZelda, radganac
aTaTurqi 2 oqtombers ankaraSi dabrunda. qemalma Ta-
  93 
visi grZnobebi ase gamoxata: “arsad ar waxvide. dame-
lode”. 1923 wlis 29 ianvars man latifes ojaxisgan
qorwinebaze Tanxmoba miiRo. kazim karabekiri eswrebo-
da maT qorwils, es ar iyo SemTxveviToba, radganac
Turquli tradiciis mixedviT, siZe qorwilSi iwvevs
Tavisi ojaxis sapativcemulo pirebs. latifes saxe
dafaruli ar hqonda qorwilis dros, Tumca es maT
tradiciiebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. maT ar hqoniaT Taf-
lobis Tve, radganac parlamentis arCevnebi modioda.
aTaTurqma gazeTebis warmomadgenlebi qorwilis meo-
re dResve miiRo. sajaro gamosvlisTvis moemzada 2 Te-
bervlisaTvis. anatoliis turne iyo maTi Taflobis
Tve, sadac misma colma Tanamedrove Turqi qalis ro-
li warmoaCina. erT-erTma damkvirvebelma maSin aRniS-
na: “es ar aris Taflobis Tve, es aris reformebis
gakveTili”.
pirvelive dRidan latife qalTa emansipaciis
msvlelobis wevri gaxda, romelic TurqeTSi daiwyo
1920-ian wlebSi. latifes daufaravma saxem, mnaxveleb-
Si gaoceba da aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia. mas ar ekeTa
Cadri, aramed Tavze hqonda moxveuli Tavsafari. aTa-
Turqma qalTa uflebebis sakiTxi daayena arCevnebis
dros, lafite lobirebda am uflebebs.
aTaTurqi da latife hanimi SeuRldnen 1923 wels.
latife iyo mravali enebis mcodne, sakuTar TavSi dar-
wmunebuli, evropuli ganaTlebis qali, romlis ojax-
sac izmirSi hqonda sakuTri gemi.
qorwili qemalma Zveli adaT-wesebiT ar gadaixa-
da. saqorwino ceremoniali Catarda kacebisa da qale-
bis monawileobiT. latife Tavsaburavis gareSe iyo,
qorwili Catarda fuladi gamosasyidebisa da saCuqre-
bis gareSe. meore dRes mustafa qemali meuRlesTan er-
Tad ewvia izmiris Teatrs. yovelive aman religiur
wreebSi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. opoziciam mejlisSi Sei-
94   
tana SekiTxva mustafa qemalis qorwilTan dakavSire-
biT.
mustafa qemalis rCeviT latife xanumi did muSa-
obas eweoda qalTa Soris, maTi Zveli tradiciuli gad-
monaSTebis likvidaciis mizniT, yvelgan, maT Soris
mejlisSic, igi Cadris gareSe dadioda, es metad aRizi-
anebda fanatikosebs, islamis wesebis damcvelebs, mag-
ram igi ar aqcevda amas yuradrebas da aqtiurad ib-
rZoda qalTa emansipaciisaTvis.
anatoliaSi mogzaurobis dros iyo, rodesac la-
tifem daiJina aTaTurqs gahyoloda aRmosavleTis qa-
laqebSi, Tumca sxva oficialuri pirebis colebi sam-
sunSi gaCerdnen. aTaTurqis interesebi am dros mimar-
Tuli iyo gaerTienebisaken, magram gaerTianeba mTel
rig siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. erzrumSi aTa-
Turqi da latife winaaRmdegobas waawydnen da aTa-
Turqma mosTxova latifes ndobiT aRWurvil pirTan---
-salih bizokis TanxlebiT dabrunebuliyo ankaraSi.
1925 wlis 5 agvistos isini ganqorwildnen, maTi gan-
qorwilebis mizezi sazogadoebisTvis ucnobia. sasa-
marTlom 25 wliani vadiT akrZala misi yofili colis
werilebisa da dRiurebis gamoqveyneba. TurqeTis is-
toriuli fondi mis werilebs inaxavda 1975 wlamde,
radganac latifes ojaxma moiTxova, rom misi werilebi
ar gaxmaurebuliyo.
mas qorwinebidan sakuTari Svilebi ar hyavda,
hyavda 7 Svilobili qaliSvili da erTi Svilobili
vaJi. aseve ori bavSvi--------abdurahimi da ihsani, iz-
rdebidnen misi mfarvelobis qveS. misi Svilobilebis
saxelebi iyo: sabiha, ruliei, zehra, afeti, fikriei,
ulku, nebile da mustafa.
1916 wels aTaTurqma 8 wlis abdurahimi Tavisi
mfarvelobis qveS aiyvana. igi abdurahims Sexvda biT-
lisSi. misi dabadebis TariRi da mSoblebis vinaoba uc-

  95 
nobia. mxolod aTaTurqis suraTia SemorCenili, mun-
dirSi gamowyobili axalgazrda abdurahimis gverdiT.
abdurahimis aRzrda zubeide hanims daekisra. abdura-
himi aRniSnavda rom, mas ar axsovda Tavisi biologiuri
mSoblebi. aman gamoiwvia eWvi rom igi kavkasiaSi msvle-
lobis dros daoblda. abdurahimi aRniSnavda rom, misi
bavSvobis mexsieraba zubeide hanims ojaxs ukavSirdeba
akareTSi. akareTis saxli aSebenuli aiqna 1913 aTaTur-
qma mas gvari tunkaki SeurCia.
1925 wlis 22 seqtembers aTaTurqma iSvila 12 wlis
gogo sabiha. igi iyo oboli, romelsac bursas matareb-
lebis sadgurSi Sexvda. man aTaTurqs sTxova misTvis
ganaTleba mieca. SemdgomSi aTaTurqma marTlac izru-
na misi ganaTlebisTvis. sabiha mogvianebiT ruseTSi iq-
na gagzavnili ganaTlebis misaRebad. igi SemdgomSi pir-
veli piloti qali gaxda. Semdeg sabiha zehra da ruklei
gaxdnen misi mfarvelobis qveS. 1936 wels zehra safran-
geTis matarebelSi gardaicvala. safrangeTis polici-
am, daaskvna rom es iyo TviTmkvleloba.
1925 wlis 25 oqtombers aTaTurqi Sexvda 18 wlis
gogonas, afets, romelic iyo misi axlo megobari oja-
xis Svili. afetis dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg mamamis-
ma sxva qali SeirTo colad. afeti Tavs irCenda patara
gogonebis aRzrdiT, magram mas ar hqonda kargi ganaT-
leba. aTaTurqma daafinansa misi umaRlesi ganaTleba,
xolo afeti Tavs isev sxva bavSvebis aRzrdiT irCenda.
mogvianebiT igi gaxda aTaTurqis ndobiT aRWurvili
piri, romelsac aTaTurqis sityvis dawera da informa-
ciiT momarageba evaleboda.
aTaTurqs Tavisufal dros ZiriTadad uyvarda
kiTxva, cxeniT jiriTi, Wadraki da curva. igi aseve dain-
teresebuli iyo cekvebiT, valsiTa da zeibekis fol-
kloruli cekvebiT. aTaTurqi Tavisuflad saubrobda
frangulad, germanulad da hqonda mdidari biblioTe-
ka.
96   
 aseve mas uyvarda erovnuli sasmeli---------raki,
romelsac didi raodenobiT svavda.
23 aprili mustafa qemalma bavSTa dRed gamoacxa-
da, xolo 19 maisi ki “axalgazrdebisa da sportis”
dRed. bavSvTa dRe 1920 wels gaigivebul iqna TurqeTis
erovnuli ansambleis gaxsnasTan. bavSvTa dRis daarse-
ba iyo bavSvTa dacvis institutis rekomendacia. orive
es TariRi dResac aRiniSneba. axalgazrdebisa da spor-
tis dRe aris erovnuli dResaswauli.
rogroc ukve aRvniSneT qemals Svili ar hyolia,
(garda ramdenime “sulieri qaliSvilisa”) da, SesaZloa
Tavi marTlac igrZno yvela Turqis mamad. miT umetes,
rom piradi cxovreba ver aewyo, 1923 wels, rodesac
aTaTurqis deda izmirSi gardaicvala, igi dakrZalvas
ar daswrebia, rogorc Cans, ar surda misTvis am mZime
wuTebSi enaxaT da aRsaniSnavia, rom dedis gardacvale-
ba, wina dRiT nanaxi sizmriT icoda. izmirSi 2 kviris
Semdeg Cavida da dedis saflavTan amaRelvebeli sityva
warmoTqva.
aTaTurqi aRniSnavda: “bavSobidan erTi damaxasi-
aTebeli Tviseba maqvs, me arasodes ar miyvarda Cem
dasTan an megobrebTan drois gatareba. bavSvobidan
miyvarda martooba. kidev erTi Tviseba mqonda ver
vitandi dedis darigebebs, mamis sikvdilis Semdeg
Cemi da aseve sxva naTesavebic cdilobdnen rCevebi
moecaT CemTvis. aseT ojaxSi cxovrebis dros an unda
daemorCilo sxvebis rCevebs an ignorireba unda gau-
keTo maT. me mimaCnia rom, arc erTi ar aris swori”.
aTaTurqi, sxva revolucionerebisgan gansxvavdeboda
windaxedulebiT, kargi ganaTlebiT da liderobis Tvi-
sebiT. misi lideruli Tvisebebi gamomJRavnda poli-
tikaSi, socialur da kulturul xasiaTSi. kvlevebi
asabuTebs mis ganaTlebulobas. misi xasiaTi Semdeg
CvevebSi gadaizarda. misi mizani iyo xalxis gaerTiane-
ba. mTavrobaSi misi mmaTvelobis dros arasodes ar

  97 
SezRudula samoqalaqo warmomadgenlebis roli, xolo
jari misi prezidentobis dros politikaSi ar ereoda.
regionaluri qveynebis warumatebeli reformebi maga-
liTad iqna gamoyenebuli revolucuri TurqeTis mier.

98   
 Tavi VIII

religia da aTaTurqi

aTaTurqizmi wamoadgens anatoliis ganTavisuf-

lebis ideologias. es azrTa sistema moicavs orives -
damoukideblobisaTvis oms da Turquli sazogadoebis
swraf da radikalur transformacias, romelic aTa-
Turqis revolucias mohyva. aTaTurqis xelmZRvanelo-
biT Turquli politikuri elita, romelic principe-
bis mimdevari iyo, aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli erovnul
brZolaSi. am Serwymulma Zalisxmevam uCveulo gaerTi-
aneba Camoayaliba. Tumca aTaTurqizmi ar gaxda sakma-
risad sistemuri aTaTurqis cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi.
am principebis ganviTareba aTaTurqis saprezidento
vadis ganmavlobaSi gvaZlevs sakmaris informacias,
rom mivideT mniSvnelovan daskvnebamde am azrovnebis
sistemis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, uaxloes aTwleulSi
aTaTurqizmis mimarT momatebuli interesi kvlevebisa
da publikaciebis gazrdili ricxvis saxiT naTels
hfens ufro metad am sakiTxs.
aTaTurqizmi ar aris is ideologia, romelic win
uswrebda Turquli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas
1919-1922 wlebSi. es ideaTa sistema ganviTarda aTa-
Turqis mmarTvelobis periodSi, umTavresad TurqeTis
respublikis daarsebis Semdeg. Tumca misi Sinaarsis
didi nawili warmoiSva erovnuli brZolis periodSi
Seqmnil dokumentebSi dayenebuli sakiTxebis safuZ-
velze. es aris ideologia, romelic moqmedebidan war-
moiSva - Turquli erovnuli brZolis da aTaTurqis
reformebidan. dro da dro, es iyo ideebi, romlebic
moqmedebisken ubiZgebdnen da xanac politikuri da is-
toriuli movlena aZlevda ideas dasabams. maSasadame,
aTaTurqizmi aris Turquli erovnuli miswrafebebis,
ideebis da moqmedebebis erToblioba - es aris ideolo-

  99 
gia, romelSic Serwymulia realizmis da idealizmis
elementebi.
imisaTvis, rom srulad SevafasoT aTaTurqizmi,
Semdegi faqtorebi unda gvaxsovdes. rogorc ukve av-
RniSneT, Camoyalibebis periodSi moqmedeba da ara Te-
oriuli nawili gansazRvravda mis ganviTarebas: omi da-
moukideblobisaTvis; aTaTurqis reformebi; revolu-
ciis mowinaaRnmdegeebTan brZola - yvela es movlena
da aqtivoba axdenda gavlenas am azrovnebis sistemis
formirebaze. movlenebi ganixileboda Semdegi filo-
sofiuri da politikuri mrwamsis mixedviT da Sesaba-
mis reagirebas iTxovda: sruli damoukideblobis miR-
wevis interesi, Tavdadebuloba Turquli saxelmwifos
identobis cvlilebisaTvis - otomanTa imperiidan
TurqeTis respublikis saxiT da axali reJimis damkvid-
reba sayovelTao suverenitetze. faqtobrivad, xalxis
suvereniteti, erovnuloba, xalxosnoba da respubli-
kanizmi iyo am azrovnebis sistemaSi yvelaze adreulad
ganviTarebuli principebi.
aTaTurqizmma gaiara ganviTarebis dinamiuri kur-
si. 1919 wlidan 1938 wlamde, aTaTurqis gansakuTrebu-
li Zalisxmevis gamo gaxda SesaZlebeli am azrovnebis
sistemis analizi, formireba da danergva. erovnuli
brZola, radikaluri reformebi, aTaTurqis ideebi,
mrwamsi da respublikelTa xalxis partiis yrilobebi -
es yvelaferi xels uwyobda aTaTurqis principebis gan-
viTarebas. respublikelTa xalxis partiis programaSi
1935 wels aTaTurqizmi ganisazRvra rogorc „qemaliz-
mi“.
gansxvaveba mustafa qemalsa da mis winamorbed re-
formatorebs Soris imaSi mdgomareobda, rom igi ara
matro sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli, aramed
Zirfesviani politikuri cvlilebebis momxre iyo. mas
undoda qveynis struqturis Secvla, xalxis gamofxiz-
leba da nacionaluri suverenitetis ideiT maTi dain-
tereseba, Tumca mSvenivrad esmoda, rom amis ganxorci-
100  
eleba mokle droSi SeuZlebeli iyo, mizezs ki islami
warmoadgenda. religiuri Zalebi demokretizaciis
process mwvave winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen. islamis
Zliereba ara polemikaSi, aramed zewolaSi, ara azris
TavisuflebaSi, aramed upirobo morCilebaSi gamoixa-
teboda. amitom mustafa qemali politikuri reformis
upirveles safexurad religiur reformas Tvlida.
dedamisis brma rwmena da morCileba masSi bavSo-
bidanve protests iwvevda, ramac qvecnobierad im das-
kvnamde miiyvana, rom samyaros saidumloebis amocnoba
SeuZlebeli iyo. mustafa qemali isev windaxedulad
moqmedebda, religiur adaTebs icavda da mxolod ax-
loblebTan iCenda gulaxdilobas.
aucilebeli gaxda eklesiis gamoyofa saxelmwi-
fosgan, raTa derviSTa ordenis, xojis da molebis
SenarCunebul zegavlenas cvlilebebisaTvis xeli
ar SeeSalaT. sxva SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegobebs, rom-
lebic warmoiqmneboda gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
sabWosa da religiur centrebs Soris, reforma Se-
iZleba nulze daeyvanaT .
misi garemocva marto reaqcioneri retrograde-
bisa da umecrebisagan ar Sedgeboda. Tumca aTaTurqis
megobrebis umravlesoba, romlebic ganaTlebul eli-
tas warmoadgendnen, rwmenis sakiTxSi kvlavindeburad
tradiciebs icavdnen da gadatrialebac mxolod isla-
mis CarCoebSi warmoedginaT. amitom, maT TvalSi musta-
fa, romelic sasmels etaneboda, uxamsobda, qalebs
dasdevda da eTikur normebs arafrad agdebda, erTi
“urjulo” iyo da meti araferi.

  101 
 garegnobiT gamorCeuli mustafa qalebSi popu-
larobiT sargeblobda da SemdgomSi qalebTan misi ur-
TierTobis stili swored aq Camoyalibda .
aTaTurqma iloca parlamentis gaxsnis dros. Ta-
vis axalgazrdobaSi man gaiara religiaSi treiningebi,
romelic xangrZlivi ar yofila. misi samxedro wvrTna
aseve religiur wvrTnasac moiazrebda. man arabuli im-
denad kargad icoda rom yuranic ki waikiTxa. man Seis-
wavla leone kaitanes-“islamis istoria” da georgi za-
idanis-“islamis civilizaciis istoria”. man “islamis
istoriis” Tavebic ki Targmna, rodesac mas saSualo
skolaSi istoriis codna dasWirda. aTaTurqis religi-
uri ganaTleba sakmaod maRali iyo. eTem ruhi aRniSnav-
da, rom aTaTurqis saubrebidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT
Tu ramdenad WeSmariti morwmune iyo igi. aTaTurqi aR-
niSnavda, rom igi (muhamedi) aris alahis pirveli da uZ-
lieresi arseba. mis nakvalevs dRes mravali adamiani
miuyveba. Cveni saxelebi miviwyebas miecema magram ala-
his saxeli yovelTvis darCeba.
otomanT imperiis politikidan gamomdinare, aTa-
Turqs miaCnda, rom islamis religiaSi saWiro iyo re-
formebis gatareba. mas miaCnda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo
islamis religiaze dafuZnebuli erovnuli tradicie-
bis areva dasavlur Tanamedrove elementebSi. amis Se-
sabamisad, man ZiriTadi yuradReba modernizaciaze ga-
daitana. modernizacia miznad isaxavda socialuri da
gonebrivi struqturis transformirebas, raTa aRmo-
efxraT araswori ideebi, magiuri crumorwmuneoba da
ase Semdeg.
aTaTurqi religiis winaaRmdegi ki ar iyo, aramed
igi uaryofda otomanTan religiur da kulturul
elementebs, romlebic adamianTa individualizms zRu-
davda. reformebis dros man yuradReba gadaitana ada-
mianTa pirovnul Tavisuflebaze. igi aRiarebda samo-
102  
qalaqo da ara saxalifo uflebebs. is religias aRiq-
vavda, rogorc Tayvaniscemas da ara politikas. amis sa-
ukeTeso dadastureba iyo misive midgoma: “religia
aris adamianis Sexeduleba da mas ufleba unda hqon-
des Tavisuflad imoqmedos. Cven pativs vcemT reli-
gias, amitomac Cveni mizani ar aris Tayvaniscemis
SezRudva, aramed ganvsazRvroT, rom es ori mcneba
erTmaneTze gadabmuli ar aris.”
aTaTurqs swamda rwmenis Tavisuflebis, magram
amave dros igi iyo saero cxovrebis momxrec. igi er-
TmaneTisgan ansxvavebda saero da sasuliero cxovre-
bas. man Tavisi midgoma saero cxovrebis mimarT gamoxa-
ta, rodesac saxalxod gamovida da ganacxada, aravis ar
aqvs ufleba sxva aiZulos raime religiuri an seqtis
wevri gaxdes. yvelas aqvs ufleba Tavisufali iyos
rwmenis arCevis dros da ar aiZulon ramadanis dros
marxvis Senaxva, yvela aqvs ufleba aRiaros rac mas
swams, ambobda igi.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg aTaTurqma Tavis sajaro
gamosvlis dros gaakritika islamis politikuri msof-
lmxedveloba. daaxlovebiT xuTasi welia rac arab Sai-
xis Teoriebi arsebobs da arafris maqnisi mRvdelT
msaxurebi TurqeTSi atareben TaviaanT samoqalaqo da
kriminalur politikas. isini ganageben konstitucias,
TiToeuli Turqis cxovrebas, sakvebs, yoveldRiur
saqmianobas da bavSTa Sobadobas, maT ganaTlebas da
tradiciebs. uzneo-islamis Teologia warsuls Cabar-
da, radganac igi Seefereboda momTabare toms rome-
lic udabnoSi cxovrobda. igi aRar Seefereba progre-
sulad moazrovne qveyanas. RmerTi ar arsebobs, is mxo-
lod borkilebia, romliTac mRvdelT mTavrebi cdi-
loben xalxis datyvevebas. religia asustebs xelisuf-
lebas, xolo susti xelisufleba ki saTaveSi ar unda
iyos.

  103 
 Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aTaTurqi aris
ganswavluli muslimi an pirobiTi muslimi, magram es
mis avtoritets ar akninebs.
mustafa qemali islams miiCnevda rogorc arabebis
religiad Tavis sakuTar naSromSi--------medeni bilgi-
reli. arabTa religiis miRebamde Turqebi iyvnen Zlie-
ri eri, magram am religiam saSualeba ar misca maT gaer-
Tianebuliyvnen sxva erTan rogoric aris: arabebi,
sparselebi, egviptelebi, erTi Zlieri eris Camosaya-
libeblad. ufro metic, am religiam daasusta erebs
Soris kavSiri da gamoiwvia eris daknineba, rac buneb-
rivi iyo. muhamedis religia iyo erovnuli gamTliane-
bisTvis muxruWi.
religiasTan dakavSirebiT xelisuflebis politi-
kas  agrZelebda  1935 wlis  ivnisSi  miRebuli  kanoni.  es 
kanoni  exeboda  religiis  saqmeebTan  dakavSirebul  sam-
marTvelos.  igi  gansazRvravda  sammarTvelos  struq-
turas  da  funqcias  da  adgenda,  rom  TviToeul  vilai-
eTSi  an  mazraSi  iniSneboda  muftia,  romelic  sammar-
TvelosTvis  daqvemdebarebul  yvela  religiur  saqme-
ebs  ganagebda.sammarTvelos  Tavmjdomared  religiis 
sakiTxebSi  iniSneboda  prezidenti. am  kanoniT  saxel-
mwifo cdilobda, rom religiaze daewesebinaT efeqtu-
ri kontroli. 
saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli am zomebis sapasu-
xod, zogierT raionSi daiwyo religiuri gamosvlebi,
romlebic CaxSobili iyo saxelisuflebo jarebis mier .

104  
 Tavi IX

sicocxlis bolo wlebi

1937 wels aTaTurqis janmrTeloba gauaresda.

1938 wels ialobaSi yofnis dros igi seriozuli daava-
debiT itanjeboda. ialovaSi yofnis dros xanmokle
mkurnalodis Semdeg cota gaumjobesda misi janmrTe-
loba, magram Semdgomma mogzaurobebma ankara, mersinSi
da adanaSi isev gaauaresa. ankaraSi dabrunebis dros
mas urCies mkurnalobis kursi gaevlo da ris Sedega-
dac cerozis diagnozi dausves.
istambulSi yofnis dros igi cdilobda cxovrebis
Cveuli ritmi SeenarCunebina, xelmZRvanelobda minis-
trTa sabWos Sekrebebs, umaspinZla mefe karol II vi-
zits ivnisSi. igi cxovrobda Tavis iaxta-savaronze iv-
lisamde, Semdeg ki igi gadayvanil iqna —dolmabahsis
sasaxleSi, misTvis specialurad mowyobil oTaxSi.
aTaTurqi gardaicvala 1938 wlis 10 noembers —
dolmabahsis sasaxleSi dilis 09:05, 57 wlis asakSi.

  105 
 miCneulia rom misi sikvdilis mizezi iyo RviZlis
cerozi. misma sikvdilma mwuxareba da siamaye erTdro-
ulad gamoiwvia Turq xalxSi. Cvidmeti qveynis warmo-
madgeneli eswreboda dakrZalvas, aqedan cxra oficia-
lurad damkrZalav eqskorts Tan axlda.
igi droebiT gadaasvenes eTnografiul muzeumSi,
ankaraSi 1938 wlis 21 noembers. rodesac mavzoleumi
dasrulda, 1953 wlis 10 noembers igi didi ceremoniiT
gadaasvenes mis samudamo gansasvenebelSi. TurqeTis
didma erovnulma krebam aTaTurqs sikvdilis Semdeg
mianiWa “saxelmwifos mudmivi meTauris” wodeba. Tur-
qeTis mTavrobam aTaTurqs eris winaSe udidesi damsa-
xurebisaTvis augo didebuli mavzoleumi.
1953 wels mustafa qemalis neSTi igi didi ceremo-
niiT gadaasvenes mis samudamo gansasvenebelSi, romlis
SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda: prezidenti, premieri, mi-
nistrTa kabinetis yvela wevri, yvela parlamentari,
yvela provinciis oficialuri piri, ucxoeli diplo-
matebi. amave dros 21 milioni xalxi mTels qveyanaSi
mdumarebas inarCunebda. erT admirals mohqonda vil-
vetis baliSze moTavsebuli damoukideblobis medali,
romelic aTaTurqis sayvareli jildo iyo. TurqeTis
mama sabolood aniTkabiris mavzoleonSi daasvenes. er-
TerTma oficialurma pirma ganacxada, rom dRes me
damwuxrebuli aRar var, radganac vxedav rom aTaTur-
qi ar momkvdara.
man Zneli cxovreba ganvlo. alkoholi, moweva,
grZeli samuSao saaTebi, cota Zili da saocnebo
proeqtebze muSaoba. ai es iyo aTaTurqis cxovrebis
stili. rogorc istorikosi---vil durante ambobda,
aTaTurqis cxovreba iyo brZola, politika da saero
cxovreba.
aq Cven gvinda moviyvanoT misi werili megobrisad-
mi, omer luTfus qvrivTan, warmoSobiT italiel ko-
rinTan, sadac naTlad Cans misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi:
106  
 korini didi melomani gaxldaT. igi Tvis saxlSi,

  107 
beioRluSi, regularulad awyobda saRamoebs, rom-
lebsac mustafac xSirad stumrobda. korinma aziara
igi maRali sazogadoebis cxovrebis wess, evropul li-
teraturas, gansakuTrebiT ki franguli enis daxvewaSi
daexmara.
sofiidan, mustafa jer kidev damtvreuli fran-
guliT xSirad swerda mas werilebs iqaur ambebze:

„miviRe Tqveni ukanaskneli werili. Zalian mixaria, rom

sul Cemze fiqrobT.madloba imis SetyobinebisTvis, ra
mogvitana omma afrikaSi... xom iciT, sastumro „bulga-
reTidan“ axlad aSenebul „splendid palasSi“ gadave-
di. namdvilad komfortuli sastumroa. abazanebi, mom-
saxure qaliSvilebi, erTi sityviT, yvelaferi rac mo-
gesurveba.
calke Temaa garToba. marto amisTvis Rirs am sastum-
roSi gaCereba! magram ara, korin, ara! sofiaSi erT la-
maz qalsac ver naxav. sastumroSic imitom vcxovrob,
rom Sesaferi saxli ver viSove. jevdeT beisTan araCve-
ulebrivi urTierToba maqvs. ar megona, ase Tu davme-
gobrdebodiT. guSinwin erT parizel qalbatonTan wa-
miyvana stumrad, Tavis Zvel nacnobTan. iq erTi mniS-
vnelovani pirovnebac imyofeboda. ramdenime minis-
trTan erTad bakaras TamaSobdnen. radgan me TamaSSi
monawileobas ar viRebdi, maT mxolod mivesalme, ram-
denime sityva vuTxari da wamovedi.

parizeli qali sulac ar momewona. vfiqrob, Cemi miyva-

na jevdeT beis man sTxova. „mon Commandant”, miTxra
damSvidobebisas, „am saRamos kargad ver gaerTeT, mag-
ram merwmuneT, Semdeg jerze vecdebi, gasiamovnoT“.
Tumca amaSi eWvi mepareba.

iqidan kafeSi wavediT, „axal amerikaSi“. germaneli,

108  
frangi da sxva momRerali qalebi iyvnen. imis imediT,
rom sufrasTan mivipatiJebdiT, gauTaveblad Tavs
dagvtrialebdnen. jevdeT beim or ungrel gogos mo-
uxmo. erT-erTi germanulad laparakobda. meorem, um-
crosma, ungrulis garda, araferi icoda. ar vici ra-
tom, magram veraviTari siamovneba ver miviRe. cud xa-
siaTze davdeqi. gogoebi iq davtoveT da wamovediT.
sastumroSi rom davbrundi, SuaRame gadasuli iyo.

xSir-xSirad momwereT. suliTa da guliT TqvenTan var.

„adamiani dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken grZeli da

damRleli mogzaurobis Semdeg mainc imsaxurebs mcire
dasvenebsao, ambobdiT Tqven. magram sad aris!dasvene-
ba, mgoni, mxolod sikvdilis mere meRirseba. Tumca
simSvideze romc vocnebobde, Tqveni RmerTis samoTxe-
Si moxvedras ase advilad mainc ar davTanxmdebodi.
sul mTlad daviwyebas, mirCevnia saerTod ar gavCeni-
liyavi am qveyanaze“ - diarbaqirSi ganTavsebuli Sta-
bidan aTaTurqi wers korins .
TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam aTaTurqs sik-
vdilis Semdeg mianiWa “saxelmwifos mudmivi meTauris”
wodeba. TurqeTis mTavrobam aTaTurqs eris winaSe
udidesi damsaxurebisaTvis augo didebuli mavzoleu-
mi.
1938 wlis 5 seqtenbers, Tavisi anderZis mixedviT
man Tavisi qonebis nawili dautova respublikel xal-
xTa partias, romelTac evalebodaT, rom misi da makbu-
le da misi naSvilobi bavSvebi uzrunvelyofili unda
yofiliyvnen da ganaTlebis xarjebi unda daefaraT.
xolo qonebis danarCeni nawili ki dautova Turquli
enis asociacias da TurqeTis istoriis sazogadoebas .
Tavisi mamulebi aTaTurqma xazinas, xolo uZrav-
moZravi qoneba ankarisa da bursas municipalitetebs

  109 
usaxsovra. Tavisi memkvidreoba man Tavis das, naSvi-
lebs bavSvebs da TurqeTis istoriul dawesebulebebs
dautova. mas Zalian uyvarda wignebi, musika, cekva, cxe-
niT jiriTi da curva. igi didad iyo dainteresebuli
zeburuki cekvebiT, WidaobiT. did siamovnebas aniWeb-
da biliardis da nardis TamaSi. Zalian afasebda Tavis
cxens saqarias da ZaRl—foqss. mas hqonda mdidari
biblioTeka. igi sadilad iwvevda saxelmwifo moxele-
ebs, naswavl da xelovan xalxs da maTTan erTad bWobda
qveyanaSi arsebul problemebze. is did yuradRebas aq-
cevda garegnobas da uyvarda kargad Cacma. aseve mas Za-
lian uyvarda buneba. igi xSirad stumrobda fermas da
erTveboda muSaobaSi.

aTaTurqis gardacvalebas aseTi gamoxmaureba

mihyva gamoCenili politiuri figurebisgan:
uinston CerCili: “aTaTurqis sikvdili, vinc ga-
daarCina TurqeTi omis dros da aaRorZina Turqi eri
omis Semdgom periodSi, iyo aramarto qveynis danakli-
si, aramed mTeli msofliosaTvis.
aTaTurqis sikvdili, vinc gadaarCina TurqeTi
omis dros da vinc gamoacocxla Turqi xalxi, aris ara-
marto misi qveynis danaklisi, aramed aseve didi danak-
lsi evropisaTvis. is wrfeli cremlebi, rac yvela gva-
ris xalxma daRvara misTvis, imasTan SedarebiT arafe-
ria vidre Tavad es didi pirovneba iyo------Tanamedrove
TurqeTis mama.
aTaTurqis sikvdili ara aris mxolod qveynis da-
naklisi, aramed udidesi danaklisia evropisaTvis, swo-
red isaa vinc omSi gadaarCina TurqeTi da vinc omis
Semdgom xelaxla gamoacocxla Turqi xalxi.”

jon f. kenedi aSS-is prezidenti, 1963 wlis 10 no-

emberi, aTaTurqis gardacvalebidan 25-e moxsenieba:
110  
”aTaTurqis saxeli kacobriobis istoriaSi rCeba ro-
gorc qveynis erT-erTi ududesi pirovneba: misi lide-
roba Turq ers aZlevda STagonebas, winaswar gan-
Wvretda Tanamedrove msoflios, amxnevebda da Zalas
matebda maT rogorc samxedro lideri. eWgareSea is
faqti, rom TurqeTis respublikis dabadebaze sxva uke-
Tesi magaliTis Cveneba SeuZlebelia, rac mis did war-
matebaze metyvelebs, rom aqamde aTaTurqis da Turqe-
Tis sabWo da mniSvnelovani reformebi iqna gatarebu-
li.”
berlini, germanuli saagento : “germania gaoce-
bulia aTaTurqis SromiT da brZoliT. masSi Cans isto-
iuli momenti, Zlieri figura, rac rCeba mSvidobis
moyvarul xalxis simbolod. ”

egvipturi Jurnali: “is iyo eris erT-erTi yve-

laze eqstraordinaluri adamiani, srulyofili isto-
riiTac ki.”

javaharlal neru: “ qemal aTaTurqi, anu qemal

faSa—ra saxeliTac im periodSi vicnobdiT mas, iyo Ce-
mi axalgazrdobis gmiri. SemZra im faqtma rodesac wa-
vikiTxe misi SesaniSnavi reformebi. didi qebiT movix-
senieb aTaTurqis mier saerTo mcdelobas TurqeTis
modernizebis Sesaxeb. misi dinamizmi, daRlilobis Seu-
povrobam da gaucnobiereblobam xalxze didi Sedegi
gamoiRo. is iyo aRmosavleTSi Tanamedrove xanis erT-
erTi Semqmneli.”

iaponia: “sandomiani adamiani. rogorc jariskaci,

cnobili rogorc saxelmwifo moRvawe.”
didi britaneTis dedofali elizabet II 2007 Tur-
qeTSi Cavida. Tavis gamosvlaSi man ganacxada, rom 36
wlis Semdeg igi bednieria rom kvlav Cavida TurqeTSi,
  111 
radganac mas TurqeTTan bevri kargi mogonebebi aqvs.
misi udidebulesoba ganagrZobda: “ 1971 wels man aq
yofnis dros mniSvnelovani miRwevebi SeniSna, romelic
mustafa qemal aTaTurqis mmarTvelobas ukavSirdebo-
da.
dedofalma dadebiTad Seafasa TurqeTis wvlili
raTa demokratiul qveyanad Camoyalibebuliyo. “ im
dros Znelad Tu warmoidgenda vinme, rom TurqeTi
aseT demokratiul da dinamiur qveyanad Camoyalibde-
boda. dRevandel TurqeTSi ufro naTlad igrZnoba
ori qveynis britaneTisa da TurqeTis megobruli da-
mokidebuleba. TurqeT-britaneTis urTierTobebTan
dakavSirebiT, dedofalma aRniSna, rom am or qveyanas
Soris arsebobs mWidro savaWro urTierToba. TurqeTs
yovel wliurad 2 milioni turist stumrobs, aTasobiT
britanelma aq SeiZina saxlebi da damkvidrda am qveya-
naSi. aseve gaizarda Turqi studentebis raodenobac,
romlebic saswavleblad midian britaneTSi .

112  
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. gigineiSvili, o. ------narkvevebi osmaleTis istorii-

dan, Tb. 1982
2. menTeSaSvili, a. ---XX saukunis gamoCenili politi-
kosebi da diplomatebi, Tb. 2005.
3. svaniZe, m. -----TurqeTis istoria, III nawili, Tb. 2005.
4. Трошин Ю. А.------История стран Азии и Африки в
Новейшее время (1918-2000), Редактор О.М. Фролова,
Издателство „ Весь Мир“,2004.
5. qse, t. I. Tb. 1975.
6. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, IV, Tb. 2006.
7. gaCeCilaZe r. ------Cemi meoce saukune, t. I, Tb. 2008.
8. makaraZe e.---mustafa qemal aTaTurqis roli respub-
likur TurqeTSi, baTumi, 2009.
9. gaCeCilaZe r.-----axlo aRmosavleTi (sivrce, xalxi
da politika), Tb. 2003.
10. lordi kinrosi—aTaTurqi eris meored dabadeba,
(qarTuli biografiuli centri) Tb. 2011.
11. gimaditdinovi farit raulis Zis sakurso, a.m. gorkis
saxelobis uralis saxelmwifo universiteti, isto-
riuli fakultetis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
ganyofilebis saerTaSosiro urTierTobebis da Teo-
riis kaTedra, a T a T u r q i-----TurqeTis 20-30 wle-
bis kulturis da yofacxovrebis reformebi, 2001w.
12. Новейшая История Турции, издателъство “Наука” , Москва
1968
13. suna kili------aTaTurqis revolucia. modernizaci-
is paradigma, 2003. 
14. sanaZe, m.---Sesavali msoflio istoriaSi, saqarTve-
los universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi 2011.
15. svaniZe m.-----osmaleTis istoria, (1600-1923) II, Tb.
2002.

  113 
 TurqeTis respublika XX saukunis I mesamedSi
da mustafa qemal aTaTurqi

reziume

Turqi xalxis erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli

brZolis organizatori, TurqeTis respublikis dama-
arsebeli da misi pirveli prezidenti, Turqi xalxis ma-
ma, qemalisturi moZRvrebis mamamTavari mustafa qemal
aTaTurqi daibada 1881 wels saberZneTis qalaq salo-
nikSi, romelic maSin rumeliis erT-erT mniSvnelovan
qalaqs warmoadgenda.
gvari –aTaTurqi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: aTa da
Turqi. aTa niSnavs mamas an winapars, xolo Turqi ki
Turq xalxs. amgvarad, aTaTurqi niSnavs “Turqi xalxis
mamas” an “Turqebis winapars”. amJamindeli TurqeTi mis
gvarTan asocirdeba.
aTaTurqis winaprebi, rogorc dedis ise mamis
mxridan, rumeliaSi anatoliidan gadasaxlebuli Tur-
qebi iyvnen. mama ali-riza effendi ruseT-TurqeTis
omis monawile, ufrosi leitenantis CiniT wvril moxe-
led msaxurobda. igi erTxans jarSic iyo Cawerili mo-
xalised. samsaxuridan gadadgomis Semdeg xelmokleo-
bis gamo vaWrobas mihyo xeli, magram male saqme cudad
wauvida, xangrZlivi avadmyofobis gamo igi 50 wlis
asakSi gardaicvala. deda zubeide hanimi, salonikis Se-
mogarenidan iyo, wera-kiTxva icoda, magram meuRlisa-
gan gansxvavebiT konservatoruli Sexedulebis mqone
tradiciebis mimdevari qali iyo. ali-riza efendisa da
zubeide hanimis xuTi Svili SeeZinaT, romelTagan mxo-
lod ori—mustafa da makbule—SerCaT.
pirvel msoflio omSi Cabmuli osmaleTi, rome-
lic ocnebobda Tavisi teritoriebis gafarTovebaze
114  
aRmoCnda Tavisi imperiis nangrevebis winaSe. es iyo di-
di fsiqologiuri tramva yvela rangis politikuri Tu
saxedro moRvawisTvis, maT Soris general mustafa fa-
SasTvis. magram man sxva samxedro Tu politikuri moR-
vawisagan gansxvavebiT, sworad Seafasa Seqmnili viTa-
reba da mTavari yuradreba miaqcia arapanislamizmsa
da panTurqizmis sagareo politikur amocanas, aramed
Turqul erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnas. am saxelmwi-
fos dasayrdeni unda gamxdariyo Turqi xalxi gan-
msWvaluli Turquli kulturiT. saxelmwifoSi yvela-
feri unda damorCileboda Turqul erovnul aRzrdas.
am yvela reformas Turqebi did politikur
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen.
saxelmwifo wyobilebis sferoSi, kulturaSi da
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi daSvebul gardaqmnebs, rom-
lebic qemalistebis mier ganxorcielda, progresu-
li xasiaTi hqondaT. isini xels uwyobdnen Turqe-
Tis erovnul gaZlierebas da mis gadasvlas sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebis feodaluri formebidan burJu-
aziul formebze. magram im garemoebam, rom gardaq-
mnebi proletariatis xelmZRvanelobiT ar xdeboda,
maT misca sanaxevro xasiaTi. reformebi saerTod ar
Seexo sawarmoo urTierTobebs, da im mcire sfero-
Sic, sadac qemalistebma marTlac moaxdines Suasau-
kunovani wyobilebis daSla, Canda gaubedavoba da
araTanmimdevroba.
mTlianobaSi ki mustafa qemal aTaTurqis re-
formebi ganaTlebis, yofierebis da kulturis sfe-
roSi progresul xasiaTs atarebda da did nabijad
iqca TurqeTis istoriul ganviTarebaSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom saukunovani CamorCeniloba Tavis zemoq-
medebas axdenda, siaxleebma TurqeTi daayena evro-
pis qveynebSi erT-erT pirvel adgilze. daiwyo gan-
viTarebul qveynebTan integracia. axalma anbanma
swrafi ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba misca mecniere-

  115 
bas da teqnikas, mecnierebs ki gamocdilebis gazia-
rebis saSualeba gauCndaT. amaSi didi roli iTamaSa
ganaTlebis axalma sistemamac, romelic daexmara
xalxs ganTavisuflebuliyo islamis viwro CarCoe-
bisgan. TurqeTis istoriaSi moswavleebs pirvelad
miecaT saSualeba, rom ganaTleba Turqul enaze mie-
RoT. maT daiwyes wera-kiTxvis ukeTesad Seswavla,
da ukeTesi codnis miReba.
misma warmatebam da swrafad mzardma revoluciam
mas faSis titulisaken ubiZga. rodesac omi dasrulda,
mokavSire Zalebis armiam daikava qveynis TiTqmis yvela
kuTxe stambolis CaTvliT. sulTanma da uamravma ada-
mianma imedis momcemi momavali dainaxes britaneTis an
amerikis mandatis miRebaSi. magram aTaTurqs sxva xedva
hqonda. man datova stamboli, patara naviT bandirmaTi
(navis es saxeoba SesaZlebelia ixiloT aTaTurqis mu-
zeumSi, mis mavzoleumSi, ankaraSi) da gaemgzavra Savi
zRvis sanapiro qalaq samsunSi 1919 wlis 19 maiss (es Ta-
riRi mogvianebiT aTaTurqis mier gamocxadebul iqna
axalgazrdobis dReT). am dRisiT daiwyo damoukideb-
lobisaTvis omi. aTaTurqs swored damoukidebloba
surda.
aTaTurqma Tavisi megobrebisgan Semdgari armiiT
daiwyo brZola mtris winaaRmdeg. ankara SeirCa, ro-
gorc TurqeTis Stabi da swored am adgilidan daiwyo
axali saxelmwifos mSenebloba. mas da mis megobrebs
surdaT monarqiis nacvlad respublika. omi damouki-
deblobisaTvis sam wels gagrZelda da 1922 wlis bo-
los yvela dampyrobelma datova qveyana. otomanTa im-
periis sulTani britaneTis naviT gaiqca. swored axali
eris dabadeba aqedan daiwyo.
radikaluri gardaqmnebi mustafa qemalma refor-
mebis gzaze daiwyo mTavari dabrkolebis CamoSorebiT-
--islamiT. mas SeeZlo amis ufleba mieca Tavisi Tavis-
Tvis, sakuTar udides avtoritetze da samxedro Zala-
116  
ze dayrdnobiT, Tumca qveynis mosaxleobis umravle-
soba muslimani iyo.
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi TurqeTSi warmoiSva re-
formebi, radikalurad Semcvleli qveynis saxisa. re-
formebis mTavari principebi: laicizmi, nacionalzmi
da etatizmi.
ekonomikaSi qemali uTmobda wamyvan rols saxel-
mwifos. igi yovelmxriv afarToveba saxelmwifo seq-
tors, aregulirebda fasebs, yidulobda ucxouri kapi-
talis aqciebs, uzrunvelyofda nacionaluri warmoe-
bis prioritets, erTdroulad saxelmwifo meurveobas
uwevda moqalaqeebs, Tvalyurs adevnebda maT keTil-
dReobas.
sagareo polotikaSi mustafa qemali iswrafoda
nacionaluri suverenitetis yovelmxriv gamagrebaze.
am mizniT igi iswrafoda yvelasTan erTnairi urTier-
Tobis dacvas, xelmZRvanelobda TurqeTis sakuTari
interesebiT.
mustafa qemal aTaTurqi XX saukunis erT-erTi
udidesi saxelmwifo moRvaweTagania, igi fuZemdebelia
ara marto saxelmwifosi, aramed erisac. man udidesi
kvali datova TurqeTis istoriaSi. misi xelmZRvane-
lobiT erovnul-ganmaTvisuflebeli brZolis Sedegad
TurqeTis xalxma daamarcxa interventebi, moipoa ga-
marjveba da daicva erovnuli suvereniteti. aTaTurqs
udidesi wvlili miuZRvis mSvidobini gziT, sulTnis
xelisuflebis gauqmebaSi da respublikuri wyobis da-
mayarebaSi, rac revoluciis tolfasi iyo. igi iyo re-
volucioner-reformatori. mis mier qveyanaSi Catare-
buli reformebis Sedegad TurqeTma Tavi daaxwia eko-
nomikur CamorCenilobas da kulturis sferoSi gana-
xorcielebuli reformebis Sedegad qveyana daadga ev-
ropeizaciis gzas. misi cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli iyo
rwmena Turqi erisa da progresisadmi. dRes Turqul

  117 
sazogadoebaSi araerTgvarovani damokidebulebaa aTa-
Turqis mimarT, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi Turqi eri
madlieria mustafa qemal aTaTurqisa, romelmac Seq-
mna misi samSoblo TurqeTis respublika.

118  
REPUBIC OF TURKEY IN THE BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY
AND MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK

SUMMERY

Turkey’s national leader, founder and first president of the

republic, “Father of Turks” and founder of Kemal doctrine- Mustafa
Kemal Atatürk was born in 1881 in Salonika, Greece which was one
of the main city in Rum.
The surname itself consists of two parts:” ata and turk”. Ata-
means father or ancestor and turks- Turkish people. Thus, Atatürk
means “Father of Turks or Father of Turkey. That’s why the
name “Turkey” is associated with his surname.
Atatürk’s ancestors of both parents’ side were banished Turks
from Anatolia to Rumeli. Father, Ali-Riza Efendi was a miner officer
in Russian-Turks war. He as well was in the army as a volunteer.
After retirement he became a merchant but without any success and
after long illness he died at the age of 50. Mother, Zübeyde Hanım
educated and conservative woman was from the suburbs of Salonika.
Ali-Riza Efendi and Zübeyde Hanım had five children, but only two
of them Mustafa and Makbule survived.
Turkey was enrolled in the First World War and had faced
destruction of their Empire. This was really a psychological trauma
to every political and military leader, and as well to general Mustafa
Pasha. Atatürk managed to evaluated the situation properly and draw
attention not to foreign affairs but to establish Turks National
Republic. His goal was that Turkish people with national culture
should become the basic of the republic and the country should have
served to the national growth of population.
Turkish people had granted the main role to those reforms.
The reforms, conducted by the followers of Kemal’s policy in
governing, culture, and lifestyle were progressive. They had
supported Turkish national development and transformation from
feudal to bourgeois social forms. But those reforms were not
conducted by proletariat and this factor had weakened the result. The

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reforms did not touch industrial relationships and such small
businesses, where the followers of Kemal’s policy had gained
success. That was the sign of their indecision and inconsecutiveness.
In whole, Kemal Atatürk’s reforms in educational, life, and
cultural sector were progressive and they had become as a decisive
steps in Turks history. Despite its old tradition, Turkey became one
of the leading states among European countries. The integration with
other developed countries had started. New alphabet allowed
scientific and technical development, and the scientists were given a
chance to share their experiences with others. Educational reforms let
the Turks to overcome old Muslims barriers and Turkish students
were allowed to receive education in their native language.
His success and revolutionary skills shoved him to the Pasha
title. After the war, union forces have occupied the whole Turkey’s
territory including Istanbul. Sultan and other people have foreseen
cherish hopes in gaining British and American mandate. But Atatürk
had other looks. He left Istanbul by a boat-“Bandirma” (kind of a
small boat which could be seen in Atatürk’ museum, Ankara) and
sailed to Samsung in May 19, 1919. (Later this date was announced
as “Youth Day” in Turkey). This was the beginning of struggle for
independence and that was Atatürk mission.
Atatürk started fight together with his friends against the
enemy. Ankara was chosen as Turkish headquarters and construction
of a new republic had started from this place. They wanted to
establish republic instead of monarchy. The fight for independence
lasted for three years and at the end of 1922 all the conquerors left
the country. The Sultan of Ottoman Empire had escaped with a
British ship. The beginning of a new nation has been started since
that period.
The main obstacle in Kemal’s reforms was Islam and he
started from this barrier. Although, the main population were the
Muslims he could afford to fight against it based on his authority and
forces.
In ten years period, the reforms were conducted which
radically had changed the country. The contest of those reforms
mainly was connected with Laicism, Nationalism and Atavism.

120  
 The priority in economics was given to the country itself.
Kemal supported mainly the state sectors and local goods production,
regulated prices, purchased the foreign capital shares, put state ward
on citizens, and cared about people’s well-being.
Mustafa Kemal’ goal was to strengthen the nation’s
sovereignty and tried to establish the same mutual relation with other
countries based on Turk republic interest.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was one of the greatest statesmen in
XX century. He was the founder not only a new state but the new
nation as well. That’s why he became the most significant person in
Turkey’s history. Under his leadership the Turks managed to defeat
other countries intervention and defend their own national
sovereignty. Atatürk managed to abolish Sultan rule and establish
Republic system in a peaceful way which was estimated as a
revolutionary movement. He was a revolutionary reformer. The
reforms carried out by Mustafa were of great importance as the
country managed to get rid of economical backwardness and by
means of cultural changes Turkey rose on European position. The
aims of his live were the belief of nation and country’s prosperity.
Nowadays, Turkish society has different attitude towards Mustafa’s
personality, but the nation is really thankful to him for establishing
Turkish Republic.

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 sarCevi

Sesavali ................................................................................5
Tavi I
TurqeTi XIX -XX saukuneebis mijnze da
mustafa qemali...................................................................6
Tavi II
mustafa qemalis saqmianoba
I msoflio omis Semdeg .....................................................20
Tavi III
mustafa qemalis saSinao politika ............................31
Tavi IV
TurqeTi respublikis gamocxadebis
Semdgom .................................................................................44
Tavi V
mustafa qemalis reformebi .........................................55
Tavi VI
mustafa qemalis sagareo politika ...........................70
Tavi VII
mustafa qemali da latife xanumi...............................93
Tavi VIII
religia da aTaTurqi .......................................................99
Tavi IX
sicocxlis bolo wlebi ..................................................105

gamoyenebuli literatura ...........................................113

reziume .................................................................................114
Summery ...................................................................................119

122  
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